child abuse

Summary

Summary: Abuse of children in a family, institutional, or other setting. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)

Top Publications

  1. ncbi Surviving unspeakable trauma: numbing the inner life
    Richard C Fritsch
    The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Teaching Analyst, USA
    Psychiatry 69:302-5. 2006
  2. ncbi The neurobiological toll of child abuse and neglect
    Gretchen N Neigh
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Trauma Violence Abuse 10:389-410. 2009
  3. ncbi Orthopaedic injuries in children with nonaccidental trauma: demographics and incidence from the 2000 kids' inpatient database
    Randall T Loder
    James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
    J Pediatr Orthop 27:421-6. 2007
  4. ncbi Recognising and responding to child maltreatment
    Ruth Gilbert
    Centre for Evidence based Child Health and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
    Lancet 373:167-80. 2009
  5. ncbi Childhood maltreatment and telomere shortening: preliminary support for an effect of early stress on cellular aging
    Audrey R Tyrka
    Mood Disorders Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    Biol Psychiatry 67:531-4. 2010
  6. ncbi Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community-based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse
    Cathy L Pederson
    Biology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio 45501 0720, USA
    J Trauma Stress 17:37-40. 2004
  7. ncbi The utility and challenges of using ICD codes in child maltreatment research: A review of existing literature
    Debbie Scott
    National Centre for Health Information Research and Training, School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
    Child Abuse Negl 33:791-808. 2009
  8. ncbi Epidemiology of burn injuries II: psychiatric and behavioural perspectives
    Jodi B A McKibben
    Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 4799, USA
    Int Rev Psychiatry 21:512-21. 2009
  9. ncbi Child abuse and neglect in Saudi Arabia: journey of recognition to implementation of national prevention strategies
    Majid Al Eissa
    National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City for the National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    Child Abuse Negl 34:28-33. 2010
  10. ncbi Child abuse in infants with proximal physeal injuries of the femur
    Joshua C W Jones
    General Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
    Pediatr Emerg Care 20:157-61. 2004

Research Grants

  1. Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Tool for Infant Head Injuries from Fal
    SUSAN SHEPS contact MARGULIES; Fiscal Year: 2010
  2. Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Tool for Infant Head Injuries from Fal
    Susan Margulies; Fiscal Year: 2009
  3. Perceptions of Social Risk in Medical Child Abuse Evaluation
    Heather T Keenan; Fiscal Year: 2010
  4. PENNSYLVANIA ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA PREVENTION PROGRAM
    Mark Dias; Fiscal Year: 2007
  5. COCAINE AND MATERNAL NEGLECT: INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS
    JOSEPHINE JOHNS; Fiscal Year: 2003
  6. CHILD AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING AFTER PEDIATRIC HEAD TRAUMA
    JoAnne Youngblut; Fiscal Year: 2001
  7. THE ILLINOIS FAMILIES STUDY: CHILD WELL-BEING
    Jane Holl; Fiscal Year: 2004
  8. Biomechanical Investigation of Pediatric Accidents
    Gina Bertocci; Fiscal Year: 2003
  9. The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Primate Maternal Behavior
    Wendy Saltzman; Fiscal Year: 2007
  10. Cocaine, Self-Regulation, and Maternal/Child Aggression
    Denise Hien; Fiscal Year: 2003

Detail Information

Publications246 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Surviving unspeakable trauma: numbing the inner life
    Richard C Fritsch
    The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Teaching Analyst, USA
    Psychiatry 69:302-5. 2006
  2. ncbi The neurobiological toll of child abuse and neglect
    Gretchen N Neigh
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Trauma Violence Abuse 10:389-410. 2009
    ..Recognition of the biological consequences and transgenerational impact of violence and abuse has critical importance for both disease research and public health policy...
  3. ncbi Orthopaedic injuries in children with nonaccidental trauma: demographics and incidence from the 2000 kids' inpatient database
    Randall T Loder
    James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
    J Pediatr Orthop 27:421-6. 2007
    ..In addition to presence of long bone fractures in infants and toddlers, older children with concomitant psychiatric or neurological conditions presenting with nonaccidental injuries should be assessed for possible abuse...
  4. ncbi Recognising and responding to child maltreatment
    Ruth Gilbert
    Centre for Evidence based Child Health and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
    Lancet 373:167-80. 2009
    ....
  5. ncbi Childhood maltreatment and telomere shortening: preliminary support for an effect of early stress on cellular aging
    Audrey R Tyrka
    Mood Disorders Research Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
    Biol Psychiatry 67:531-4. 2010
    ..Based on previous evidence linking psychosocial stress to shorter telomere length, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of childhood adversity on telomere length...
  6. ncbi Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community-based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse
    Cathy L Pederson
    Biology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio 45501 0720, USA
    J Trauma Stress 17:37-40. 2004
    ..Women with PTSD did not express significant deficits in memory performance or hippocampal volume when compared with the abuse and normal control groups...
  7. ncbi The utility and challenges of using ICD codes in child maltreatment research: A review of existing literature
    Debbie Scott
    National Centre for Health Information Research and Training, School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
    Child Abuse Negl 33:791-808. 2009
    ..the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) has been used in child abuse research, to describe how the ICD system has been applied, and to assess factors affecting the reliability of ..
  8. ncbi Epidemiology of burn injuries II: psychiatric and behavioural perspectives
    Jodi B A McKibben
    Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 4799, USA
    Int Rev Psychiatry 21:512-21. 2009
    ....
  9. ncbi Child abuse and neglect in Saudi Arabia: journey of recognition to implementation of national prevention strategies
    Majid Al Eissa
    National Family Safety Program, King Abdulaziz Medical City for the National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
    Child Abuse Negl 34:28-33. 2010
    To describe increased child abuse and neglect (CAN) reporting and the characteristics of the reports in the context of the development of a system of intervention for one of the hospital-based child protection centers in Riyadh, Saudi ..
  10. ncbi Child abuse in infants with proximal physeal injuries of the femur
    Joshua C W Jones
    General Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
    Pediatr Emerg Care 20:157-61. 2004
    OBJECTIVE: Child abuse has been recognized to be a common cause of femur fractures in infants. Fractures of the proximal femoral physis in abused infants have been less emphasized...
  11. ncbi Prevalence of child maltreatment in The Netherlands
    Eveline M Euser
    Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
    Child Maltreat 15:5-17. 2010
    ..6% of all maltreatment cases were reported to the CPS. Training of professionals in observing and reporting child maltreatment is badly needed. The absence of a legal obligation to report in The Netherlands needs reconsideration...
  12. ncbi Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems. A review
    Tracy L Simpson
    Department of Psychology, Addictive Behaviors Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
    Clin Psychol Rev 22:27-77. 2002
    ....
  13. ncbi Fractures in biliary atresia misinterpreted as child abuse
    Patricia A DeRusso
    Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Pediatrics 112:185-8. 2003
    Bone fractures in children without a history of injury are highly suspicious for child abuse. Biliary atresia is a disorder associated with metabolic bone disease, and there are numerous reports of osteopenia, rickets, and/or fractures ..
  14. ncbi Simple intervention to improve detection of child abuse in emergency departments
    Jonathan R Benger
    Emergency Department, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LE
    BMJ 324:780. 2002
    PROBLEM: Child abuse is easily overlooked in a busy emergency department. DESIGN: Two stage audit of 1000 children before and after introduction of reminder flowchart...
  15. ncbi The risk of child abuse in infants and toddlers with lower extremity injuries
    Carla Coffey
    The Trauma Program, Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
    J Pediatr Surg 40:120-3. 2005
    PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the risk of child abuse in children younger than 18 months admitted to a pediatric trauma service with lower extremity injuries...
  16. ncbi Critical review of 'temporary brittle bone disease'
    Kenneth L Mendelson
    Department of Radiology, South Shore Hospital, 55 Fogg Road, South Weymouth, MA 02190, USA
    Pediatr Radiol 35:1036-40. 2005
  17. ncbi Evaluation of suspected child physical abuse
    Nancy D Kellogg
    Pediatrics 119:1232-41. 2007
    ..Accurate and timely diagnosis of children who are suspected victims of abuse can ensure appropriate evaluation, investigation, and outcomes for these children and their families...
  18. ncbi Screening for child abuse at emergency departments: a systematic review
    Eveline C F M Louwers
    Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    Arch Dis Child 95:214-8. 2010
    b>Child abuse is a serious problem worldwide and can be difficult to detect...
  19. ncbi The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies
    C Heim
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
    Biol Psychiatry 49:1023-39. 2001
    ..The identification of the neurobiological substrates of early adverse experience is of paramount importance for the development of novel treatments for children, adolescents, and adults...
  20. ncbi The association of child abuse and neglect with adult disability in schizophrenia and the prominent role of physical neglect
    Alexei Gil
    Programa de Pós Graduação em Medicina, Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 2 degrees andar, 90035 003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
    Child Abuse Negl 33:618-24. 2009
    ..To assess long-lasting effects of childhood trauma on the functional outcome of adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia...
  21. ncbi Child abuse and neglect in the Arab Peninsula
    Fadheela T Al-Mahroos
    Sulmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 11602, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
    Saudi Med J 28:241-8. 2007
    To provide an overview of the problem and patterns of child abuse and neglect in the 7 countries of the Arab Peninsula, and to highlight some of the difficulties and shortcomings.
  22. ncbi The lesson of temporary brittle bone disease: all bones are not created equal
    Marvin E Miller
    Bone 33:466-74. 2003
    ..The child abuse and pediatric radiology communities have, for the most part, been unwilling to accept this as a real condition, ..
  23. ncbi Emotion understanding in postinstitutionalized Eastern European children
    Alison B Wismer Fries
    University of Wisconsin at Madison, 53706-8190, USA
    Dev Psychopathol 16:355-69. 2004
    ..These results are discussed in terms of the importance of emotional input early in life on later developmental organization...
  24. ncbi Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
    Ruth Gilbert
    Centre for Evidence based Child Health and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
    Lancet 373:68-81. 2009
    ..The high burden and serious and long-term consequences of child maltreatment warrant increased investment in preventive and therapeutic strategies from early childhood...
  25. ncbi Features of femoral fractures in nonaccidental injury
    C Rex
    Manchester Children s Hospitals, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
    J Pediatr Orthop 20:411-3. 2000
    ..It is important medicolegally to establish a diagnosis of child abuse. Fourteen femoral fractures from definite nonaccidental injury were analysed and compared with 33 femoral ..
  26. ncbi Childhood adversity in an Australian population
    Stephen Rosenman
    Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
    Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:695-702. 2004
    ..The aim of this paper is to report and to explore the distribution of childhood family adversity in an Australian population...
  27. ncbi Exposure to abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction among adults who witnessed intimate partner violence as children: implications for health and social services
    Shanta R Dube
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adult and Community Health, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
    Violence Vict 17:3-17. 2002
    ....
  28. ncbi Importance of early neglect for childhood aggression
    Jonathan B Kotch
    Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 7445, USA
    Pediatrics 121:725-31. 2008
    ....
  29. ncbi Interactions of child maltreatment and serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A polymorphisms: depressive symptomatology among adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds
    Dante Cicchetti
    Institute of Child Development and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
    Dev Psychopathol 19:1161-80. 2007
    ..The results highlight the protective functions of genetic polymorphisms and coping strategies in high risk youth and offer direction for understanding resilience and its promotion from a multiple levels of analysis perspective...
  30. ncbi Femoral fractures in children younger than three years: the role of nonaccidental injury
    Catherine Hui
    Alberta Children s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
    J Pediatr Orthop 28:297-302. 2008
    ..The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of NAI in children younger than 3 years presenting with a femur fracture to a single institution within a western Canadian population...
  31. ncbi The multi-institutional validation of the new screening index for physical child abuse
    David C Chang
    Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
    J Pediatr Surg 40:114-9. 2005
    ..There is currently no evidence-based screening instrument to assist in the detection of physical child abuse patients...
  32. ncbi Filicide and fatal abuse in Japan, 1994-2005: temporal trends and regional distribution
    Katsuhiro Yasumi
    Health Service Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta cho, Midori ku, Yokohama 226 8503, Japan
    J Forensic Leg Med 16:70-5. 2009
    ..Result suggests that recent socioeconomic situations have a significant effect on not only filicide-suicide but also the overall filicide rate in Japan...
  33. ncbi Clinical response to child abuse
    Mark Hudson
    Midwest Children s Resource Center, Children s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 347 North Smith Avenue, Suite 401, St Paul, MN 55102, USA
    Pediatr Clin North Am 53:27-39, v. 2006
    ..We will review diagnostic and management issues in the major manifestations of physical and sexual abuse are reviewed. This article serves as an aide to practitioners in the recognition of and response to child maltreatment...
  34. ncbi An update on child abuse and neglect
    Rebecca Tenney-Soeiro
    Department of Pediatrics and Child Protection Program, Children s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
    Curr Opin Pediatr 16:233-7. 2004
    ..Whereas prevention is the key to ending child abuse and neglect, diagnosis and treatment continue to be the mainstays of practice...
  35. ncbi Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children
    Joan Kaufman
    Child and Adolescent Research and Education Program, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
    Biol Psychiatry 59:673-80. 2006
    b>Child abuse and genotype interact to contribute to risk for depression in children. This study examined gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment interactions.
  36. ncbi Update on child abuse prevention
    Scott D Krugman
    Department of Pediatrics, Franklin Square Hospital Center, and Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21237, USA
    Curr Opin Pediatr 19:711-8. 2007
    b>Child abuse remains a significant problem in the United States with 2.9 million reports and 825 000 indicated cases in 2005...
  37. ncbi Suspected child abuse among victims of home accidents being admitted to the emergency department: a prospective survey from Turkey
    Ozlem Gencer
    Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Izmir, Turkey
    Pediatr Emerg Care 22:794-803. 2006
    Association between home injuries and child abuse has received interest in Western countries...
  38. ncbi Are abusive fractures in young children becoming less common? Changes over 24 years
    John M Leventhal
    Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, P O Box 208064, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520 8064, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 31:311-22. 2007
    ..Fractures were chosen as an example of serious injuries in young children...
  39. ncbi ABC of burns: pathophysiology and types of burns
    Shehan Hettiaratchy
    Pan-Thames Training Scheme, London
    BMJ 328:1427-9. 2004
  40. ncbi Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse: impact in reducing parental risk factors
    Anne Duggan
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1620 McElderry Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-1903, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 28:623-43. 2004
    OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of a home visiting program in reducing malleable parental risk factors for child abuse in families of newborns identified, through population-based screening, as at-risk of child abuse...
  41. ncbi Cutaneous mimickers of child abuse: a primer for pediatricians
    Mohammed AlJasser
    Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Fahad National Guard Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Eur J Pediatr 167:1221-30. 2008
    The annual incidence of child abuse was estimated to be 2.8 million by the national incidence study conducted in the USA in 1993, which is a two-fold increase compared to 1986. Awareness of child abuse has been increasing since the 1960s...
  42. ncbi Complete distal femoral metaphyseal fractures: a harbinger of child abuse before walking age
    Alexandre Arkader
    Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 4399, USA
    J Pediatr Orthop 27:751-3. 2007
    Next only to burns and bruises, fractures are the second most common sign of the physical form of child abuse. Although there is not a pathognomonic fracture pattern associated with child abuse, distal femur "corner" fractures ..
  43. ncbi Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review
    Alison M Kemp
    Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group, Clinical Epidemiology Interdisciplinary Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales Heath Park, Cardiff CF 2XX
    BMJ 337:a1518. 2008
    ....
  44. ncbi Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review
    Adam R Greenbaum
    North West Region Burn Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
    Burns 30:628-42. 2004
    ..light of current case law in which dogmatic medical evidence has been implicated in wrongful convictions for child abuse in the UK, it is imperative that medical professionals gather evidence carefully and completely and apply it ..
  45. ncbi A longitudinal study of the effects of chronic maltreatment on children's behavioral and emotional problems
    Louise S Ethier
    , , , C.P. 500, , Qu, Canada G9A 5H7
    Child Abuse Negl 28:1265-78. 2004
    ..The results also suggest that intervention efforts resulting in an improvement of the family situation (i.e., reduction or elimination of maltreatment), also lead to an improvement in the behavior of children...
  46. ncbi Prediction of child abuse risk from emergency department use
    Elisabeth Guenther
    Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84158, USA
    J Pediatr 154:272-7. 2009
    To examine whether pre-abuse rates and patterns of emergency department (ED) visits between children with supported child abuse and age-matched control subjects are useful markers for abuse risk.
  47. ncbi From the archives of the AFIP. Child abuse: radiologic-pathologic correlation
    Gael J Lonergan
    Department of Radiologic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 14th and Alaska Sts NW, Bldg 54, Rm M 121, Washington, DC 20306 6000, USA
    Radiographics 23:811-45. 2003
    ..For skull injuries, radiography is best for detecting fractures, but computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging best depict intracranial injury...
  48. ncbi A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children
    S Maguire
    Department of Child Health, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
    Burns 34:1072-81. 2008
    ..Most intentional burns are scalds, and distinguishing these from unintentional causes is challenging...
  49. ncbi Ocular autopsy and histopathologic features of child abuse
    M Vaughn Emerson
    Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Ophthalmology 114:1384-94. 2007
    To study the ocular histopathologic features in eyes of children with fatal suspected child abuse.
  50. ncbi [Increase in the number of reported cases of child abuse following adoption of a structured approach in the VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, in the period 2001-2004]
    G Bleeker
    VU Medisch Centrum, afd. Kindergeneeskunde, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam
    Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 149:1620-4. 2005
    OBJECTIVE: Description of the characteristics of (suspected) child abuse after the establishment of a Child Abuse Team and the introduction of guidelines on how to deal with child abuse and a standardised registration form for suspicions ..
  51. ncbi Successful e-learning programme on the detection of child abuse in emergency departments: a randomised controlled trial
    A E F N Smeekens
    University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Arch Dis Child 96:330-4. 2011
    To evaluate the effectiveness of an electronic learning (e-learning) programme on the performance of nurses in the recognition of child abuse in a simulated case in the Emergency Department (ED).
  52. ncbi Women who kill their children
    Clotilde Rougé-Maillart
    Forensic Medicine Department, Angers, France
    Am J Forensic Med Pathol 26:320-6. 2005
    ..A child aged 1 through 16 has a different role in the family, and their murder is perceived differently. We would expect mothers charged with filicide to be drawn from a slightly different population than other child-killing mothers...
  53. ncbi Child abuse and orthopaedic injury patterns: analysis at a level I pediatric trauma center
    Nirav K Pandya
    Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    J Pediatr Orthop 29:618-25. 2009
    b>Child abuse is a serious threat to the physical and psychosocial well-being of the pediatric population. Musculoskeletal injuries are common manifestations of child abuse...
  54. ncbi Overreporting and underreporting of child abuse: teachers' use of professional discretion
    Stephen W Webster
    Department of Sociology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 29:1281-96. 2005
    ..initial recognition that a child may have been abused and the subsequent reporting of that suspected case of child abuse to the responsible agency would, at first glance, appear to be clear...
  55. ncbi Into hot water head first: distribution of intentional and unintentional immersion burns
    Sonya Daria
    Department of Pediatrics, General Pediatric Division, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
    Pediatr Emerg Care 20:302-10. 2004
    ..This series affirms the predominance of bilateral lower extremity burns in inflicted tap water immersions. Buttock/perineal immersions were more common with abuse than with unintentional injury...
  56. ncbi Adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence
    Renee M Johnson
    Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, USA
    Child Maltreat 7:179-86. 2002
    ..Victimization was a significant predictor of child aggression and depression; witnessed violence was found to be a significant predictor of aggression, depression, anger, and anxiety. Implications will be discussed...
  57. ncbi Child abuse by burning: a review of the literature and an algorithm for medical investigations
    Michael D Peck
    Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27514, USA
    J Trauma 53:1013-22. 2002
    Investigations of suspected child abuse must be conducted thoroughly to protect the abused child and to bring the abuser to trial...
  58. ncbi Child neglect and adolescent violence: examining the effects of self-control and peer rejection
    Constance L Chapple
    Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0324, USA
    Violence Vict 20:39-53. 2005
    ..Contrary to theoretical predictions, child neglect was not a significant predictor of self-control. Implications for delinquency and child maltreatment researchers are discussed...
  59. ncbi Association of injury visits in children and child maltreatment reports
    Maria I Spivey
    Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine Child Protection and Forensic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
    J Emerg Med 36:207-14. 2009
    ..Data on these injured children were linked to Missouri Child Protective Services (CPS) child abuse and neglect reports for 2000 and 2001. There were 50,068 children with at least one injury-related ED visit...
  60. ncbi Child abuse potential among mothers of substance-exposed and nonexposed infants and toddlers
    Tina M Smarsh Hogan
    Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 30:145-56. 2006
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this longitudinal study was to determine whether there were differences in child abuse potential among mothers who were nonusers, drug users who accepted treatment, and drug users who rejected offers of ..
  61. ncbi The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children
    Katherine A Barsness
    Department of Surgery, The Children s Hospital, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
    J Trauma 54:1107-10. 2003
    ..The purposes of this study were to evaluate rib fractures in children to determine (1) the positive predictive value of a rib fracture in defining NAT and (2) the frequency of rib fractures as the only skeletal manifestation of NAT...
  62. ncbi Femur fractures resulting from stair falls among children: an injury plausibility model
    Mary Clyde Pierce
    Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    Pediatrics 115:1712-22. 2005
    Stair falls are common among young children and are also common false histories in cases of child abuse. When a child presents with a femur fracture and a stair-fall history, a judgment of plausibility must be made...
  63. ncbi Fractures associated with non-accidental injury--an orthopaedic perspective in a local regional hospital
    C M Fong
    Paediatric Orthopaedic Team, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
    Hong Kong Med J 11:445-51. 2005
    To identify the potential risk factors for fractures due to non-accidental injury in children, and to alert clinicians and health care workers to the diagnosis of child abuse.
  64. ncbi Mothers in substance abuse treatment: differences in characteristics based on involvement with child welfare services
    Christine E Grella
    UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, 1640 S. Sepulveda Blvd, Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 30:55-73. 2006
    ....
  65. ncbi When is lack of supervision neglect?
    Kent P Hymel
    Pediatrics 118:1296-8. 2006
    ..This clinical report contains guidance for pediatricians considering a referral to a child protective services agency on the basis of suspicion of supervisory neglect...
  66. ncbi Children's non-accidental injuries at an accident and emergency department: does the age of the child and the type of injury matter?
    Leona Bull
    Taylor and Associates, 160 Garratt Lane, London SW18 4DA, United Kingdom
    Accid Emerg Nurs 14:155-9. 2006
    Physical child abuse is a significant social and medical problem within the United Kingdom, and elsewhere...
  67. ncbi [Consequences of physical maltreatment, deprivation and sexual abuse in children]
    N Barth
    Klinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes und Jugendalters, Universitätsklinikum Duisburg Essen
    MMW Fortschr Med 148:32-5. 2006
    ..A lack of self-esteem, exaggerated aggressiveness and bonding problems can result in long-term psychosocial consequences that may persist into adulthood...
  68. ncbi The national lesbian family study: 4. Interviews with the 10-year-old children
    Nanette Gartrell
    Center for Excellence in Women s Health, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
    Am J Orthopsychiatry 75:518-24. 2005
    ..In total, 57% of the children were completely out to their peers, and 43% had experienced homophobia. The children demonstrated a sophisticated understanding of diversity and tolerance...
  69. ncbi The use of symptom severity measured just before termination to predict child treatment dropout
    Gregory S Chasson
    McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and University of Houston, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
    J Clin Psychol 64:891-904. 2008
    ..The results support the idea that more immediate distress may be related to treatment dropout. Implications for the research and practice of exposure therapy for child trauma are discussed...
  70. ncbi [Child welfare endangerment and neglect in the tension field between politics, reporting and specialty quality development]
    J M Fegert
    Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 35:233-6. 2007
  71. ncbi Child maltreatment and brain development
    David McCollum
    Ridgeview Medical Center in Waconia, USA
    Minn Med 89:48-50. 2006
    ..This article briefly reviews the literature on these topics and outlines the connection between abuse in childhood and health problems in adulthood...
  72. ncbi Child maltreatment in the "children of the nineties": a cohort study of risk factors
    Peter Sidebotham
    Division of Health in the Community, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
    Child Abuse Negl 30:497-522. 2006
    ....
  73. ncbi [Neglect and endangerment of the wellbeing of infants and young children]
    Ute Ziegenhain
    Klinik für Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie Psychotherapie, Universitatsklinikum Ulm
    MMW Fortschr Med 148:24-6. 2006
    ..As a supplement to the routine diagnostic work-up, therefore, early interaction diagnosis is recommended. This enables (as yet) fragile signs of incipient neglect or threats to the child's well-being to be recognized in good time...
  74. ncbi Demographic and clinical features of child abuse and neglect cases
    Ebru Cengel Kültür
    Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
    Turk J Pediatr 49:256-62. 2007
    The aim of this study was to present child abuse and neglect (CAN) cases of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine...
  75. ncbi Trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders
    Emma Corstorphine
    Eating Disorders Service, South West London and St George s Mental Health NHS Trust, United Kingdom
    Eat Behav 8:23-30. 2007
    ..This study addresses the links between reported childhood trauma and multi-impulsivity in the eating disorders, examining whether specific types of trauma are predictive of specific impulsive behaviours in this population...
  76. ncbi Comentary on "Seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood: the children of Duplessis"
    Robert Michels
    Cornell University Medical College, NY 10021, USA
    Psychiatry 69:322-4. 2006
  77. ncbi Case studies of the orphans of Duplessis: the power of stories
    Stephen J Cozza
    Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Services, Bethesda, Marylnad, USA
    Psychiatry 69:325-7. 2006
  78. ncbi Les Enfants de Duplessis: perspectives on trauma and resiliency
    Jon A Shaw
    Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA
    Psychiatry 69:328-32. 2006
  79. ncbi Commentary on "Seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood: the children of Duplessis"
    Frank W Putnam
    Mayerson Center for Safe and Healthy Children, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA
    Psychiatry 69:333-5. 2006
  80. ncbi In the best interests of society
    William W Harris
    Children s Research and Education Institute, Belmont, MA, USA
    J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48:392-411. 2007
    ....
  81. ncbi Genital injuries in boys and abuse
    C J Hobbs
    Department of Community Paediatrics, St James s University Hospital, Leeds, England, UK
    Arch Dis Child 92:328-31. 2007
    To describe a cohort of boys with genital injuries in whom child abuse was suspected.
  82. ncbi Creating more trauma-informed services for children using assessment-focused tools
    Robyn Igelman
    Chadwick Center for Children and Families, Rady Children s Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, California, USA
    Child Welfare 86:15-33. 2007
    ....
  83. ncbi The presence of health-risk behaviour in Roma family
    Dragana Niksic
    Institute of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Cekalusa 90, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
    Bosn J Basic Med Sci 7:144-9. 2007
    ..In the future, it will be necessary to create the kind of family environment that would enable improvement of health condition and decrease the behaviour that endangers the health of children...
  84. ncbi Early identification of mental health needs for children in care: a therapeutic assessment programme for statutory clients of child protection
    Nicole L Milburn
    Berry Street Victoria Take Two Programme, Australia
    Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 13:31-47. 2008
    ..The findings are discussed within the context of specific mental health service delivery to this vulnerable population of maltreated infants, children and young people...
  85. ncbi Prevalence of mental disorders and associated service variables among Ontario children who are permanent wards
    Philip Burge
    School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario
    Can J Psychiatry 52:305-14. 2007
    ..To identify the prevalence rate of mental disorders among Ontario children who are permanent wards and also the key practice and descriptive variables associated with their diagnostic status...
  86. ncbi Commentary on "Seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood: the children of Duplessis"
    Julie Y Low
    New York Medical College, Saint Vincent's Hospital - Manhattan, New York City, USA
    Psychiatry 69:314-21. 2006
  87. ncbi Personality characteristics of adult survivors of childhood trauma
    Brian Allen
    Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
    J Trauma Stress 20:587-95. 2007
    ..The Type I group was lower than the control group on interpersonal dependency, whereas the Type II group scored higher than the control group on this measure...
  88. ncbi A prospective study of child maltreatment and self-injurious behavior in a community sample
    Tuppett M Yates
    Department of Psychology, University of California, 2320 Olmsted Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
    Dev Psychopathol 20:651-71. 2008
    ..The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which SIB is viewed as a compensatory regulatory strategy in posttraumatic adaptation...
  89. ncbi Children needing protection: experience from South Asia
    D G Harendra De Silva
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Thalagolla Road, Ragama, Sri Lanka
    Arch Dis Child 92:931-4. 2007
  90. ncbi Children's experiences of violence: some have much more than others
    John M Leventhal
    Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208064, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 31:3-6. 2007
  91. ncbi Child maltreatment at a violence recovery centre in Kenya
    Hassan Saidi
    Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya
    Trop Doct 38:87-9. 2008
    ..The epidemiological correlates of maltreatment differ for younger and older children. More effort is needed to further characterize child violence and protect this vulnerable section of the population...
  92. ncbi Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization
    David Finkelhor
    Crimes against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 126 Horton Social Science Center, Durham, NH 03824, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 31:7-26. 2007
    ..To assess the role of multiple victimization, or what is termed in this article "poly-victimization," in explaining trauma symptomatology...
  93. ncbi Severe physical punishment and mental health problems in an economically disadvantaged population of children and adolescents
    Isabel Altenfelder Santos Bordin
    Social Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil
    Rev Bras Psiquiatr 28:290-6. 2006
    ..To estimate the prevalence of severe physical punishment of children/adolescents in a low-income community, and to examine child mental health problems as a potential correlate...
  94. ncbi Abuse of the disabled child: a systematic review of population-based studies
    M Govindshenoy
    Walsall Primary Care Trust, Walsall and University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
    Child Care Health Dev 33:552-8. 2007
    ..To ascertain the strength of the association between childhood disability and abuse and neglect...
  95. ncbi Seven institutionalized children and their adaptation in late adulthood: the children of Duplessis (Les Enfants de Duplessis)
    J Christopher Perry
    Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital and with McGill University in Montréal, Quebec, Canada
    Psychiatry 69:283-301. 2006
    ..We hope that by highlighting the potentially adverse effects of institutional rearing on subsequent development into late adulthood, these stories may inform those concerned with the care of orphans...
  96. ncbi Maltreatment, attachment, and resilience in the orphans of Duplessis
    Helen Stein
    Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, USA
    Psychiatry 69:306-13. 2006
  97. ncbi Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity
    John Briere
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    J Trauma Stress 21:223-6. 2008
    ..This effect remained even when controlling for specific traumatic events, suggesting a generalized effect of cumulative trauma...
  98. ncbi The association between childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and proxies for sexual risk behavior: a random sample of the general population of Sweden
    Jennifer L Steel
    Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Montefiore 7 South, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
    Child Abuse Negl 29:1141-53. 2005
    ..Clinicians working with adults with a history of CASA should be aware of the relationship between CASA and SRBs and be prepared to address such issues during therapy...
  99. ncbi The justice system for juvenile victims: a comprehensive model of case flow
    David Finkelhor
    University of New Hampshire, USA
    Trauma Violence Abuse 6:83-102. 2005
    ..More efforts are also needed to integrate and rationalize the system, particularly through information exchange among its components...
  100. ncbi Negative and positive childhood experiences across developmental periods in psychiatric patients with different diagnoses - an explorative study
    Evangelia Saleptsi
    Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Fach D 25, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
    BMC Psychiatry 4:40. 2004
    ..The present survey explores the relationship between psychiatric diagnoses and positive and negative life events during childhood and adulthood in psychiatric samples...
  101. ncbi Dysregulation of the right brain: a fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder
    Allan N Schore
    University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Northridge, CA 91324, USA
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36:9-30. 2002
    ..This review integrates recent advances in attachment theory, affective neuroscience, developmental stress research, and infant psychiatry in order to delineate the developmental precursors of posttraumatic stress disorder...

Research Grants95

  1. Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Tool for Infant Head Injuries from Fal
    SUSAN SHEPS contact MARGULIES; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..The predominant etiologies of TBI in young children are motor vehicle accidents, firearm incidents, falls, and child abuse. Unfortunately, falls are the leading cause of non-inflicted head injury in infants less than a year old, and ..
  2. Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Tool for Infant Head Injuries from Fal
    Susan Margulies; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..The predominant etiologies of TBI in young children are motor vehicle accidents, firearm incidents, falls, and child abuse. Unfortunately, falls are the leading cause of non-inflicted head injury in infants less than a year old, and ..
  3. Perceptions of Social Risk in Medical Child Abuse Evaluation
    Heather T Keenan; Fiscal Year: 2010
    Our long-term objective is to decrease the variability in evaluations and diagnoses of injured children by child abuse specialists...
  4. PENNSYLVANIA ABUSIVE HEAD TRAUMA PREVENTION PROGRAM
    Mark Dias; Fiscal Year: 2007
    Abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the most serious form of child abuse with a 13-30% mortality and significant neurological impairment in over half of survivors (1-6)...
  5. COCAINE AND MATERNAL NEGLECT: INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS
    JOSEPHINE JOHNS; Fiscal Year: 2003
    ..b>Child abuse and maternal neglect has long been strongly correlated with drug abuse in women...
  6. CHILD AND FAMILY FUNCTIONING AFTER PEDIATRIC HEAD TRAUMA
    JoAnne Youngblut; Fiscal Year: 2001
    ..living in a foster home before admission, being evaluated with brain criteria, injury suspected to be due to child abuse, parent(s) hospitalized concurrently or death of a parent in the accident...
  7. THE ILLINOIS FAMILIES STUDY: CHILD WELL-BEING
    Jane Holl; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..Insurance database, the New-Hire registry, and all social agency registries (Food Stamps, Medicaid, Child Abuse) will be linked for each subject...
  8. Biomechanical Investigation of Pediatric Accidents
    Gina Bertocci; Fiscal Year: 2003
    b>Child abuse and neglect is the leading cause of trauma-related death in children < 4 years age, killing more children than motor vehicle crashes and drowning combined...
  9. The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Primate Maternal Behavior
    Wendy Saltzman; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..and post-traumatic stress disorder, can lead to impaired maternal behavior and increased likelihood of child abuse. The mechanisms by which stress and stress- related psychopathology disrupt maternal behavior are not known...
  10. Cocaine, Self-Regulation, and Maternal/Child Aggression
    Denise Hien; Fiscal Year: 2003
    ..of empathic involvement, poor monitoring, parent-child conflicts and use of harsh discipline, as well as for child abuse or neglect...
  11. 1/2-Familial Pathways to Early-Onset Suicide Attempt
    David Brent; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..g., child abuse and neglect) and protective factors (e.g...
  12. 1/2-Familial Pathways to Early-Onset Suicide Attempt
    David A Brent; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..g., child abuse and neglect) and protective factors (e.g...
  13. 2/2 - Familial Pathways to Early-Onset Suicide Attempts
    JOSEPH JOHN MANN; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..g., child abuse and neglect) and protective factors (e.g...
  14. 2/2 - Familial Pathways to Early-Onset Suicide Attempts
    JOSEPH MANN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..g., child abuse and neglect) and protective factors (e.g...
  15. Alcohol Policies and Child Maltreatment
    Sara Markowitz; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..project is to empirically estimate the propensity for alcohol-related public policies to influence rates of child abuse and neglect...
  16. Violence Exposure Outcomes in Children with Disabilities
    Patricia Sullivan; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..have access to an extensive database, dating from the early 1980's, that includes the Nebraska Central Child Abuse Register, the Foster Care Review Board, which includes records of all children placed in foster care due to ..
  17. Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury
    Heather Keenan; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Assistant Professor of Social Medicine and Pediatrics, to be an independent clinician-scientist in the area of child abuse research. The applicant has worked closely with Dr...
  18. Physical Abuse and Child Aggression:Role of ANS Arousal
    Elana Gordis; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..Training includes coursework and close mentoring with experts in research on child abuse, domestic violence, psychophysiology, aggression,, measurement design, and multi-variate data analysis...
  19. Child Abuse, HIV Risks and Reproductive Outcomes
    Tamra Loeb; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..Results will be used to increase knowledge of how HIV risks, the severity of CSA, and reproductive outcomes are associated for women. ..
  20. Early Stress, PTSD, and the Neurobiology of Addiction
    Martin Teicher; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Subjects will either have: (1) had no history of exposure to child abuse trauma; (2) childhood traumatic stress, and PTSD; or (3) childhood traumatic stress and recurrent major ..
  21. Child Abuse and Trauma Related Psychopathology: Multiple Levels of Analysis
    FRED A contact ROGOSCH; Fiscal Year: 2010
    b>Child abuse, a form of violence inflicted on children, is a complex, insidious problem that, although occurring more frequently in families residing in poverty, cuts across all sectors of society...
  22. Cocaine Exposed Children at School Age
    Lynn Singer; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..with numerous other risk conditions which can negatively affect child outcomes, such as increased risk for child abuse/neglect, greater maternal psychological distress, altered parenting behavior, and violence exposure...
  23. Cocaine Exposed Children at School Age
    Sonia Minnes; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..with numerous other risk conditions which can negatively affect child outcomes, such as increased risk for child abuse/neglect, greater maternal psychological distress, altered parenting behavior, and violence exposure...
  24. Using Biochemical Markers to Detect Abusive Head Trauma
    Rachel Berger; Fiscal Year: 2007
    b>Child abuse is a leading cause of serious traumatic brain injury (TBI) in infants and young children. Proper diagnosis of abusive head trauma (AHT) is difficult even for experienced, astute physicians...
  25. Racial Stereotypes and the Recognition of Child Abuse
    Antoinette Laskey; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..This proposal will lead to an R01 application to further study quality improvement in the diagnosis of child abuse. Abusive head trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for young children...
  26. Defining Fatherhood Among Drug Dependent Men
    Susan Witte; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..on IPV have revealed a significant problem among men being treated for drug abuse, and an overlap of IPV and child abuse occurring in families...
  27. Training Social Work Providers: intervention for Maltreating Families of Infants
    Monica L Oxford; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..need for parenting services is extensive, few intervention programs have proven to be efficacious in reducing child abuse and neglect within the CWS population, especially for infants and toddlers...
  28. Death in the PICU/NICU: Parent and Family Functioning
    JoAnne M Youngblut; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Exclusion criteria are: injury suspected to be due to child abuse, parent(s) hospitalized concurrently or death of a parent in the illness/injury event...
  29. Novel Approaches to Screening for Inflicted Childhood Neurotrauma
    Rachel Berger; Fiscal Year: 2009
    Inflicted childhood neurotrauma (ICN) - traumatic brain injury due to child abuse - is the leading cause of death from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children less than 2 yrs of age...
  30. Novel Approaches to Screening for Inflicted Childhood Neurotrauma
    Rachel P Berger; Fiscal Year: 2010
    Inflicted childhood neurotrauma (ICN) - traumatic brain injury due to child abuse - is the leading cause of death from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children less than 2 yrs of age...
  31. Death in the PICU/NICU: Parent and Family Functioning
    JoAnne Youngblut; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Exclusion criteria are: injury suspected to be due to child abuse, parent(s) hospitalized concurrently or death of a parent in the illness/injury event...