psychomotor performance

..This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect...

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..We stress, in particular, those properties specific to the human mirror-neuron system that might explain the human capacity to learn by imitation. We conclude by discussing the relationship between the mirror-neuron system and language...

..We focus on the visual modality for which components with frontocentral and more posterior scalp distributions can be readily distinguished...

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..This illusion-specific activation suggests that the brain maintains not only a recalibrated representation of timing, but also a less-plastic representation against which to compare it...

..We conclude that investigations of the dynamic coupling between EEG and fMRI provide a powerful approach for the study of higher order brain functions...

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..The ANT may also serve as an activation task for neuroimaging studies and as a phenotype for the study of the influence of genes on attentional networks...

..These data suggest that emotional conflict is resolved through top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex...

..Our findings provide a new, system-wide understanding of the patterns of brain activity that are associated with brief attentional lapses, which informs both theoretical and clinical models of goal-directed behavior...

..Our findings suggest that the brain attempts to adjust subjective simultaneity across different modalities by detecting and reducing time lags between inputs that likely arise from the same physical events...

..Our goal is to demonstrate how specific models emerging from the computational approach provide a theoretical framework for movement neuroscience...

..This finding supports the existence of two unique forms of learning signal in humans, which may form the basis of distinct computational strategies for guiding behavior...

..At the heart of the framework is the relationship between high-level goals, and the real-time sensorimotor control strategies most suitable for accomplishing those goals...

..The central nervous system therefore employs probabilistic models during sensorimotor learning...

..Thus, these neurons not only code the observed motor act but also allow the observer to understand the agent's intentions...

..The function of this process of simulation would be not only to shape the motor system in anticipation to execution, but also to provide the self with information on the feasibility and the meaning of potential actions...

..In a fifth experiment, non-players trained on an action video game show marked improvement from their pre-training abilities, thereby establishing the role of playing in this effect...

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..These processes may be basic for the control of voluntary action by the anticipation of action goals...

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..The results support an unified modular model of cognitive control that describes the overall functional organization of the human lateral PFC and has basic methodological and theoretical implications...

..Lateral and orbitofrontal divisions of prefrontal cortex are involved in subsequently implementing appropriate adjustments...

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..Together, these computational mechanisms allow skilled and fluent sensorimotor behavior...

..We focus on simple decisions that can be studied in the laboratory but emphasize general principles likely to extend to other settings...

..Analysis of signals in tactile afferent neurons and central processes in humans reveals how contact events are encoded and used to monitor and update task performance...

..These bindings produce systematic but often surprising and counter-intuitive interactions between, and impairments in, perception and action planning...

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..I close by briefly outlining other cognitive functions that might also be synthesized within this framework, including reasoning, theory of mind phenomena, and language...

..These findings indicate that internally generated synchronization of individual spike discharges may subserve the cortical organization of cognitive motor processes...

..A similar mechanism, but involving the activation of viscero-motor centers, underlies the experiential understanding of the emotions of others...

..Thus, whereas neuronal gamma-band oscillations were shown conclusively with other methods, the broadband transient iGBR recorded by scalp EEG reflects properties of miniature saccade dynamics rather than neuronal oscillations...

..Forward models are only useful if they produce unbiased predictions. Evidence shows that forward models remain calibrated through motor adaptation: learning driven by sensory prediction errors...

..This information generalized over a range of object positions and scales, even for novel objects. Coarse information about position and scale could also be read out from the same population...

..A plausible mechanism is that the phi complex reflects the influence of the other on a person's ongoing behavior, with phi(1) expressing the inhibition of the human mirror neuron system and phi(2) its enhancement...

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..This 'myopia for the future' in VM lesion patients persists in the face of severe adverse consequences, i.e. rising future punishment or declining future reward...

..They exemplify the general distinction between subconscious mechanisms of action regulation and conscious processes involved in perceptual judgment and action planning...

..We suggest that this crude motor contagion is the first step in a more sophisticated predictive system that allows us to infer goals from the observation of actions...

..Attention and learning effects are also evident in the PPC. However, these effects may be general to cortex and operate in the PPC in the context of sensory-motor transformations...

..Our findings indicate that the human mirror system is, to some extent, both a product and a process of social interaction...

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..The framework thus allows for the formulation and analysis of point process models of neural spiking activity that readily capture the simultaneous effects of multiple covariates and enables the assessment of their relative importance...

..By specifying attentional priority as a synthesis of multiple task demands, LIP operates at the interface of perception, action, and cognition...

..These results indicate that during action observation subjects implement eye motor programs directed by motor representations of manual actions and thus provide strong evidence for the direct matching hypothesis...

..Our framework, however, is able to provide a unified account for the sense of agency for both actions and thoughts...

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..These data suggest that similar neural mechanisms are involved in monitoring one's own actions and the actions of others...

..The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans...

..The theory's analytic chronometric function allows one to extend theories of accuracy to response time...

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..Mutual inhibition between nonlinear units is a useful design motif for networks that must display multiple behaviors...

..These results suggest that the appropriate modulation of bihemispheric brain structures can promote motor function recovery...

..These results are the first demonstration that direct artificial connections between cortical cells and muscles can compensate for interrupted physiological pathways and restore volitional control of movement to paralysed limbs...

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..We also discuss some discrepant results in the literature that highlight the need for future research...

..Thus, even for a highly practiced task, the ability to repeatedly plan the same movement limits our ability to repeatedly execute the same movement...

..HMAT is available through e-mail from the corresponding author...

..The inferior parietal cortex, in contrast, represents movements in an allocentric coding system that can be applied to the actions of others as well as the self...

..These findings suggest that cumulative nocturnal sleep debt had a dynamic and escalating analog in cumulative daytime sleepiness and that asymptotic or steady-state sleepiness was not achieved in response to sleep restriction...

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..These results suggest that the processing of temporal information is mediated by a distributed network that can be differentially engaged depending on the task requirements...

..This imitative capacity depends on learned perceptual-motor links. Finally, mechanisms distinguishing self from other are implicated in the inhibition of imitative behaviour...

..The 'automatic' system draws mainly upon motor circuits and the 'cognitively controlled' system depends upon prefrontal and parietal regions...

..We used the temporal resolution of this technique to examine the dynamics of regional activation, and to show that prefrontal cortex along with parietal cortex appears to play a role in active maintenance...

..Through reward-based optimization, we use the internal model to search for a better movement plan to minimize implicit motor costs and maximize rewards...

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..The relationship between mental rotation and motor simulation can be understood in terms of how these two processes update spatial reference frames...

..The neuroanatomy of the proposed circuit is discussed as well as some probable clinical correlates including conduction aphasia, stuttering, and aspects of schizophrenia...

..Taken together, these results suggest that the posterior region of the DMS is a crucial neural substrate for the acquisition and expression of action-outcome associations in instrumental conditioning...

..Finally, in Section 4, we propose a series of technical and conceptual objectives for future studies addressing the neural basis of inhibition...

..The present data show that processing verbally presented actions activates different sectors of the motor system, depending on the effector used in the listened-to action...

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..We speculate that the lack of deactivation in the autism group is indicative of abnormal internally directed processes at rest, which may be an important contribution to the social and emotional deficits of autism...

..This finding suggests that the caudate is involved in reinforcement of action potentially leading to reward, rather than in processing reward per se...

..These findings extend and clarify previous research on the role of serotonin in aversive processing and behavioral inhibition and fit with current theorizing on the involvement of serotonin in predicting aversive outcomes...

..Existing exercise, pharmaceutical, and motor training interventions may ameliorate motor deficits in older adults...

..This model of motor learning offers new insights as to how the brain controls the complex musculoskeletal system and iteratively adjusts motor commands to improve motor skills with practice...

..These results are discussed in terms of the potential role of expectations in processing errors and negative feedback...

..These results suggest a highly specific contribution of the ACC to executive functions, through the detection of conflicts occurring at later or response-related levels of processing...

..To address this gap, this Review surveys anatomical, neuroimaging, electrophysiological and developmental findings, and considers the question: could the organization of the frontal cortex be hierarchical?..

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..These findings fulfill the prediction that perception of irrelevant distractors depends on the relevant processing load...

..Thus, complex spikes convey multiple types of information, consistent with the idea that they contribute both to the generation of movements and to the gradual, long-term improvement of these movements...

..These findings outline a network of brain areas that support navigation in humans and link the functions of these regions to physiological observations in other mammals...

..Our results indicate that accurate memory depends on strong sustained signals that span the delay interval of WM tasks...

..This provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first evidence for training-related changes in white-matter structure in the healthy human adult brain...

..Our results demonstrate that CSPGs are important inhibitory molecules in vivo and suggest that their manipulation will be useful for treatment of human spinal injuries...

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..However, some property-based regions seem to show a categorical organization, thus providing evidence consistent with category-based, domain-specific formulations as well...

..Therefore adaptation to visuomotor perturbations depends on the cerebellum and is driven by the mismatch between predicted and actual sensory outcome of motor commands...

..Overall, the laminar origins of neurons that interconnect the three cortical areas are typical of "lateral" interactions. Thus, from an anatomical perspective, this cortical network lacks a clear hierarchical organization...

..Collectively, these findings reveal complementary prefrontal computations essential for promoting short- and long-term behavioral flexibility...

..We propose that this could be the mechanism for the feeling of body ownership...

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..We conclude that levodopa improves impaired motor initiation in the supplementary motor area and decreases hyperfunction of lateral premotor and M1 associated with Parkinson's disease during simple volitional movements...

..There is, hence, evidence for dissociated underlying pathophysiologies for these two disorders that may have implications for future anatomy-based differential diagnosis and prevention and intervention...

..mass, strength, and endurance in both young and older individuals, and improved cognitive processing, psychomotor performance, mood, balance, and cerebral oxygenation in young individuals...

..comparator agents, and 3) multi-dimensional outcomes of safety, subjective reports, observer-rating and psychomotor performance along...

..yet small literature on the conjoint effects of caffeine and alcohol on subjective intoxication and psychomotor performance. These studies collectively demonstrate that although caffeine only mildly antagonizes the effects of ..

..continuity and sleep architecture (via polysomnography), sleepiness (via a Multiple Sleep Latency Test), psychomotor performance (via the Psychomotor Vigilance Task), aortic glucose homeostasis (via an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) and ..

..in cocaine abusers (alcohol abuse, tobacco use, depression, anxiety, PTSD, pain, neurocognitive and psychomotor performance dysfunction) that may contribute to drug use and/or detrimental effects...

..oxidative stress/damage are useful predictors of the effects of antioxidant supplementation on cognitive/psychomotor performance. These studies will provide specific information about the nature of antioxidant regimens most likely to ..

..Neuropsychological functioning (attention, learning and memory, and psychomotor performance) will be evaluated with the Digit Symbol Modalities Test, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, the Grooved ..

..replicate and extend research on the effects of dronabinol on cannabis withdrawal severity, cognitive and psychomotor performance, the acute effects of smoked cannabis, and cannabis self-administration...

..Pharmacodynamic outcomes will include subject- and observer-rated measures related to abuse potential, psychomotor performance and physiological indices...

..should lead to better understanding of the influence of pituitary and gonadal hormones on cognitive and psychomotor performance. It will also contribute to settle the sex bias originating from stereotyping entire population based on ..

..The primary endpoint will be analgesia, but other variables will be tested as well, including mood and psychomotor performance. In two studies, healthy volunteers will be exposed to either full mu agonist (Study 1) or mixed agonist-..

..A broad array of physiological, subjective, observer-rated and psychomotor performance measures will be collected to assess safety, tolerability and efficacy at withdrawal suppression...

..the subtle effects of smoking graded doses of marihuana on human simple and complex pursuit tracking (psychomotor performance) tasks and on number recall ability, manual dexterity and body's stability over a 32 hour period after an ..

..small acute doses of alcohol have been shown to have subtle, yet measurable effects on neurocognition and psychomotor performance in the user which may confer some risk to that individual...

..we will administer repeated trials of pain testing, assessments of subjective effects, cognitive and psychomotor performance, respiratory drive, and pupilometry; i.e., before, during and following opioid infusion...

..Physiological, and subjective effects, psychomotor performance, hormones and pharmacokinetics will be evaluated...

..Nicotine corrects certain deficits in sensory gating and cognitive psychomotor performance that are not corrected, or made worse, by haloperidol...

..discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine and in terms of cocaine's capacity to enhance or disrupt psychomotor performance. Rats with demonstrably different behavioral and neural attributes will be prepared by exposing half of ..

..Secondary aims are: To examine age-related differences in circadian patterns of mood, activation, and psychomotor performance; and to examine the relationships between circadian core body temperature (CBT) rhythms and circadian ..

..cytidine-5'- diphosphate choline (CDP-choline, citicoline) in reducing cannabis use, and reversing the psychomotor performance deficits, memory loss and sleep disorders that occur during cannabis intoxication and withdrawal...

..and (4) pre-sleep administration of physiological doses of melatonin will improve sleep, cognitive and psychomotor performance measures...

..treatment with lorazepam for GAD, what significant deleterious effects are present in cognitive and psychomotor performance or postural sway following administration of their highest daily Unit dose? Which subject factors (i. e...

..As many as 12,500 patients suffer frank strokes and at least 100,000 manifest measurable deterioration in psychomotor performance after cardiac surgery...

..Thus, the pharmacodynamics of this interaction will be studied by monitoring sedation and psychomotor performance in the absence and presence of pomegranate juice.

..and cognition, additional experimental measures to assess reinforcement, subjective ratings, impulsivity, psychomotor performance, learning and memory will also be taken...

..Both unconditioned behavior (e.g., locomotor activity) and psychomotor performance (e.g...

..Specifically, efficiency of psychomotor performance declines with advancing age leading to profound effects on older adults' quality of life...

..alcohol and the effects of continued moderate drinking on neurocognitive, neurophysiological, and psychomotor performance as well as psychosocial functioning and adaptation...

..dimensions of human behavior, including learning ability, reaction time, temporal discrimination, psychomotor performance, food consumption, social behavior, physiological reactivity, tobacco cigarette smoking behavior, mood, ..

..It is proposed that the results of this fellowship will aid in advancing our knowledge concerning the health of older adults. ..

..impaired elderly subjects by employing a variety of neuropsychological and computerized tests of motor/psychomotor performance. Each of these two subject groups will be equally divided between subjects with an without PWML on MRI...

..Data from this project may also enhance the scientific understanding of pharmacological and cognitive mechanisms. ..

..Results of the proposed research also will enhance the understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of basic human memory processes. ..

..These guidelines will lead to development of products and environments that allow elderly adults to remain more independent and to engage safely in more activities in their daily lives. ..

..Information from this project can also be used to develop cognitive rehabilitation programs and to tailor drug abuse and anxiety treatment interventions to the specific capabilities of long-term users. ..

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..g., muscle relaxant B) would be the preferred drug to prescribe when treating chronic nonmalignant pain patients. ..

..Examining the cognitive processes that give rise to automatic self-evaluation will enhance psychology's understanding of how to prevent, treat, and regulate maladaptive and self-defeating patterns of thought. ..

..In short, in our two proposed series of studies, we are developing a human laboratory model of inhalant abuse by studying potential determinants of abuse liability of inhalants (volatile and gaseous) in healthy volunteers. ..

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..At the completion of the award period, candidate plans to develop an independent R01 project derived from the data generated by the experiments described in this proposal. ..

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..Together, the data from the proposed studies will have substantial public health impact and will serve both educational and public policy functions. ..

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..In addition, they will more carefully examine sex differences in analgesic response to butorphanol and morphine, two agonists with differing selectivities for mu and kappa opioid receptors. ..

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..By clarifying the separate and combined effects of marijuana, alcohol, and sleep deprivation on these ecologically valid measures, the results will contribute to the prevention of drug-related highway fatalities. ..

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..This information is critical in order to communicate effectively to people with DS in a way that reduces frustration and confusion for all involved. The methods for teaching people with DS could be radically improved by this research. ..

..The in vitro model, if validated, has the potential to provide clinically important information on interactions involving HIV treatments and abusable drugs, at relatively low cost and with no human drug exposure. ..

..We should also develop a better understanding of the time course over which treatment-related improvements might be expected for insomniacs in general and for specific primary insomniac subtypes. ..

..In addition, it will provide insights for the development of environments better suited to deaf individuals'needs. ..

..This information will make a significant contribution to research on the multiple biobehavioral processes through which close relationships influence day-to-day emotion regulation and long-term psychological well-being. ..

..This knowledge may lead to insights that will help practitioners devise better ways of intervening with under-achieving populations. ..

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..The work will provide immediately applicable clinical data on garlic interactions with antiretrovirals, as well as mechanistic data identifying the interaction process and its predictability from in vitro models. ..

..This study will provide new information on how vestibular loss might increase susceptibility for orthostatic intolerance, and will provide new insights on otolith- autonomic human subjects. ..

..This proposal has public health significance because we will comprehensively evaluate the effects of marijuana on adolescent brain and cognitive development, an understudied area. ..

..the role of neurocognitive mechanisms in the treatment efficacy of existing pharmacotherapies, such as naltrexone and acamprosate, as well as some investigational medications that might operate via neurocognitive control mechanisms: ..

..Together, data from these experiments will demonstrate how drug abuse and hormonal status during adolescence may permanently alter brain function and the liability of subsequent abuse of A9-THC. ..

..Prenatal influences of CRH on HPA reactivity (Aim 4) will be evaluated by assessing salivary cortisol at rest and after mild stress. These studies in children are the first to examine the role of prenatal CRH on human development. ..