reaction time

..ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms...

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..In addition, the MMN enables one to establish the brain processes underlying the initiation of attention switch to, conscious perception of, sound change in an unattended stimulus stream...

..Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects)...

..The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively...

..Instead, the data support an embodied theory of meaning that relates the meaning of sentences to human action...

..This result indicates that top-down and bottom-up signals arise from the frontal and sensory cortex, respectively, and different modes of attention may emphasize synchrony at different frequencies...

..g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed...

..These instrumental functions of low-frequency oscillations support a conceptual framework that integrates numerous earlier findings...

The developmental history and application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) for measuring effects of drugs and other manipulations on attentional performance (and stimulus control) in rats is reviewed.

..This illusion-specific activation suggests that the brain maintains not only a recalibrated representation of timing, but also a less-plastic representation against which to compare it...

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..They address the causes and mechanisms underlying the phenomenon, focusing on J.D. Cohen, K. Dunbar, and J.L. McClelland's (1990) parallel distributed processing model...

..Thus, evolutionary relevant threatening stimuli were effective in capturing attention, and this effect was further facilitated if the stimulus was emotionally provocative...

..The attention network test (ANT) examines the effects of cues and targets within a single reaction time task to provide a means of exploring the efficiency of the alerting, orienting, and executive control networks ..

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..Our findings provide a new, system-wide understanding of the patterns of brain activity that are associated with brief attentional lapses, which informs both theoretical and clinical models of goal-directed behavior...

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..This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure...

..We also review current theories on how and where in the brain the SAT is controlled, and we end by proposing research directions that could distinguish between these theories...

..These results may shed light on some puzzling patterns in moral judgment observed by contemporary philosophers...

..It is concluded that the ERN can be explained in terms of response conflict and that monitoring for conflict may provide a simple mechanism for detecting errors...

..The broad range of applications of the model is also reviewed, including research in the domains of aging and neurophysiology...

..Future research is required to establish whether Stop-signal inhibition could be implemented via a direct functional neuroanatomic projection between IFC and STN (a "hyperdirect" pathway)...

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..Discussion focuses on the utility of large-scale regression studies in providing a complementary approach to the standard factorial designs to investigate visual word recognition...

..Similarly, H reflexes in relaxed forearm flexor muscles were unaffected by conditioning stimuli to the ipsilateral hemisphere. However, inhibition was observed if the experiment was repeated with the muscles active...

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..The results support an unified modular model of cognitive control that describes the overall functional organization of the human lateral PFC and has basic methodological and theoretical implications...

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..A threshold level of LIP activity appears to mark the completion of the decision process and to govern the tradeoff between accuracy and speed of perception...

..The simulations indicate that, under most conditions, the latency, but not variability, of response inhibition can be reliably estimated...

..An activation of pulvinar and superior colliculus by fearful expressions occurred specifically with low-frequency faces, suggesting that these subcortical pathways may provide coarse fear-related inputs to the amygdala...

..Second, caudal ACC activity might be temporally dissociated from rostral ACC activity during error trials, which possibly reflects a separate, affective component of the evaluative functions of the ACC...

..The results show how implicit learning and memory of visual context can guide spatial attention towards task-relevant aspects of a scene...

..Thus, whereas neuronal gamma-band oscillations were shown conclusively with other methods, the broadband transient iGBR recorded by scalp EEG reflects properties of miniature saccade dynamics rather than neuronal oscillations...

We propose a linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) model of decision making and reaction time. The LBA is simpler than other models of choice response time, with independent accumulators that race towards a common response threshold...

..These results show that both structures interact during motor sequence consolidation to optimize subsequent behavior...

..These findings clarify the anatomical origin of these VEP components, which have been studied extensively in relation to visual-perceptual processes...

..We also report a highly significant correlation of -0.58 between SART performance and Glasgow Coma Scale Scores in the TBI group...

..Further research is necessary to specify the functional significance of the Pe...

Lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were used to determine the stage(s) of reaction time (RT) responsible for speed-accuracy trade-offs (SATs)...

..The relationship between these models and 3 recent, neurally inspired models was also examined...

..This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decision long before it enters awareness...

..Following the memory task the theta activity was reduced. These results suggest that theta oscillations generated in frontal brain regions play an active role in memory maintenance...

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..The theory's analytic chronometric function allows one to extend theories of accuracy to response time...

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..We suggest that reward acts to change visual salience and thus plays an important and undervalued role in attentional control...

..Our results reveal a neural substrate for affective influences on perception, indicating that similar neural mechanisms may underlie the affective modulation of both recollective and perceptual experience...

..These data demonstrate that trait impulsivity predicts cocaine reinforcement and that D2 receptor dysfunction in abstinent cocaine addicts may, in part, be determined by premorbid influences...

..Distinctions among these frameworks are considered as a basis for future research...

..Thus, both the visual information load and number of objects impose capacity limits on visual short-term memory...

..These results demonstrate that when people have to make decisions under time pressure their striatum and pre-SMA show increased levels of activation...

..Thus, the readout of visual cortex embraces a termination rule to limit processing even when potentially useful information is available...

Many experiments in psychology yield both reaction time and accuracy data. However, no off-the-shelf methods yet exist for the statistical analysis of such data...

..Although exact repetitions of stimulus-response sequences caused a marked speed-up of responses, this 3rd mechanism is independent of unconditional route suppression and frequency-based adjustments in the conditional route...

..The intentional creation of such triggers allows actors to control the way unconscious stimuli bias their behaviour...

..The results are discussed in relation to recent models of stimulus-response compatibility. Neurocognitive support for the strong relationship between movement observation and movement execution is reported...

..Rats selected for high levels of impulsivity on a reaction time task analogous to the continuous performance test in humans exhibited correspondingly high levels of impulsive ..

..This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com)...

..These results implicate attentional target-feature amplification as the primary mechanism for conflict resolution through cognitive control...

..The present data show that processing verbally presented actions activates different sectors of the motor system, depending on the effector used in the listened-to action...

..An account for these results in terms of distributed neuronal systems representing words is offered...

..These preconditioning effects of TDCS suggest the existence of a homeostatic mechanism in the human motor cortex that stabilizes corticospinal excitability within a physiologically useful range...

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..We also point out the current gaps in our understanding of the neurobiology of microsaccades and identify the most promising lines of enquiry...

..Although both types of conflict caused reaction time interference, the fMRI data showed that the ACC is responsive only to response conflict, even when controlling ..

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..Implicit sequence learning by the nondominant left hand was examined with the serial reaction time (SRT) task during functional brain imaging...

..to estimate the cost of making additional observations per unit of time from two monkeys and six humans in a reaction time (RT) random-dot motion discrimination task...

..parietal electrodes but larger amplitudes over frontal scalp with no between-group differences in accuracy or reaction time. Electroencephalogram/functional magnetic resonance imaging fusion revealed that the P3a age effects were ..

..The method can be used with both stimulus- and response-locked LRPs, and simulations indicate that it provides accurate estimates of onset latency differences in many common experimental conditions...

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..The theoretical and experimental findings advance the understanding of decision-making to the highly flexible and cognitive acts of vacillation and self-correction...

..We found no asymmetry between negative and positive words and suggest that previous findings of such an asymmetry can be attributed to failure to control for a number of critical lexical variables and to a sampling bias...

..Findings provide clarification on the neural time course of conflict adaptation and raise further questions regarding the relative roles of the parietal conflict SP and fronto-medial N450 in conflict detection and processing...

..Temporal integration may be a fundamental computation underlying higher cognitive functions that are dissociated from immediate sensory inputs or motor outputs...

..Other effects (e.g., asymmetric switch costs and the interaction of switching rules and switching response-sites) differed fundamentally over age...

..In both experiments, low-span participants performed poorly when task switching from antisaccade to prosaccade blocks. The findings support a controlled-attention view of WM capacity...

..We present evidence that favors the independent horse-race model but also some evidence that challenges the model. We end with a discussion of recent models that elaborate the role of a stop process in inhibiting a response...

..We conclude that dyscalculia is the result of specific disabilities in basic numerical processing, rather than the consequence of deficits in other cognitive abilities...

..These results indicate that the pIFG and IFJ within the inferior frontal cortex are spatially close but are associated with different cognitive control processes in the go/no-go paradigm...

..The results highlight how higher cognitive functions responsible for behavioral control can result from the dynamic interplay of distinct cortical systems...

..The results suggest a very fast and unexpected route linking visual processing in the ventral stream with the programming of saccadic eye movements...

..This observation implies obligatory activation of number meaning and signals a tight coupling of internal and external representations of space...

..These results suggest that the human amygdala shows a stronger response to affective facial expressions than to scenes, a bias that should be considered in the design of experimental paradigms interested in probing amygdala function...

..These observations have important ramifications for theories of attention. We conclude that priority--the combined representation of salience and relevance--best describes the firing properties of neurons...

..These results suggest that the term inhibition has been overextended and that researchers need to be more specific when discussing and measuring inhibition-related functions...

..The speed with which information is optimized and ambiguities are resolved approaches the physical limit imposed by statistical sampling and noise...

..Instead, the results are consistent with the view that the N2 in go/no-go tasks reflects conflict arising from competition between the execution and the inhibition of a single response...

..These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia...

..The fast decoding in single trials is compatible with feedforward theories and provides strong constraints for computational models of human vision...

..The results imply that semantic and name information associated with the objects becomes rapidly available and affects the allocation of visual attention...

..The results also demonstrate a three-way functional-anatomical network in the right hemisphere that could either brake or completely stop responses...

..These studies provide reproducible evidence for a neural dissociation between three well established components of the lexical-semantic processing system...

..The present results provide a key link between dopamine D2 receptor function, impulsivity, and frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory...

..Although average ERP responses reflect the visual category of the stimulus shortly after visual processing has begun (e.g. 75-80 msec), this difference is not correlated with the subject's behavior until 150 msec poststimulus...

..Understanding its cognitive and neural mechanisms is the first step toward understanding this ability in normal adults as well as in those whose explicit learning and memory mechanisms are impaired. ..

..Taken together, the results of this program of research will test hypotheses that tie our understanding of visual search to our understanding of short and longer term visual memory. [unreadable] [unreadable]..

..Application of the ERP methodology for measuring interhemispheric transmission is expected to produce a detailed picture of how emotional relevance affects the spread of information from one hemisphere to another. ..

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..These guidelines will lead to development of products and environments that allow elderly adults to remain more independent and to engage safely in more activities in their daily lives. ..

..Investigation is planned in five, theoretically related domains. First, three models of choice reaction time will be tested using data from simple perceptual decision tasks and from higher level cognitive tasks...

..He will expand the Guided Search model to handle additional data (e.g. eye movements in visual search and the "attentional blink"). ..

..Our occupational model will be merchant ship navigation by maritime academy cadets. Performance will be measured using computer-based interactive ship training simulators. ..

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..These findings will have important implications for neurobiological models of comorbid substance abuse and treatment. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]..

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..This research seeks to explore both the neural basis of choice in time as well as the integration of temporal information into decision processes. ..

..By uncovering the neural basis of psychopathy, this proposal will hopefully provide valuable scientific knowledge that will facilitate the development of prevention and treatment of this disorder. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]..

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..Cognitive tasks will include both choice reaction time and disjunctive reaction time tasks using auditory cues that differ in either pitch or side of presentation...

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..The results could have important consequences for howwe think of these disorders and the neural organization that supports these functions. ..

..Work toward these goals will involve theoretical, methodological, and empirical efforts. ..

..In the future, such understanding may aid in the formulation of diagnostics and treatments for some developmental disorders. ..

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..In sum, this research will help address the fundamental question of why cigarette smoking is reinforcing. ..

..The proposed method not only has excellent potential for efficacy, but is also likely to be economical and easily integrated into the daily lives of people with SCI. ..

..Analyses will also be conducted to determine whether changes in the primary outcome are mediated by changes in constructs from social cognitive theory. ..

..Given that approximately 10% of all pregnancies are complicated by maternal diabetes, the current project has important implications for public health. ..

..These findings may identify neurobehavioral deficits common to SZ and SPD, as well as features which differentiate these disorders. ..

..The results of these experiments may suggest means for monitoring risk for impulsive behavior and for a rational treatment schema for impulsivity. ..

..The proposed studies will provide important new information concerning putative animal models of impulsivity, and the ability of these models to predict cocaine self-administration. ..

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..The data should yield evidence that will elucidate the nature of SLI and suggest new approaches to assessment and intervention for this disorder. ..

..The proposed trial will provide information of value to the practitioner and also provide data to build a more comprehensive model of the prognostic impact of frontal-subcortical brain changes on the outcome of late-life depression. ..

..The overall premise upon which this proposal is based is that experience with faces recruits regions within the inferior temporal cortex, leading to cortical specialization. ..

..Determining physical dependence and related changes in adolescent tobacco users may also provide valuable information regarding the process of development and maintenance of nicotine dependence. ..

..g., working memory) that underlie MD children's developmental delays and deficits in these competencies. ..

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..To address specific aim #3, postural sway will be measured in response to naso-occipital optic flow within a virtual reality environment during several yaw head-on-trunk positions. ..

..This work is an expansion of work conducted to date by the PI, who has recently relocated to the University of Pennsylvania. ..

..The benefits of this newly developed adaptive feedback controlled exercise may provide a standard that individuals with paralysis may use in an effort to maintain their musculoskeletal properties following paralysis. ..

..e., in nicotine-naive individuals). Results will provide directions for future research on vulnerability to tobacco dependence and for targeted efforts to prevent smoking onset. ..

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..The data obtained will help identify more precisely the strategies employed by the auditory system to localize sound in complex acoustic environments. ..

..Pilot data (n=12) towards this proposal suggests that glycine reduces ketamine-induced perceptual alterations, negative symptoms and impairments on recall without worsening positive symptoms. ..

..We hope these studies will provide insights into the localization of pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, as well as their relationship to each other. ..

..These studies aim to provide clues to the mechanisms by which an early viral infection could be involved in certain neurodevelopmental disorders. ..

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..Secondary analyses may identify important individual characteristics associated with placebo responses, aiding in the prediction of which smokers ultimately are likely to benefit most from manipulation of placebo effects. ..

..The intention of both studies is that by rigorously investigating the interaction between sources of visual context and selective attention, a better understanding of conscious behavior will be achieved. ..

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..Furthermore, UAB has already established many community relations and research infrastructure contacts with these subpopulations that will immediately facilitate our research efforts. ..

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..Examining the cognitive processes that give rise to automatic self-evaluation will enhance psychology's understanding of how to prevent, treat, and regulate maladaptive and self-defeating patterns of thought. ..

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..Finally, we believe that our study will bring public health contributions to better understand potential determinants of ecstasy use. [unreadable] [unreadable]..

..If successful, this work will result in new directions for the management of speech and language disorders that incorporate and take advantage of advances in computer technology. ..

..Aim 3: We will determine whether older adults decrease their fall incidence after repeated exposure to slips by improving gait stability and/or by enhancing their reactive responses. ..

..This information will be integrated into the final tool, the PECKS. The PECKS can then be used to identify an individual who have keyboarding...styles that have been associated with MSD-UE. ..

..Our outcomes will be a first step in determining whether blocking endocannabinoid inactivation offers any therapeutic advantage over direct activation of cannabinoid receptors with marijuana. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]..

..For these individuals, resources presently allocated to hearing aid purchase would be used more effectively for alternate rehabilitation methods. Outcomes of 100 bilateral hearing aid fittings will be evaluated. [unreadable] [unreadable]..

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..A computational model formalizing a hypothesized relationship between reinforcement learning and motivation and incorporating both phasic and tonic activity will be developed. ..

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