caliciviridae infections

Summary

Alias: calicivirus infections
Summary: Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.

Webpages

  1. lactobacillus casei
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:127101
  2. norwalk virus
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:193148
  3. feline ultranasal® vaccines: intranasal protection against prevalent causes of feline upper respiratory disease and distemper
    www.heska.com/ultranasal/client_info.asp
  4. homes for the aged
    decabada.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:58072

Research Grants

  1. Novel diagnostics and therapeutics for caliciviruses
    MARY KOLB ESTES; Fiscal Year: 2008
  2. ENTERIC VIRAL INFECTIONS OF CAPTIVE RHESUS MACAQUES
    Karol Sestak; Fiscal Year: 2008
  3. CALICIVIRAL INFECTIONS AND DISEASE IN SOUTHERN INDIA
    MARY KOLB mestes@bcmtmcedu PROFESSOR OF VIROLOGY ESTES; Fiscal Year: 2009

Publications

  1. Human astrovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus infections in Pakistani children with diarrhea
    Tung Gia Phan
    Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
    J Med Virol 73:256-61
  2. Methods for the detection and characterisation of noroviruses associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis: outbreaks occurring in the north-west of England during two norovirus seasons
    Chris I Gallimore
    Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
    J Med Virol 73:280-8
  3. Enhanced reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of norovirus genogroup I
    Jens Dreier
    Institut für Laboratoriums und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
    J Clin Microbiol 44:2714-20
  4. Norovirus genotypes causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in Finland 1998-2002
    L Maunula
    HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Virology, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
    J Clin Virol 34:186-94
  5. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains circulating in Ireland from 2003 to 2004
    A Waters
    Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases CRID, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
    Epidemiol Infect 134:917-25
  6. Molecular characterization of calicivirus strains detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Argentina
    Karina A Gomes
    Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, Departamento de Virología, INEI ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
    J Med Virol 79:1703-9
  7. Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses causing outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Spain
    J Buesa
    Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, Spain
    J Clin Microbiol 40:2854-9
  8. Norovirus genotypes involved in the outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Croatia during the winter season 2004--2005
    S Ljubin Sternak
    Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
    Acta Virol 51:189-94
  9. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detecting Norwalk-like virus antigen in faeces
    A F Richards
    Enteric Virus Unit, Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, UK
    J Clin Virol 26:109-15
  10. Sensitive and rapid detection of norovirus using duplex TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
    Setsuko Ishida
    Division of Enteric Virology, Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
    J Med Virol 80:913-20

Scientific Experts

Detail Information

Webpages4

  1. lactobacillus casei
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:127101
  2. norwalk virus
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:193148
  3. feline ultranasal® vaccines: intranasal protection against prevalent causes of feline upper respiratory disease and distemper
    www.heska.com/ultranasal/client_info.asp
  4. homes for the aged
    decabada.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:58072

Research Grants3

  1. Novel diagnostics and therapeutics for caliciviruses
    MARY KOLB ESTES; Fiscal Year: 2008
    ..Currently, there are no countermeasures, except rehydration therapy to treat or prevent human calicivirus infections, and diagnosis is difficult...
  2. ENTERIC VIRAL INFECTIONS OF CAPTIVE RHESUS MACAQUES
    Karol Sestak; Fiscal Year: 2008
    ..study will generate information about prevalence, demographics and immunologic surrogates of rota- and calicivirus infections in primates...
  3. CALICIVIRAL INFECTIONS AND DISEASE IN SOUTHERN INDIA
    MARY KOLB mestes@bcmtmcedu PROFESSOR OF VIROLOGY ESTES; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..approaches to develop new rapid diagnostics and therapeutics to detect, combat and prevent human calicivirus infections by using recently developed methods to determine the importance of human calicivirus infections in a ..

Publications62

  1. Human astrovirus, norovirus (GI, GII), and sapovirus infections in Pakistani children with diarrhea
    Tung Gia Phan
    Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
    J Med Virol 73:256-61
    ..The result underscores the importance of these viruses in association with acute gastroenteritis in Karachi city, Pakistan...
  2. Methods for the detection and characterisation of noroviruses associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis: outbreaks occurring in the north-west of England during two norovirus seasons
    Chris I Gallimore
    Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
    J Med Virol 73:280-8
    ..However, a wide range of apparently diverse strains was identified, including several not previously reported. Genomic characterisation revealed clusters of linked outbreaks not recognised previously...
  3. Enhanced reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of norovirus genogroup I
    Jens Dreier
    Institut für Laboratoriums und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, D 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
    J Clin Microbiol 44:2714-20
    ..Norovirus of GGI was detected in these outbreaks. Sequence and similarity plot analysis of open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 showed two genotypes, GGI/2 and GGI/4, in semiclosed communities...
  4. Norovirus genotypes causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in Finland 1998-2002
    L Maunula
    HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Virology, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
    J Clin Virol 34:186-94
    ..4 was also noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Noroviruses were the most prevalent causative agents in the outbreaks. Many NV genotypes were circulating, and a shift in the predominant genotypes was evident between epidemic seasons...
  5. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains circulating in Ireland from 2003 to 2004
    A Waters
    Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases CRID, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
    Epidemiol Infect 134:917-25
    ..The remaining 5.2% were of GI origin. NoV was detectable throughout the study period, although two peaks of infection were observed. The majority of infections were caused by a range of closely related GII/4 NoV strains...
  6. Molecular characterization of calicivirus strains detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Argentina
    Karina A Gomes
    Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales, Departamento de Virología, INEI ANLIS Dr Carlos G Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
    J Med Virol 79:1703-9
    ..To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first report of molecular epidemiology of human Caliciviruses associated to gastroenteritis outbreaks in Argentina and the circulation of GIIb and GIV-1 strains in South-America...
  7. Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses causing outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Spain
    J Buesa
    Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Valencia, Spain
    J Clin Microbiol 40:2854-9
    ..The nucleotide sequence of part of the capsid gene (ORF2) from three of these strains demonstrated their relationship with Mexico virus...
  8. Norovirus genotypes involved in the outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Croatia during the winter season 2004--2005
    S Ljubin Sternak
    Department of Virology, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
    Acta Virol 51:189-94
    ..1 (Norwalk). One of the outbreaks was characterized as potentially mixed GII.4 and GI.1 infection. In the monitored period, genotype GII.4 dominated as the cause of noroviral infections in adults...
  9. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detecting Norwalk-like virus antigen in faeces
    A F Richards
    Enteric Virus Unit, Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, UK
    J Clin Virol 26:109-15
    ....
  10. Sensitive and rapid detection of norovirus using duplex TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
    Setsuko Ishida
    Division of Enteric Virology, Department of Microbiology, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan
    J Med Virol 80:913-20
    ..These results suggest the practical application of this duplex TaqMan RT-PCR is useful for the detection of NV in clinical specimens...
  11. Norovirus outbreaks from drinking water
    Leena Maunula
    Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
    Emerg Infect Dis 11:1716-21
    ..In all but 1 instance, the amplicon sequence was identical to that recovered from the patients. The ubiquity of waterborne norovirus outbreaks calls for measures to monitor water for viruses...
  12. Diagnosis of Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT-PCR
    Erwin de Bruin
    Diagnostic Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, P O Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    J Virol Methods 137:259-64
    ..However, the ELISA kits can be useful for a preliminary screening, provided that ELISA negative outbreaks will be re-tested by RT-PCR methods...
  13. Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan
    Kazuhiro Ozawa
    Chubu Food and Environmental Safety Center, Shizuoka, Tokyo, Japan
    J Clin Microbiol 45:3996-4005
    ..Importantly, we found that asymptomatic individuals had mean viral loads similar to those of symptomatic individuals, which may account for the increased number of infections and the predominance of an asymptomatic transmission route...
  14. A norovirus outbreak of gastroenteritis linked to packed lunches
    Naomi Sakon
    Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
    Jpn J Infect Dis 58:253
  15. Effectiveness of an RT-booster-PCR method for detection of noroviruses in stools collected after an outbreak of gastroenteritis
    Dario De Medici
    Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per la Qualità degli Alimenti e per i Rischi Alimentari, Reparto Pericoli Microbiologici connessi con gli Alimenti, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
    J Virol Methods 144:161-4
    ..A sensitive detection method, such as the RT-booster-PCR described below may resolve the cases...
  16. Homologous versus heterologous immune responses to Norwalk-like viruses among crew members after acute gastroenteritis outbreaks on 2 US Navy vessels
    Tibor Farkas
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Ohio 45229, USA
    J Infect Dis 187:187-93
    ..These results indicate that recombinant EIAs are useful for outbreak investigation and that the homologous antibody might be protective against reinfection...
  17. Norovirus strains belonging to the GII.4 genotype dominate as a cause of nosocomial outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in Sweden 1997--2005. Arrival of new variants is associated with large nation-wide epidemics
    Kari Johansen
    Department of Virology, Immunology and Vaccinology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
    J Clin Virol 42:129-34
    ..CONCLUSION: New norovirus variants within the cluster GGII.4 may have a major impact on the health-care system...
  18. Use of TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR for rapid detection, quantification, and typing of norovirus
    A Angelica Trujillo
    National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 44:1405-12
    ..These assays have proven useful in assisting scientists in public health and diagnostic laboratories report findings quickly to outbreak management teams...
  19. Epidemiologic and molecular trends of "Norwalk-like viruses" associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States
    Rebecca L Fankhauser
    Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
    J Infect Dis 186:1-7
    ..Strain diversity was great: one potential new sequence cluster was implicated in multiple outbreaks, and strains belonging to a tentative new genogroup were identified...
  20. Single base substitutions in the capsid region of the norovirus genome during viral shedding in cases of infection in areas where norovirus infection is endemic
    Mayumi Obara
    Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17 1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu shi, Toyama 939 0363, Japan
    J Clin Microbiol 46:3397-403
    ..Although other substitutions were observed in the complete open reading frame 2 sequence, they were not common in these two individuals. NoVs are capable of evolving in the gastroenteric tract...
  21. Recombinant norovirus implicated in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
    Shinji Fukuda
    Center for Public Health and Environment, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Hiroshima, Japan
    J Med Virol 80:921-8
    ....
  22. Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Taiwan between November 2004 and March 2005
    F-T Wu
    Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
    Arch Virol 151:1319-27
    ..We also found that three outbreaks had noroviruses from multiple genotypes. Our results have shown for the first time that noroviruses are an important cause of gastroenteritis in Taiwan...
  23. Foodborne outbreak caused by a Norwalk-like virus in India
    R Girish
    Department of Microbiology, Virology Section, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
    J Med Virol 67:603-7
    ..This is the first report of a food-borne outbreak attributable to NLVs from India...
  24. Additional value of typing Noroviruses in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    A G Koek
    Amsterdam Municipal Health Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, GGD, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    J Clin Virol 35:167-72
    ..In the Amsterdam hospital, the two outbreaks were caused by this predominant GgII4nv type, and we argue that NV was most likely reintroduced in the second outbreak from the Amsterdam community...
  25. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in southwest Germany from 2001 to 2004
    Anthony C Ike
    Baden Württemberg State Health Office, District Government Stuttgart, Wiederholdstrasse 15, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
    J Clin Microbiol 44:1262-7
    ..By the application of reverse transcriptase PCR, this study has demonstrated the importance and dynamism of noroviruses in Germany...
  26. Detection of norovirus and sapovirus infection among children with gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
    G S Hansman
    Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
    Arch Virol 149:1673-88
    ..Further epidemiological studies may be necessary to determine whether the GII/4 strains continue to dominant in this region...
  27. Diversity of enteric viruses detected in patients with gastroenteritis in a tertiary referral paediatric hospital
    Chris I Gallimore
    Enteric Virus Unit, Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
    J Med Virol 73:443-9
    ..Routine screening of immunocompromised patients and infection control procedures are important to prevent nosocomial infection...
  28. Genetic diversity of norovirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus isolated from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand
    Rungnapa Malasao
    Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
    J Med Virol 80:1749-55
    ..The findings suggest that NV, SV, and HAstV are important enteric viruses cocirculating among hospitalized children in Chiang Mai, Thailand...
  29. [Pilot experience of studying calicivirus infection in Moscow children]
    A A Mukhina
    Vopr Virusol 47:33-7
    ..The use of the RT-PCR assay developed in our laboratory allowed the etiology of 22.2% of cases of acute gastroenteritis of uncertain etiology to be identified...
  30. Emergence of a new norovirus genotype II.4 variant associated with global outbreaks of gastroenteritis
    Rowena A Bull
    School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
    J Clin Microbiol 44:327-33
    ..The Hunter virus was subsequently identified as the etiological agent in large epidemics of gastroenteritis in The Netherlands, Japan, and Taiwan in 2004 and 2005...
  31. Norovirus contamination found in oysters worldwide
    Peter K C Cheng
    Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Centre, Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, Hong Kong
    J Med Virol 76:593-7
    ..It was shown that contamination by noroviruses could be demonstrated in oysters worldwide, and therefore oysters may serve as an important vehicle for introducing novel norovirus strains...
  32. Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consumption in south Italy
    Rosa Prato
    Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e del Lavoro, Section of Hygiene, University of Foggia, Italy
    BMC Infect Dis 4:37
    ..The study confirms that the present standards for human faecal contamination do not seem to be a reliable indicator of viral contaminants in mussels...
  33. Acute gastroenteritis cases associated with noroviruses infection in the state of Rio de Janeiro
    M S R Ferreira
    Laboratory of Comparative Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    J Med Virol 80:338-44
    ..The results highlight the role of NoV as a main viral agent responsible for gastroenteritis cases in children and adults both in outbreaks as well as in sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis...
  34. Surveillance of norovirus infection in a study of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis in South West England and South Wales, during one winter season (1999-2000)
    Pippa C Froggatt
    Regional Virus Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory, Myrtle Road, Bristol, United Kingdom
    J Med Virol 72:307-11
    ..9%), astrovirus 97 cases (3.1%) and calicivirus in 7 cases (0.2%). NLV was the second most common viral agent indicating a significant role in cases of sporadic childhood gastroenteritis...
  35. Impact of an outbreak of norovirus infection on hospital resources
    Walter Zingg
    Hospital Epidemiology Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:263-7
    ..CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial norovirus outbreaks result in significant loss of revenue and increased use of resources. Bed closures had a greater impact on hospital resources than increased need for nursing care..
  36. [An outbreak of vomiting and diarrhea in a nursing home caused by the Norwalk-like virus: implications of the Dutch law on infectious diseases and new diagnostic options]
    W P Achterberg
    Cascade Zorgcentrum Rosendael, Indusdreef 5, 3564 GV Utrecht
    Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 146:2436-9
    ..This law requires major outbreaks of infectious diseases in institutions as described here to be reported to the Municipal Health Service. Together with this agency, strategies to prevent further spread of the disease can be implemented...
  37. Comparison of primers for NLV diagnosis
    Rory Gunson
    J Clin Virol 26:379-80
  38. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of norovirus in outbreak specimens
    A Dimitriadis
    Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria, 3051, Australia
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:615-8
    ..If the criterion used for outbreak positivity was at least one EIA-positive specimen per outbreak, the kit's outbreak sensitivity was 94% but the outbreak specificity was only 60%...
  39. Multiplex real time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitation of norovirus genogroups I and II in patients with acute gastroenteritis
    Xiaoli L Pang
    Provincial Laboratory for Public Health Microbiology, University of Alberta Hospital, WMC 2B2 08, 8440 112 Street, Edmonton, Alta, Canada T6G 2B7
    J Clin Virol 33:168-71
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The assay has good precision, sensitivity and specificity and is cost-effective as a routine diagnostic test...
  40. [Outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in nursing homes in Haifa, 2002-2003]
    Elioz Hefer
    Haifa District Health Office, Ministry of Health
    Harefuah 144:187-90, 230
    ..Timely requests for identification of Noroviruses are essential. The institution of good hygienic practices is important to prevent spread of this highly infectious agent...
  41. Probabilities in norovirus outbreak diagnosis
    Erwin Duizer
    Center for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    J Clin Virol 40:38-42
    ..Thus, using ELISA instead of RT-PCR for the detection of norovirus in stool samples will result in considerable numbers of false negative outbreaks unless a minimum of 6 samples are tested per outbreak...
  42. Norovirus capture with histo-blood group antigens reveals novel virus-ligand interactions
    Patrick R Harrington
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
    J Virol 78:3035-45
    ....
  43. Evaluation of the Dako IDEIA norovirus EIA assay for detection of norovirus using faecal specimens from Australian gastroenteritis outbreaks
    Anna Dimitriadis
    Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Pathology 38:157-65
    ..Since visual analysis can be used for result assessment almost as reliably as photometric analysis, the test kit would be useful for laboratories lacking specialist equipment such as a photometric microplate reader...
  44. Epidemiological and virological investigation of a Norovirus outbreak in a resort in Puglia, Italy
    Caterina Rizzo
    Dep of Pharmaco Biology, University of Bari, Italy
    BMC Infect Dis 7:135
    ....
  45. Rapid detection of noroviruses in fecal samples and shellfish by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
    Xiaoxia Kou
    Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430071, China
    J Microbiol 44:403-8
    ..The NASBA assay provided a more rapid and efficient way of detecting noroviruses in fecal samples and demonstrated its potential for detecting noroviruses in food and environmental samples with high specificity and sensitivity...
  46. Simultaneous detection and genogroup-screening test for norovirus genogroups I and II from fecal specimens in single tube by reverse transcription- loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay
    Shinji Fukuda
    Department of Microbiology II, Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Minami machi 1 6 29, Minami Ku, Hiroshima 734 0007, Japan
    Microbiol Immunol 51:547-50
    ....
  47. Molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia in 2001
    John A Marshall
    Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    J Med Virol 75:321-31
    ..Norovirus was occasionally detected by EM but not by RT-PCR. The occurrence of norovirus outbreaks is modulated by a large group of factors, which will have to be considered in any epidemiological model...
  48. Atypical norovirus epidemic in Hong Kong during summer of 2006 caused by a new genogroup II/4 variant
    Eric C M Ho
    Virology Division, Public Health Laboratory Centre, 382 Nam Cheong Street, Shek Kip Mei, Kowloon, Hong Kong
    J Clin Microbiol 45:2205-11
    ....
  49. Norovirus outbreak in a pediatric oncology unit
    Arne Simon
    Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children s Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
    Scand J Gastroenterol 41:693-9
    ..There is some evidence from the outbreak described here that those patients face a greater risk of severe NV-related complications...
  50. Virological, serological, and clinical features of an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to recombinant genogroup II norovirus in an infant home
    Takeshi Tsugawa
    Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Japan
    J Clin Microbiol 44:177-82
    ..The findings indicate that the virus involved in the outbreak was similar and may have evolved from the Arg320 virus. Clinically the cases were more severe than those of previously reported sporadic or outbreak cases of NV infection...
  51. Sequential evolution of genotype GII.4 norovirus variants causing gastroenteritis outbreaks from 2001 to 2006 in Eastern Spain
    Javier Buesa
    Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, and Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain
    J Med Virol 80:1288-95
    ..These new GII.4 variants may have arisen as a consequence of viral evasion from the host immune responses, although apparently there is a lack of long-term immunity after norovirus infections...
  52. Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b
    Elise T V Tu
    School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
    Clin Infect Dis 46:413-20
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The global increase in norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in 2006 was linked to the emergence of 2 novel GII.4 variants, 2006a and 2006b...
  53. Norovirus GII.4 strains and outbreaks, Australia
    Elise T V Tu
    Emerg Infect Dis 13:1128-30
  54. Development of a rapid immunochromatographic test for noroviruses genogroups I and II
    Sayaka Takanashi
    Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7 3 1 Hongo, Bunkyo ku, Tokyo 113 0033, Japan
    J Virol Methods 148:1-8
    ..Taken together with the result of the detection limit of viral load as small as approximately 10(6-7)copies/g of stool, the current immunochromatography test is justified for screening for NoV infection with simple laboratory support...
  55. Norovirus genotype IIb associated acute gastroenteritis in India
    Preeti Chhabra
    Rotavirus Department, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
    J Clin Virol 42:429-32
    ..It also documents for the first time occurrence of norovirus GIIb infections in India...
  56. Molecular and epidemiological trend of norovirus associated gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
    Shuvra Kanti Dey
    Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Institute of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7 3 1 Hongo, Bunkyo ku, Tokyo 113 0033, Japan
    J Clin Virol 40:218-23
    ..CONCLUSIONS: This is the first epidemiological research of norovirus in Bangladesh. Norovirus is an important enteropathogen responsible for viral gastroenteritis among infants and children in Bangladesh...
  57. Epidemiology of Norwalk-like virus infections in cattle in The Netherlands
    Wim H M van der Poel
    Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection MGB, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM, P O Box 1, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    Vet Microbiol 92:297-309
    ..6%. Our data shows that NLV is endemic in the cattle population in The Netherlands and genetically distinct from NLVs in humans...