agriculture

..Plausible changes in biodiversity in other biomes depend on interactions among the causes of biodiversity change. These interactions represent one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future biodiversity change...

Ten thousand years ago human societies around the globe began to transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. By 4000 years ago, ancient peoples had completed the domestication of all major crop species upon which human survival ..

..The active population was therefore more indicative of short-term management changes...

..In addition, an assemblage of annual grasses, sedges, and other herbaceous plants indicates the presence of arable weeds, typical of cultivated rice, that also increased over this period...

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..However, despite these observed associations, the rate of preterm delivery in this population (6.4%) was lower than in a U.S. reference population...

..We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term...

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..0, a very low vapor pressure, or both. Health risk assessments for pesticides that have these properties may need to include evaluation of exposures to house dust...

..We further report, however, that agriculture has become more pollinator dependent because of a disproportionate increase in the area cultivated with ..

..Should past dependences of the global environmental impacts of agriculture on human population and consumption continue, 10(9) hectares of natural ecosystems would be converted to ..

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..A study was undertaken to assess the importance of urban pollution and agriculture practice on the distribution and susceptibility to insecticide of malaria vectors in the two main cities in ..

..New incentives and policies for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services will be crucial if we are to meet the demands of improving yields without compromising ..

..Altogether, the use of microorganisms and the exploitation of beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer promising and environmentally friendly strategies for conventional and organic agriculture worldwide.

..In contrast to the importance of soil bacteria for ecosystem functioning, we understand little how different management types affect the soil bacterial community composition...

..In comparison, acid deposition (0.4 to 2.0 kilomoles of H+ per hectare per year) made a small contribution to the acidification of agricultural soils across China...

..Refinement of the algorithm may be possible using the results from this and other measurement studies...

..Nonetheless, the role of antibiotic use on plants in the antibiotic-resistance crisis in human medicine is the subject of debate...

..These data further support increasing surveillance and other preparedness efforts to include not only confinement poultry facilities, but more importantly, also small scale farms...

..Suggested measures include tight regulation of commercial bumble bee use and targeted use of environmentally comparable schemes to enhance floristic diversity in agricultural landscapes...

..Productive and sustainable agriculture necessitates growing plants (crops) in arid and semiarid regions with less input of precious resources such as ..

To assess the prevalence of helminth infections and their associated risks in a community using both wastewater and human excreta in agriculture and aquaculture.

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..Rice fields were manually digitized inside 1.5 km buffer zones surrounding U.S. military installations on high-resolution satellite images, and the proportion of rice fields was calculated for each buffer zone...

..The SFF project illustrates how increasing health literacy through education and physical assessment can lead to improved health and knowledge outcomes for farm families...

..The fixation of sh4 could have been achieved later through strong selection for the optimal phenotype...

..This analysis system also offers a unique approach to quantifying animal foraging behaviors and could find applications across the natural and social sciences...

..5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions...

..Surveys showed that 48 (37.8%) persons carried MRSA ST398 and 1 (0.8%) had concurrent skin infection. Risk factors for carriage were MRSA carriage by pigs, regular contact with pigs and companion animals, and use of protective clothing...

..Multivariate modeling showed that workers who seldom used gloves (odds ratio [OR] 30.3) or who smoked (OR 18.7) most frequently had evidence of previous H1N1 swine virus. These findings may be valuable in planning for pandemic influenza...

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..This information is useful for assessing the extent to which the potential spread of recent introductions can be predicted by considering the interaction of their biological attributes, region of origin, and human use...

..The child activity timeline, a novel, low-literacy instrument based on pictures, was successfully used by our participants. Future uses of these data include the development of pesticide exposure models and risk assessment...

..The change in pollinator dependency over 46 years was also evaluated, considering the developed and developing world separately...

..cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use...

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..Our model indicates that the greatest impact occurs very early in the emergence of resistance, when AR bacteria are rare, possibly below the detection limits of current surveillance methods...

A fast development of urban agriculture has recently taken place in many areas in the Republic of Benin...

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..Finally, we test the robustness of the analytical results, derived from the mean-field approximation, on the spatially explicit contact process and demonstrate robustness to implementation errors and misestimation of crucial parameters...

..To estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on individual labour productivity during disease progression...

..4). Prevalent PD was not associated with overall pesticide use. This study suggests that exposure to certain pesticides may increase PD risk. Findings for specific chemicals may provide fruitful leads for further investigation...

..of these species increased as rice cultivation expanded in the region in a political context that supported agriculture. They then fell, likely because of decreased cultivation and increased pesticide use to control a rice pest...

..A crucial component of this approach is the implementation of adaptation assessment frameworks that are relevant, robust, and easily operated by all stakeholders, practitioners, policymakers, and scientists...

The origin of agriculture led to the domestication of many plant species and to the exploitation of natural resources...

..There is a lack of rigorous legislation and regulations to control pesticides as well as training programs for personnel to inspect and monitor use and to initiate training programs for pesticide consumers...

..of mankind; the first green revolution about half a century ago represented a crucial step towards contemporary agriculture and the development of high-yield varieties of cereal grains...

..of the wild relatives may provide insight into target traits and valuable allelic variants for modern agriculture. This is especially true for maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), where its wild ancestor, teosinte (Z. mays ssp...

..The aims of this study were to document and study the flow of live poultry in a poultry trade network in northern Vietnam, and explore its potential role in the risk for HPAI H5N1 during 2003 to 2006...

..Different approaches, from protection (or establishment) of reserves to countryside biogeographic enhancement of human-dominated landscapes, will be required to approach this minimal goal...

..These data show that the diversity of AMF is not always low in arable soils. Furthermore, low-input agriculture involving crop rotation may provide better conditions to preserve AMF diversity, by preventing the selection ..

..Multilocus microsatellite genotyping revealed polymorphism in all five phylogenetic species of B. bassiana s.s.; however, all show evidence of clonal genetic structure...

..Hence, alterations of pest management regimes in Bt cotton could be responsible for the appearance and subsequent spread of nontarget pests at an agro-landscape level...

..Thus, the multi-scale kriging nested model is a useful tool for revealing spatial variability of heavy metals in soils, while the spatial distribution maps allow the identification of hot spots with high concentrations of heavy metals...

..A theoretical contact exposure was calculated for a bee when flying over the sown fields, revealing a dose of 9.2 ng bee(-1) close to the contact LD(50) of thiamethoxam...

The use of insecticides in households and in agriculture has been incriminated in the emergence of insecticide resistance in insect vectors...

..Homestead food production programs have the potential to improve maternal and child health and nutrition through multiple pathways...

..Coordinated intersectoral action is needed across agricultural, nutritional, public health, and climate change communities worldwide to provide affordable, healthy, low-emission diets for all societies...

The past decade has witnessed a quantum leap in our understanding of the origins, diffusion, and impact of early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin...

..These results suggest that neurologic symptoms are associated with cumulative exposure to moderate levels of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides, regardless of recent exposure or history of poisoning...

The invention of agriculture is widely assumed to have driven recent human population growth. However, direct genetic evidence for population growth after independent agricultural origins has been elusive...

..Finally, we also detected traces of gene flow between goat populations from the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula corroborating evidence of past cultural and commercial contacts across the Strait of Gibraltar...

..Recommendations for future research on the dietary influences of farmers' markets and community gardens are provided...

Ongoing expansion of large-scale agriculture critically threatens natural habitats and the pollination services they offer...

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..Our results strengthen the argument that rejuvenation of ecosystem function requires restoration of species evenness, rather than just richness. Organic farming potentially offers a means of returning functional evenness to ecosystems...

..MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth...

..growth, arable land and fresh water limits, and climate change have profound implications for the ability of agriculture to meet this century's demands for food, feed, fiber, and fuel while reducing the environmental impact of their ..

..In this case, the IPM technology is not a pest control technique. CONCLUSION There is an indication that IPM technology has been adopted by farmers. This is evidence that the IPM programme in Indonesia was successful in this area...

..coli infection. Taken together these analyses are consistent with an evolutionary scenario describing the emergence of agriculture-associated C. coli lineage that is an important human pathogen.

..Working in pig stables with MRSA-positive pigs poses a high risk for acquiring MRSA, increasingly so when contact with live pigs is more intensive or long lasting...

..Seventy sediment samples were collected over a 10-county area in the agriculture-dominated Central Valley of California, with most sites located in irrigation canals and small creeks dominated ..

..Improved irrigation techniques and management practices were also suggested to reduce the violations of pesticide concentrations during irrigation seasons...

..Because exposures vary by type of farm operation, exposures for individual farmers can differ considerably. Studies in the future need to focus on the full range of exposures to fully understand the cancer pattern in farmers...

..Our results suggest that efforts to mitigate human-orangutan conflict may not, per se, change negative perceptions of those who live with the species, because these perceptions are often driven by fear...

Irrigated urban agriculture (UA), which has helped alleviate poverty and increase food security in rapidly urbanizing sub-Saharan Africa, may inadvertently support malaria vectors...

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..To investigate the possible involvement of local people during the transition of agriculture in the Balkans, we analysed patterns of Y-chromosome diversity in 1206 subjects from 17 population samples, ..

..The availability of these technologies are essential to maintain "genetic security" and to ensure absence of unwanted side effects...

..This paper seeks to determine the number of residents on farms in South Australia, along with the suicide rate...

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..Pesticide safety education is necessary in order to induce protective behavior among agricultural workers. The general population may also benefit from increasing their awareness regarding pesticides...

..ecosystems impacted AM associations, and do these ancient symbioses potentially have a role in modern agriculture? Here, we review recent advances in AM research and the use of breeding approaches to generate new crop ..

..We evaluated the relationship between diagnosed depression and pesticide exposure using information from private pesticide applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study between 1993 and 1997 in Iowa and North Carolina...

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..Food waste now accounts for more than one quarter of the total freshwater consumption and approximately 300 million barrels of oil per year...

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..Therefore, an appropriate NAR could enhance profitability as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with corn grain...

..and in reaching WHO microbiological standards for safe use of wastewater in agriculture, they were ineffective in reducing significantly the frequency of plasmid-mediated multiple antibiotic ..

..The methods employed in this study are likely to be of considerable value in total maximum daily load efforts in Del Puerto Creek or other California surface water bodies known to have pyrethroid-related aquatic toxicity...

..human populations began to expand: was demographic growth associated with the invention of particular technologies or behavioral innovations by hunter-gatherers in the Late Pleistocene, or with the acquisition of farming in the Neolithic?..

..The results suggest that, whereas Tyr(178) can influence catalytic activity, other residues contribute to the overall preference for the D1 polypeptide...

..The potential for widespread exposure to agricultural pesticides through drift during application raises concerns about possible health effects to exposed children living in areas of high agricultural activity...

..To feed the world without further damaging the planet, Jeffrey Sachs and 24 foodsystem experts call for a global data collection and dissemination network to track the myriad impacts of different farming practices...

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..Poultry litter application rates commensurate for corn appeared to enhance only soil concentrations of E. coli, and runoff concentrations of testosterone above background levels...

..capitata increased the organic matter content in soil. The AA and the basal respiration were sensible indicators to estimate changes in soil quality and also reflected the interaction of temporal changes and management practices...

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..to be as high as 25,000,000 persons; approximately 80% of these live in rural areas and survive through agriculture and animal husbandry...

..Hearing loss may cause professional and financial difficulties leading to social isolation and stigmatization. Agriculture work has been associated with a high prevalence of hearing loss, both in adults and youth...

..S. Department of Agriculture and the Institute of Medicine...

..S. Department of Agriculture and the Institute of Medicine...

DESCRIPTION: Plus-stranded RNA viruses, which pose significant risks to human health and cause major losses for agriculture, depend heavily on host factors to replicate in infected cells...

..S.; and (9) the population possesses unique characteristics for examining the proposed hypothesis, i.e., a stable workforce, a non-smoking group and excellent compliance rates. ..

..Organophosphorus (OPs) compound are potent neurotoxic chemicals that are widely used in medicine, industry and agriculture; most notably as insecticides...

Many pesticides, synthetic chemicals used in production agriculture to control insects (insecticides), fungi (fungicides) and weeds (herbicides), have been shown to have estrogenic activity in mammalian systems, including neoplasias of ..

..It has the following goals: (1) to raise the level of understanding about agriculture and its relationship to rural health, occupational health and the environment in Central Europe, specifically ..

..It is fully anticipated that this approach will facilitate the understanding of a variety of complex chemical interactions as it relates to the occupational health implications of working with insecticides. ..

..It is fully anticipated that this approach will facilitate the understanding of a variety of complex chemical interactions as it relates to the occupational health implications of working with insecticides. ..

..g., mining, energy, agriculture), and geographic distance from educational centers of excellence in occupational health...

..The co-investigators have a unique combination of expertise, and propose an innovative set of studies into the glycobiology of NiV pathogenesis. ..

..The increase in disease transmission, the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture, and the increased proliferation of chemical and biological weapons worldwide have increased the need for the ..

..mining & construction industries, respirable dust in coal mines, allergens and endotoxin associated with agriculture and food processing) exposures...

Synthetic pyrethroids, an important class of neurotoxic insecticides used worldwide in agriculture and public health, cause toxic effects in animals by modifying the normal function of voltage-sensitive sodium channels...

Synthetic pyrethroids, an important class of neurotoxic insecticides used worldwide in agriculture and public health, cause toxic effects in animals by modifying the normal function of voltage-sensitive sodium channels...

..In Upper Egypt, there are major concerns that projects underway to transform desert environments for irrigated agriculture in the Old Nile Valley (about 70,000 acres) and in the Toshka Valley (nearly 1 million acres) will ..

Organophosphate (OP) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used widely in agriculture as pesticides and also have been used in terrorist attacks against civilian populations...

..Hopkins University School of Medicine, Tai Sophia Institute for the Healing Arts, United States Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, and The Maryland Research and Applied Sciences Consortium) to ..

..For the fundamental program, IDPH will collaborate with key stakeholders in academia, business, agriculture, and healthcare to establish the surveillance system. Initially, the system will be comprised of 15 indicators...