miniaturization

..The sensor was possible to be used for measuring glucose from 0.06 to 1.24 mmol/l (correlation coefficient: 0.999), including the reported concentration of tear glucose in normal (0.14 mmol/l), with good reproducibility...

..This review describes the progress and key issues in designing miniaturized protein arrays...

..This demonstrates the outstanding sensitivity of the microfluidic method...

..Some critical issues with the use of microfluidic-based systems for diagnosis of genetic diseases are also highlighted...

..The creation of such a device requires miniaturization of current technologies and the use of microfluidics, microarrays, and small-diameter capillary tubes to ..

..In this review, I will discuss these fundamental issues and describe the current applications of microtiter plates in microbiology. Microtiter plates can now be considered a mature alternative to Erlenmeyer shake flasks...

..However, further miniaturization of conventional microtiter plate technology is problematic due to evaporation and capillary action...

..This assay was validated using known compounds. This new cell-based assay represents an alternative to both global cytotoxicity assays and in vitro tubulin assembly assays commonly used for the detection of microtubule poisons...

..Clonal LXRbeta-GAL4-beta-lactamase cells were miniaturized into an ultra high throughput (3456-well nanoplates) screening format...

..The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional results after low-severity metacarpal and phalangeal fractures treated by miniature plates and screws...

..However, cellular heterogeneity implies the importance of studying how individual cells respond, one by one, in order to learn more about drug targeting and cellular behavior...

..We also demonstrate the utility of kinetics measurements in miniaturized format with improvements in assay quality and the ability to extract detailed mechanistic information about inhibitors...

..2 to 7.4, but treatment of LDL with alpha-chymotrypsin, sphingomyelinase, or copper sulfate leads to the formation of aggregated and fused LDL particles...

..First, this article aims to review the different techniques and provides guidelines to the use of SU-8 as a structural material. Second, practical examples from our respective labs are presented...

b>Miniaturization of high-throughput screening (HTS) assays has several obvious advantages, including increased throughput and lower cost by reduction in reagent consumption...

..The focus of the research described in this article is the miniaturization of an intracellular calcium assay to 1536-well plate format...

..In this review, we describe the evolution of microcontact printing over the past five years. The review is categorized into three main sections: the improvements made to the technique, new variations, and new applications...

Microfluidic systems are an attractive solution for the miniaturization of biological and chemical assays...

..Current microbioreactor technology is analyzed in this review paper, focusing on its industrial applicability, and directions for future research are presented...

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..g. membrane inlet mass spectrometry and NMR...

Molecular diagnostics devices are becoming smaller. With the advancement of miniaturization technologies, microchip-based systems will soon be available for genetic testing...

..However, appropriate user-specific training (Level 1 at a minimum) and assumption of responsibility are essential to ensure the most accurate acquisition, interpretation, and use of the data...

..This culture method can be extended beyond the pLDH-based readout to other techniques commonly used to determine growth/invasion inhibition...

..Here, we outline ways towards miniaturization of a structural genomics pipeline with NMR screening for folded globular proteins, using a high-density micro-..

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..This short review summarizes the state-of-the-art in the interface miniaturization and strategies for analysis of limited sample amounts by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass ..

..The aim of the study was to verify if the routine use of a basic model of echocardiographic Hand Held Device (HHD) could be an important diagnostic tool during outpatient cardiologic consulting or in non-cardiologic hospital sections...

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..In this study, the authors describe the feasibility of miniaturization of a serine kinase assay using generic reagents in the AlphaScreen format...

..b>Miniaturization of biological assays is an important prerequisite to achieve these goals in the near future.

..GENOME MINIATURIZATION: and Expansion Intracellular parasites (e.g...

..It can be concluded that both assay formats are suitable for the discovery of ROCK-II inhibitors, and the choice of assay format depends on reagents and/or screening technology available...

..This sets the stage for microchip integration of the PCR process in the nanoliter volumes routinely manipulated in electrophoretic microchips...

..this task, as it allows to induce strongly enhanced lateral transport rates, independently of the degree of miniaturization of the hybridization chamber...

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..Here, we review technological approaches to build miniaturized fluorescence microscopes and discuss their potential applications...

..The small size and capability of these semiconductor nanowires for sensitive, label-free, real-time detection of a wide range of chemical and biological species could be exploited in array-based screening and in vivo diagnostics...

..The detection limit of p-aminophenol was calculated to be approximately 4 x 10(-7) M for the sensor with the new dynamic transduction mechanism...

..97 was fabricated with a sample volume of 50 microl. This research indicates the possibility of a wearable biosensor for continuous monitoring of salivary amylase activity...

..The method was applied to measure the transmission through the existing multi-rod and newly designed multi-leaf collimators...

..For TLD-600, TLD-100 and TLD-700, the suitable fluence limits have been determined in order to avoid radiation damage and loss of linearity...

..The TEPC/CACS system is now operated on-board aircrafts as a fixed or mobile dosimetry system...

..By exploiting the ratio of TL signals of the unshielded and shielded detectors, it was possible to estimate the contributions of the thermal and epithermal components of the neutron field...

..6 mm(2) on PDMS to detect TNF-alpha in 600 nL of a dendritic cell (DC) culture medium with a sensitivity of approximately 20 pg mL(-1)(1.14 pM)...

..The paper describes the main concepts behind the AMON system and presents details of the individual subsystems and solutions as well as the results of the medical validation...

..Such a small device is surely a strong candidate for low-cost DNA amplification, and detected as little as 0.4 copies of target DNA...

..Further improvement of the confocal probe would be to adapt a 360-deg configuration enabling access to other anatomical sites...

..The results mechanically quantitate "chorion softening" in zebrafish embryos due to protease activities subtly modifying the chorion structure, providing an understanding of zebrafish embryo development...

..Moreover, further study should be conducted to evaluate the potential of BiFE for analysis of several pollutants of interest that are usually determined electrochemically by using mercury-based electrodes...

Although miniaturization has been considered the only technology with which to increase sensitivity of tactile sensors, we recently developed the micro tactile sensor (MTS) that performs with high sensitivity without microfabrication...

..In clinical trials the sensor measured continuously in interstitial fluid for up to 18 h without any signal drift and with good correlation to blood glucose reference values...

..The single-chip pH meter can be directly connected to a personal computer, and gives a response of 37 bits/pH, within an operating range of 7 pH units...

..The sensor can detect parts-per-trillion concentrations of DMMP within 10 s exposure times. The small size of the sensor makes it ideally suited for electronic nose applications...

..The measured shift is proportional to the mass of single fungal spores and can be used to evaluate spore contamination levels. Applications lie in the field of medical and agricultural diagnostics, food- and water-quality monitoring...

..This indicated that the self-sensing micro-cantilever approach is beneficial for detecting disease markers, and our piezoresistive micro-cantilever sensor system is applicable to miniaturized biosensor systems...

..These characteristics render the proposed sensor suitable for use within a microscopic energy consumption measurement system in either hospital or homecare environments...

..We suggest that these ECG arrays, which are simple to apply, should prove to be a valuable tool in providing useful information about the state of the heart...

..The result from this study will be applied for the industrial manufacturing of such a biomedical sensor as a clinical product...

..coli O157:H7 detection in pure culture and inoculated food samples. The biosensor was able to discriminate between cellular concentrations of 10(4)-10(7)CFU/mL and has applications in detecting pathogens in food samples...

..In practice, the sampling requirement may be less strict than initially anticipated...

..It can be used in a wide temperature region from -20 degrees C to +50 degrees C, shows almost no interference in electromagetic fields but is still shock sensitive...

..Preliminary experimental data are presented, and the importance of validating MCNPX-generated response functions is discussed. A brief discussion on future work follows...

..Their force-deformation response shows strong linearity. Several possible mechanisms are discussed to explain the linear response...

..Using this device, the adsorption of thiolated DNA molecules and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol on gold surfaces was performed to test the nanomechanical response of MCS...

..Further development of the devices can lead to the development of a highly-sensitive and high-throughput handheld blood counting system for point-of-care applications...

..The HANAA is unique in offering real time PCR in a handheld format suitable for field use; a commercial version of the instrument, offering six reaction chambers, is available as of Fall 2002...

..These results lend credence to the use of MOSFET detector systems in edge-on mode for microplanar irradiation dosimetry...

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..Moreover, several closely-spaced electrode sites on the same microprobe can be coated with different enzyme membranes without any cross-contamination...

..The addition of perchloric acid to sodium chloride solutions drastically shortens etching times and is shown by transmission electron microscopy to produce very sharp tips with a mean radius of curvature of 15 nm...

..The novel approach enables a location independent, permanent real-time measurement of the lactate concentration during exercise...

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..The resulting glucose sensor was characterized by a short response time (<10 s), high sensitivity (10.4 nA/mM mm(2)), low interference from endogenous electroactive species, and a working lifetime of at least 60 days...

..35-microm process technology. The ultrasound front-end chip contains beam-forming electronics, receiver circuitry, and analog-to-digital converters with 3-Kbyte on-chip buffer memory...

..Full analysis of these results will be conducted in later publications...

..This paper presents the design, fabrication and initial testing results from such a microthermopile-based thermal biosensor...

..Similar experiments conducted with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology are consistent with the response observed using microcantilever sensors...

..Finally, based on the presented model and measured data, future performance of planar microcoil-based microfluidic NMR probes is extrapolated and discussed...

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..E.M.) which was over six times longer than that reported for vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts...

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..The correlation coefficient is 0.94 between ELISA and PZ immunosensor. After regeneration with NaOH the coated immunosensor can be reused 6 times without appreciable loss of activity...

..Type-II comparator achieves 5 mV identified resolution. The input dynamic ranges of the comparators are approximately rail-to-rail...

..The sensitivity, the reliability, and the reproducibility of this device have been evaluated by experiments performed with a (non-integrated) prototype implementation, easily integrable in IC and/or micro-fabricated lab-on-a-chip...

..We believe such emulation of the olfactory system can lead to improved odour discrimination within the field of electronic noses...

..Different capture efficiencies could be easily distinguished. The biosensor described here is easy to use and thus can be applied to real detection experiments...

..The sensor shows minor interference with other functional groups and alcohols. The possible causes for such interference have been discussed...

..Further capabilities include temperature control, demonstrated by identification of a critical micelle temperature of poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide), as well as multiangle DLS measurements...

..We have also successfully studied the potentiometric responses to pH changes of this device over a period of 1 month, and so we propose this new pH micro-biosensor as an alternative to classical pH sensors currently used in dermatology...

..Details of the geometry matter if the viscoelastic properties of the sample are of interest...

..All three oxidizable species could be detected in less than 70 s. Glucose was detected by performing an enzymatic reaction along the separation channel. The microsystem showed a very good reproducibility...

..Calibration plots for a MC functionalized with anti-17-beta-estradiol Ab show responses in the range of 1 x 10(-11) through 1 x 10(-7) M for 17-beta-estradiol with a linear portion extending over two orders of magnitude in concentration...

..Especially, current-voltage characteristics of the protein multilayers were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and its application in biomolecular photodiode was also examined...

..Advances in computing power and information technology will speed data acquisition, storage, and transfer. Miniaturization of current devices will impact diverse areas, such as modulation of endoscopy and endovascular techniques...

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..tubes provide the necessary building blocks for electronic circuits and afford new opportunities for chip miniaturization, which can dramatically improve the scaling prospects for the semiconductor technologies and the fabrication ..

BACKGROUND, GOALS AND SCOPE: During the last years the miniaturization of toxicity test systems for rapid and parallel measurements of large quantities of samples has often been discussed...

..Innovative engineering research will address design miniaturization, adequate material selection and manufacturing...

..and 3-dismentional imaging capability;(2) maintaining high resolution over various imaging depths;(3) probe miniaturization;(4) the weak intrinsic contrast between normal tissue and pre- or early cancers;and (5) the lack of molecular ..

..and 3-dismentional imaging capability; (2) maintaining high resolution over various imaging depths; (3) probe miniaturization; (4) the weak intrinsic contrast between normal tissue and pre- or early cancers; and (5) the lack of ..

..In Phase II, the technology will continue to be developed for miniaturization and manufacturability and we will extend this body of research with human studies conducted on individuals ..

..disorders (androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata) are characterized by the development of hair follicle miniaturization with significant elongation of the resting stage, shortening of the growth stage of hair cycle, and hair loss...

..most common hair growth disorder (androgenic alopecia and alopecia areata) are characterized by hair follicle miniaturization with significant elongation of the resting stage, shortening of the growth stage of the hair cycle, and hair ..

..Clinical advancement of IHD technology could be achieved through miniaturization of the magnetic implants...

..Current trends in the development of immunoassay methodologies are miniaturization, multiple detection, and automation...

..trend of rapid decrease in size of samples available for separations, our research will push even further the miniaturization of polymer-based separation technology using microcolumns and packed capillaries...

..One set of experiments will use miniaturization effects developed in photography...

..To make such a level of miniaturization and simplicity feasible, we have developed a capillary fill sampling technique permitting specimen dosing, ..

..This proposal will enable us to surmount the difficulties associated with physiological miniaturization. Thus we will be able to exploit genetically engineered mice using state-of-the-art equipment for measuring ..

..The combined miniaturization and higher field promises a combined 100-fold increase in speed along each dimension of the separation to ..

..Sensitive detection of mutagenically induced revertants allows for the miniaturization and incorporation of the assay into a 96- or 384-well format for rapid simultaneous genotoxicity screening of ..

..The specific aims of this Phase II effort are: a) miniaturization of the application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), b...

..The biosensor development will mainly emphasize purity of MB, new design for surface immobilization, miniaturizatIon, better understanding of the surface bound MBs in hybridization, better application of the MB sensors in a ..

..High throughput experiments such as compound library reformatting, nanoliter fluid transfer, assay miniaturization and molecular library screening would all greatly benefit from a more accurate and faster fluid transfer ..

Forty years ago, exciting advances in neuroscience, biomaterials, electronics and miniaturization fueled development of the cochlear implant, the world's first and most successful auditory neuroprosthesis...

..They are generally too large for use in ultrathin bronchoscopes and are unsuitable for further miniaturization. The proposed program uses solid-state thin-film giant magneto-resistive (GMR) magnetic field sensors to ..

..Moreover, since there is a tradeoff between strength/stability and miniaturization, the project will show how the optimum design point in this tradeoff space depends on the particulars of the ..

..The next steps in commercialization of this device are to complete the miniaturization and integration with the PDA, complete the clinical study, and apply to the FDA for 510(k) clearance to ..

Summary Advancements in device miniaturization, integrated circuits packaging, microfabrication technologies, and biocompatible materials have made possible the development of complex neural prostheses designed to restore lost functions ..

..Both capillaries and chips represent the trend of miniaturization of analytical instrumentation...