reaction time

..ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms...

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..Our findings provide a new, system-wide understanding of the patterns of brain activity that are associated with brief attentional lapses, which informs both theoretical and clinical models of goal-directed behavior...

..The results suggest a very fast and unexpected route linking visual processing in the ventral stream with the programming of saccadic eye movements...

..In addition, the MMN enables one to establish the brain processes underlying the initiation of attention switch to, conscious perception of, sound change in an unattended stimulus stream...

..These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia...

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..The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively...

..The fast decoding in single trials is compatible with feedforward theories and provides strong constraints for computational models of human vision...

..Although average ERP responses reflect the visual category of the stimulus shortly after visual processing has begun (e.g. 75-80 msec), this difference is not correlated with the subject's behavior until 150 msec poststimulus...

..The results also demonstrate a three-way functional-anatomical network in the right hemisphere that could either brake or completely stop responses...

..These findings clarify the anatomical origin of these VEP components, which have been studied extensively in relation to visual-perceptual processes...

..These studies provide reproducible evidence for a neural dissociation between three well established components of the lexical-semantic processing system...

..The present results provide a key link between dopamine D2 receptor function, impulsivity, and frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory...

..Further research is necessary to specify the functional significance of the Pe...

..Thus, both the visual information load and number of objects impose capacity limits on visual short-term memory...

..The results imply that semantic and name information associated with the objects becomes rapidly available and affects the allocation of visual attention...

..It is concluded that the ERN can be explained in terms of response conflict and that monitoring for conflict may provide a simple mechanism for detecting errors...

..Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects)...

..Future research is required to establish whether Stop-signal inhibition could be implemented via a direct functional neuroanatomic projection between IFC and STN (a "hyperdirect" pathway)...

..This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision long before it enters awareness...

..During performance of a serial reaction time task, the primary motor cortex, premotor, or prefrontal cortices were stimulated contralaterally to the ..

..Although both types of conflict caused reaction time interference, the fMRI data showed that the ACC is responsive only to response conflict, even when controlling ..

..This result indicates that top-down and bottom-up signals arise from the frontal and sensory cortex, respectively, and different modes of attention may emphasize synchrony at different frequencies...

..Pairs of participants performed a reaction time (RT) task alongside each other, responding to 2 different dimensions of the same stimulus...

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..We conclude that the task relevance of a salient event is not crucial for capture of the eyes to occur. Moreover, task-relevant information may integrate with saliency information to initiate saccades, but only later in time...

..We hypothesized that for mild TBI, DTI measures of DAI would correlate with impairments in reaction time, whereas the number of focal lesions on conventional 3T MR imaging would not.

..This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure...

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..We conclude that sleep, by restructuring new memory representations, facilitates extraction of explicit knowledge and insightful behaviour...

..CONCLUSIONS: The VPP and N170 are two 'faces' of the same brain generators. SIGNIFICANCE: The differential N170/VPP effects observed in ERP studies can be accounted for by differences in reference methodology...

..It is argued that the notion of differential search modes may be incorrect and that the results can be explained in terms of bottom-up salience signals...

..These results demonstrate that when people have to make decisions under time pressure their striatum and pre-SMA show increased levels of activation...

..Thus, the readout of visual cortex embraces a termination rule to limit processing even when potentially useful information is available...

..These age changes could be simulated by manipulation of a single parameter of the neurocomputational model, this manipulation corresponding to weakened phasic activity of the mesencephalic dopamine system...

..Thus, the rTPJ may play an important role for the emergence of a capacity limit in both enumeration and visual short-term memory...

..Lateral prefrontal damage also affected corrective behavior. Thus the lateral prefrontal cortex seemed to interact with the anterior cingulate cortex in monitoring behavior and in guiding compensatory systems...

..Although classic models of reaction time generation consider this variability to reflect intrinsic noise, some portion of it could also be attributed ..

..We propose that activation of this neural network positively reinforces reciprocal altruism, thereby motivating subjects to resist the temptation to selfishly accept but not reciprocate favors...

..Moreover, a possible neural network including superior colliculus, pulvinar and amygdala is suggested as the underlying mechanism...

..norepinephrine (NE) are implicated in multiple aspects of cognitive function assessed via the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) in rodents...

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..These human electrophysiological results provide a bridge between cognitive-level theories of visual attention and the behavior of individual neurons in visual cortex...

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..We concluded that the processing of magnitude can be subserved by shared or distinct neural substrates, depending on task requirements...

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..We suggest that these experiments demonstrate a capacity limit for visual processing in these conditions, such that no more than one face is processed at a time...

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..These findings are inconsistent with the claim that holistic processing, as indexed by the composite face effect, significantly influences accuracy in a face-identification task...

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..on the stimulus-locked P1 and N2 ERPs or on behavioral response latencies, but tended to affect post-error reaction time (RT) latencies in opposite ways (haloperidol decreased and diphenhydramine increased RTs)...

Nicotine can improve attentional performance in the rat as assessed by a modified five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), but it is not known if the effect is shared with other psychomotor stimulants...

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..Supporting materials may be downloaded from http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental...

..Cooney, J. W., Rissman, J., & D'Esposito, M. (2005). Top-down suppression deficit underlies working memory impairment in normal aging. Nature Neuroscience 8, 1298-1300], suggesting the possibility of a common underlying mechanism...

..These results demonstrate that it is necessary to use measures that take response biases into account in order to fully understand the holistic nature of face processing...

..In particular, the present study suggests that ANG is involved in goal-directed salience representation, whereas FEF would rather house a global salience map integrating both goal-directed and stimulus-driven factors...

..Fourth, the preceding effect is sensitive not only to the direction of the motor rotation, but also to the motor speed. A change in the speed of motor rotation can correspondingly slow down or speed up the mental rotation...

The present study investigated the reliability of CNV distraction and rebound effects, and their relation with reaction time. Twenty-four subjects were presented three blocks of trials: (1) a control block--a fixed foreperiod reaction ..

..This result suggests that brain activation in the present study illustrates the brain regions involved in the basic cognitive mechanisms of response shifting...

..This suggests that temporal orienting of attention not only modulates late motor processing, but also early visual processing when perceptually demanding tasks are used...

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..Pain patients showed faster reaction time responses and higher error rates compared to controls...

..We conclude that the human thalamus specifically supports the early recognition of target events and can widely distribute this label through its divergent cortical projections...

..This result suggests that the Colavita visual dominance effect can be partially explained in terms of the greater exogenous attention-capturing qualities of visual versus auditory stimuli...

..These data may be helpful in designing effective rehabilitation programs for PD to avoid inhibition of overlearned and contextually compatible reactions with visual distracters...

..Long-term rivalry speeding may thus reflect broader mechanisms that facilitate quick assessments of signals that contain multiple behaviorally relevant interpretations...

..These results demonstrate that the negative emotional context enhances the activation of neural networks in the auditory novelty system, enhancing auditory novelty processing under potentially threatening conditions...

..Cerebellar activity before any stimulus onset predicted uncued simple reaction time. Onset of activity in somatomotor cortex relative to the target predicted reaction time after two warning ..

..The CT and T responses could play a critical role in the retrieval of an item among various items in the working memory...

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..Results were replicated in a third experiment, proving the effects to be stable over time, participants and experimental context, and to be potentially important as a tool for neuropsychological assessment...

..145-154); Davis, R., & Green, F. A. (1969). Intersensory differences in the effect of warning signals on reaction time. Acta Psychologica, 30. In W.G. Koster (Ed.), Attention and Performance II (pp. 155-167)]...

..These results are discussed in the context of action-based attention and possible underlying neural mechanisms...

..set up a narrow time window of motor and sensory attention, demonstrating the operation of interval timing in reaction time performance...

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..Meanwhile, the early and anterior repetition effect, in temporal pole and frontal cortices, is modulated by explicit memory mechanisms...

..Thus, affective processing interferes with subsequent lexico-semantic analysis along the ventral stream...

..These results could shed light into neurobehavioral disorders, such as depression and mania, associated with alterations in performance monitoring and also in judgments of self-related events...

..Results, however, showed no evidence for preattentive processing of pop-outs when they were not attended and not task relevant...

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..These findings are discussed with respect to differences in processing demands for switching between tasks with bivalent versus univalent responses...

..As this signal reflects a compatibility analysis, we propose that the integration process begins in these areas approximately 100 ms after image presentation...

..Global and local information is processed within different hemispheres while interference between global and local information arises in the contralateral hemisphere asymmetrically...

..The results are discussed in terms of attentional and memory based interpretations of the Nc component...

..These results suggest that, when the time of target onset approaches, the generators of anticipatory-biasing brain states for different language tasks vary depending on the nature of the task...

..The contribution of movement-related potentials (MRPs) to the Go/NoGo N2 and P3 'inhibitory' effects is controversial. This study examined these components in overt and covert response inhibition tasks...

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..As a result, hemispheric differences were found only for the former cue type. The data thus show that the mere cue information does not produce hemispheric asymmetries associated with global/local target stimulus processing...

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..23). The present study found that the commonality of task-relevant and task-irrelevant information, rather than the stimulus novelty of task-irrelevant information, induces the inefficient allocation of attentional resources in AD/HD...

..The latency prolongation observed with the NoGo condition of the CPT paradigm was thought to be due to perseverance/inhibition conflict enhanced by the primer stimuli in CPT...

..The results emphasize transient activation and a decision-related function of the frontoparietal attention network, contrasting with the sustained preparatory activation that is commonly inferred from neuroimaging...

..This result suggests a relatively late (re)activation in visual areas associated with the processing of stimuli that had not been cued in advance...

..band oscillatory activity in a frontoparietal network before stimulus onset significantly correlated with reaction time for a significant amount of subjects...

..g., texture) information plays a prominent role for familiar face recognition, whereas spatial caricaturing may be particularly important for the recognition of unfamiliar faces, by increasing their distinctiveness...

..The Stroop interference effect was abolished by TMS over both anterior cingulate sites. These findings support functional neuroimaging research which suggests that cingulate cortex is central to the processes underlying the Stroop task...

..In addition, the studies will demonstrate that perceptual processing abilities must be considered and either controlled for or manipulated in cognitive aging research. ..

..These guidelines will lead to development of products and environments that allow elderly adults to remain more independent and to engage safely in more activities in their daily lives. ..

..He will expand the Guided Search model to handle additional data (e.g. eye movements in visual search and the "attentional blink"). ..

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..Taken together, the results of this program of research will test hypotheses that tie our understanding of visual search to our understanding of short and longer term visual memory. ..

..In a second, curve tracing paradigm, Ss must determine if two dots lie on the same of different curves. Reaction time in this task is dependent on the distance along the curve between the dots...

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..g. Can the color module be asked simultaneously about "red" and "green" items?)...

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..This project will also allow Dr. Feusner to meet his training objectives. ..

..Finally, we propose to use transcranial magnetic stimulation to identify specific brain regions that are necessary for normal temporal processing. ..

..adapted from investigator's abstract): The investigator proposes to bring theoretical modeling from the reaction time domain to bear on the domain of aging and reaction time...

..Our occupational model will be merchant ship navigation by maritime academy cadets. Performance will be measured using computer-based interactive ship training simulators. ..

..Investigation is planned in five theoretically related domains. In the first domain, three models of choice reaction time (the diffusion model, the OU model, and the accumulator model) will be tested against data from simple ..

..The results of this study will provide information on the risks of hangovers for injury and may inform public policy on alcohol use in conjunction with commercial ship operation. ..

..Listening sessions will run about 2 hours/day, 5 days/week, for the full semester. For the aspirin experiments, there will be full medical screening and oversight...

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..The investigations are likely to contribute substantially to the understanding of language impairments in aphasia and to the development of novel rehabilitation strategies for aphasia. ..

..The results of this study will provide information on the risks of hangovers for injury and may inform public policy on alcohol use in conjunction with commercial ship operation. ..

..The work proposed in this application will study the properties of pain-modulating neurons in the brainstem to determine how they are altered to support chronic pain. ..

..Knowledge of the mechanisms through which prostaglandins recruit descending control systems will advance our understanding of the neural basis of pain modulation, and should ultimately lead to improved clinical treatment of pain. ..

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..Thus, the proposed research will provide essential information for understanding conditions that involve deficits in the control of gaze. ..

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..This model will provide future opportunities for preventive efforts by facilitating early identification, moving a step closer to safer, more effective and neurobiologically informed early interventions for youths affected by PBD. ..

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..FMRI studies undertaken in the previous cycle showed important changes in activation patterns from pre- to post-treatment. We, therefore, continue this effort in our continuing studies. ..

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..The electrophysiological techniques to be used include spike-triggered averaging of SND, antidromic mapping and tests for axonal branching, and unit minus or greater than unit crosscorrelation analysis...

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..FMRI studies undertaken in the previous cycle showed important changes in activation patterns from pre- to post-treatment. We, therefore, continue this effort in our continuing studies. ..