animal husbandry

..However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among swine and swine farmers in the United States (U.S.)...

..This study demonstrates that MRSA is common in pigs in Ontario, Canada, and provides further support to concerns about transmission of MRSA between pigs and humans...

..The author reviews trends in antibiotic use in animal husbandry and agriculture in general...

..Attempts to produce a vaccine are ongoing and new technology offers some hope for the future, but this will not remove the necessity for implementing adequate biosecurity on pig farms...

..Results of this study indicated that BVDV is highly prevalent in Jordan and BVDV infection could be controlled by livestock-trade control, and applying strict biosecurity measures in the dairy farms...

..Further studies involving a larger sample size over time are warranted to better assess the effects of banning enrofloxacin use in poultry and the levels of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter...

..Combining these two predictions provides a good assessment of both the local and larger-scale heterogeneities present in this complex system...

..A difference in the cellular immune response between zebu and Holstein cattle was observed, while tuberculosis lesion severities were identical in the two breeds, when both were kept in a pasture...

..It appears that large herd size and intensive management may provide an environment conducive to Salmonella shedding and chronic dairy herd infection...

..Sporadic cases of CA-MRSA in persons without risk-factors for MRSA carriage are increasing...

..Purchase of gilts, number of fattening pigs per pen and airspace stocking density are risk factors that can be managed directly by farmers striving to attain a high respiratory health status of pigs...

..0) of being positive compared to sedentary herds (OR=1.0). The results in this study provide preliminary information about potential risk factors that were found to be associated with BTB status in cattle...

..Nutritional management of two-stage weaned calves during the nursing-deprived period should be evaluated in future research because poor pasture conditions may have decreased gains by calves weaned by the two-stage method in this study...

..Ten recent isolates were methicillin resistant and had spa types t011 and t567, belonging to multilocus sequence type 398. This is the first report of "livestock-associated" methicillin resistant S. aureus from healthy poultry...

..Therefore, despite restriction of cattle movements, emergent behaviour in this self-organizing system has potentially increased the size of infectious disease epidemics within the cattle industry...

..Abrupt weaning increased plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations that were accompanied by attenuation of in vitro interferon-gamma production to novel mitogen and antigen complexes up to 7 d after weaning...

..The development of tailored recommendations is essential for Malagasy smallholders who have limited resources and need to make evidence-based management changes to reduce the risk of contagious diseases in their herds...

..Because a body of information on human and porcine cysticercosis in Cameroon is becoming available, the present study was undertaken to calculate the impact of this neglected zoonosis...

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..9 residences per circle had backyard poultry flocks. Gamefowl breeder flocks were larger, used more health care and biosecurity practices, and moved birds more frequently compared to backyard flocks...

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..The findings suggest that intensive goat and sheep husbandry should be avoided in areas that are characterized by a combination of arable land with deep groundwater and little vegetation...

..We note that the second order properties of a directed contact network may vary through time even with little change in the mean contact rates or in overall connectedness of the network...

..With these areas expanding rapidly over the last decade, their close surveillance is important to both identify infected herds qucikly, and limit their further growth...

..Molecular analysis indicated that the virus was genetically related to the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus strain. The outbreak presumably resulted from direct human-to-pig transmission...

..Finisher herds were SIV-positive only if source sow herds were positive. Simultaneously, 45% of finisher herds were SIV-negative although sow source herds were positive...

..To determine the biocontainment, biosecurity, and security practices at beef feedyards in the Central Plains of the United States...

..In densely populated areas this decrease went from 135 infected farms to 103, while the duration reduced from 88 days to 81...

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..We recommend that more research be conducted into the welfare of starlings to inform legislation and guidelines, and thus maximize the welfare of captive animals...

..Research to improve our understanding of ecologic and epidemiologic characteristics of the PRRS virus and technologic advances (vaccines and diagnostic tests) to prevent clinical effects are warranted...

..Hence, screening tests aiming at culling seropositive barka was recommended before distribution to other poverty-prone areas of the region...

..Early weaned calves, managed within the system described in this study, may have improved G:F...

..4). E. coli from calves treated with antibiotics within 5 days prior to sampling were also more likely to be increasingly multiply resistant than E. coli from calves not exposed to individual antibiotic therapy (OR = 2.0)...

..Measures based on heightened surveillance are proposed that mitigate the risks of new pathogen introductions...

..The current study suggests the presence of human tapeworm carriers and a high risk of human cysticercosis in the surveyed areas as well as in urban centres where pigs from rural areas are increasingly sold, slaughtered and consumed...

..4% of pig herds were small, hobby herds that reported different biosecurity and management characteristics (such as the equipping pigs on pasture and feeding kitchen waste)...

..Two factors protected against CP: feeding with only dry feed and practising all-in-all-out production...

..We aimed to assess respiratory health in neighbors of confined animal feeding operations...

..As large-scale, concentrated production methods have become the predominant model for animal husbandry, animal feeds have been modified to include ingredients ranging from rendered animals and animal waste to ..

..Several animal husbandry and production management practices can be used to minimize pathogen shedding, exposure, and transmission ..

..These findings lead to greater understanding of inter-farm contact and may aid development of appropriate biosecurity practices and control procedures, and inform mathematical modelling of infectious diseases...

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..Also, some pharmacokinetic data and information on the influence of these products on the intestinal flora are presented...

..5-0.6). Cross-breeds with beef breeds were associated with increased odds ratios for increased respiratory sounds (OR: 2.1-4.3) and colostrum from second-lactation cows and birth during night for other infectious disease (OR: 1.6, 1.5)...

..We also argue that keeping records of production types is of great value since it may be helpful in risk assessments...

..coli flora. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that the current prevalence of Tet(r) loci on dairy farms has little to do with the use of this antibiotic...

..To determine whether MRSA is present in poultry, we sampled 50 laying hens and 75 broiler chickens. MRSA was found in some broiler chickens but no laying hens. In all samples, spa type t1456 was found...

..These results indicate that significant odorant bias occurs when using Tedlar bags for the sampling of odors from animal production facilities...

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..0%; 95% CI, 0.0%-1.0%) and cleaning assistance during depopulation (0.0%; 95% CI, 0.0%-9.2%). No significant association was observed between the probability of infection and the exposure variables...

..Odors can affect health and quality of life. Industrialized animal agriculture creates odorant compounds that are components of a mixture of agents that could trigger symptoms reported by neighbors of livestock operations...

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..The main risk factors associated with SE infection, therefore, were flock size, housing system, and farm with hens of different ages...

..05) related to the on-farm use of antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended to focus future research on the potential role of socioeconomic factors associated with antibiotic use on pig farms...

..The contribution of company affiliation to risk of between-farm disease transmission has not been previously studied...

..However, this method is not suited to all types of housing, and in these circumstances mobile killing devices were a useful alternative...

..These results highlight the need for better hygiene control in relation to catching equipment and personnel and more effective cleaning and disinfection of vehicles and bird-transport crates...

..Geographic information systems could also be linked in the approach to produce knowledge about local transmission of disease...

..Planned use of ecto- and endoparasiticides is urgently needed to maintain the efficacy of these unique drugs...

..There is also a need to further investigate the motivators and constraints for altered routines among both Swedish livestock farmers and professionals visiting farms...

..Six groups of poultry sites were differentiated, which are interpreted as very low to very high risk groups, based on the potential of infectious disease introduction and spread...

..To measure the rates of decline of zoonotic agents introduced into heaps of spent bedding and faecal wastes generated by commercially farmed livestock and managed in a similar way to that of a working farm...

..To compare published recommendations regarding biosecurity practices for various production animal species and classes...

..The discussion presented here helps lay the framework for development and implementation of biosecurity and risk-management programs within dairy replacement facilities...

..Auxiliary industries, in general, were not certain of their role in biosecurity although study participants highlighted zoonoses as part of the issue and offered that most of the constraints operated at farm level...

..faecium throughout the poultry production region in this study and that the mechanisms of resistance to streptogramin antimicrobials within this population remain largely uncharacterized...

..Signs of badgers within farmyards were significantly positively associated with the number of badger setts and latrines in the immediate vicinity, but were not related to any recorded farm husbandry procedures...

..Intercorrelations between the meat-inspection recordings were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis describing underlying latent factors related to health and welfare problems within herds...

..Two factors increased the prevalence: confined sows (stalled and tethered or tethered) and two persons working in the farrowing units instead of one...

..We suggest that the issues of empowerment and flexible time management be explored further to assist dairy-calf raisers...

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..Herd size was not associated with Salmonella shedding in the final multi-variable model. The herd-level risk factors identified in this study could potentially be implemented in Salmonella control programs on dairy farms...

..The question remains therefore as to the mechanism whereby pigs in the population from which the experimental pigs were derived co-existed with virulent ASF viruses...

..Finally, conclusions and recommendations to minimise reproductive inefficiencies based on current knowledge are presented...

..The sale orientation on non-European production methods is not acceptable under the aspect of animal welfare...

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..Because farmers generally are considered to be risk adverse, this means that the least-cost disease-control option might not always be the preferred option...

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..Counter-intuitively, the benefits of a ban on virginiamycin were highest for intermediate values of R(0), and lower for extremely high or low values of R(0)...

..Appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in humans and food animals is an important factor in maintaining their effectiveness...

..faecium isolates from the food production environment. The high level of resistance in this organism suggests that this reservoir of resistance may compromise the therapeutic potential of quinupristin-dalfopristin...

..coli, and in these groups diarrhoea was seen in the absence of rotavirus. ACTH administration amplified the clinical signs. The litter of origin influenced the development of post-weaning diarrhoea...

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..This study suggests the need for further studies in order to design and implement effective prevention and control measures for porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu District, Tanzania...

..The estimated PAR for all four risk factors combined was 0.95. The effects of these factors need to be more-closely evaluated in more-controlled studies, in order to develop intervention programs that reduce Salmonella shedding...

..The present findings imply that management routines for cows and calves during the first week after parturition have consequences for the physiology of the animals...

..Modifications to feedlot management are discussed...

..coli isolates identified initially by C/LA as E. coli O157:H7. These results demonstrate that better ways of screening and confirming E. coli O157:H7 isolates are required for accurate determination of prevalence...

..01) the incidence of morbidity of those placed directly in the feedlot. In these trials, trainer cows had a significant effect on eating behavior of newly received calves, but health and performance benefits were variable...

..Body condition and days postpartum at initiation of the breeding season affected overall efficacy of the Cosynch and Cosynch+P protocols...

..These findings suggest that the inhalation of air from these facilities may serve as an exposure pathway for the transfer of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens from swine to humans...

..Change toward a nonantimicrobial strategy was gradual and stepwise. All dairy producers in this study desired to preserve the possibility of using antimicrobial drugs in emergencies...

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..Thus, this study does not only show the persistence of VREF but also of multi-drug resistant lineages of VREF...

..This indicates that the transmission of Mh is more consistent within a farm, whereas the presence of Ap2 varies between batches within a farm...

Until recently, anthrax was primarily a concern of individuals working in animal husbandry and military planners concerned about the potential use of anthrax spores as an agent of biological warfare...

..as 25,000,000 persons; approximately 80% of these live in rural areas and survive through agriculture and animal husbandry. Limited surveys in several developing nations indicate that assistive appliances are much desired and if ..

..the emergence of resistant bacteria that infect or colonize food animals of different species, using various animal husbandry practices [indiirectly addressed]...

..Studies will also be conducted to identify environmental, behavioral, animal husbandry, or other factors facilitating transmission of influenza viruses from animals to humans, to characterize ..

..This project will effectively increase useable animal husbandry/research space by 20% since some rooms in the ARF are currently out of use and others have population limits ..

..The replacement of these cage sanitation systems is necessary to provide animal husbandry to a varied population of animals located in different locations on the campus...

..In particular, we established highly successful protocols of animal husbandry that allow infants, following lesions at two weeks of age, to be raised by their biological mothers and to ..

..This application will test the animal health effects of changing animal husbandry procedures that are major sources of employee exposure to allergen...

..In addition, it will also provide for daily animal husbandry that is required to maintain our high standards for animal housing, sanitation, and veterinary care...

..for the importance of maternal and child health, derived from their economic and personal interest in animal husbandry, lowans also have a sophisticated appreciation for the power and importance of genetics, derived from their ..