differential threshold

..These properties appear identical to those of rodent MVN neurons, suggesting that the composition and distribution of ion channels in the MVN neuronal membrane has been highly conserved across vertebrate species...

..This review tries to illuminate the historical background of adaptive procedures, explain their differences and similarities, and provide criteria for choosing among the various techniques...

..A simple leaky integrate-and-fire type model that incorporates the voltage dependence supports the results from our full ionic simulations...

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..However, a sufficient number of conditioning stimuli is necessary to produce persistent corticospinal facilitation...

..Thus, the cerebellum seems to exert a pliable physiological influence on the cortico-spinal system through control of inhibitory cortical interneurons...

..The diameter selectivity of the electrode array can be controlled by the electrode separation and the method is independent of pulse width...

..These intrinsic properties of mitral cells may be important for precisely timing spikes evoked by phasic stimuli that occur in response to odor presentation in vivo...

..Our user database of responses may be useful to other investigators interested in developing additional methods in that it quantifies what has often been a subjective estimate...

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..6 +/- 5.4%). In conclusion, the contraction-induced modifications in electrophysiological membrane properties of muscle fibers are partly independent on fiber activation...

..Our observations confirm that the threshold and gain of corticospinal motoneurones are determined by different neural mechanisms...

..Model threshold values were some 2-5 times higher than that of the experimental values...

..This may put the M1-D to an advantage for processes that are associated with a reduction of SICI, such as voluntary activation and use-dependent plasticity...

..This has implications for the use of conduction velocity values measured during voluntary contractions to differentiate patient populations from healthy individuals and for the development of normative data...

..Moreover, in primary RLS, these modifications are still debated...

..To examine the relationship between acquisition of fine motor skills in childhood and development of the motor cortex...

..We designed this study to find out whether 5Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) would disclose changes in cortical plasticity after acute intake of ethanol and in patients with chronic alcohol consumption...

..To investigate the after-effects of 0.3 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms at the primary motor cortex level, as tested by single-pulse TMS variables...

..The repetitive activation of the PF by a single stimulation could play a role in the induction of long-term depression...

..This could act to enhance synchronized oscillatory discharge among populations of cells at functionally relevant frequencies...

..SIGNIFICANCE: There does not appear to be any tonic activity at benzodiazepine receptors in the normal resting human motor cortex...

..The present study investigated the possibility for changing the recruitment order of electrical stimuli with sub-threshold ramp prepulses...

..An understanding of motor function in MS should incorporate models of both axonal demyelination and conduction deficits as well as neural plasticity...

..These results are consistent with earlier observations that sensory input statistics can shape cortical map organization and spike timing...

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..We demonstrate that subthreshold oscillatory neurons in the presence of noise can sensitively and also selectively be tuned by the stimulus-dependent variation of model parameters...

..Electrical coupling between cortical interneurons of the same type maintained robust synchronous firing of cell pairs for up to approximately 10% heterogeneity in their intrinsic frequencies...

..Since motor behaviour engages a distributed cortical and subcortical neuronal network, excitatory conditioning of the primary motor cortex is probably not sufficient to influence the behavioural output...

..This study tested the hypothesis that dysfunction of potassium channels is more pronounced in the more distal parts of axons...

..Spike initiations in straight fibers and retinal ganglion cell axons are investigated...

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..The study is a further demonstration that rTMS over the cerebellum induces a long-lasting modulatory effect on the excitability of the interconnected motor area...

..We close by comparing this most likely voltage path to the true observed subthreshold voltage trace in a case when intracellular voltage recordings are available in vitro...

..In the experimental section, we show that magnetic stimulation of the frog sciatic nerve follows our theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the voltage length constant of the nerve can be measured based on these results alone...

..However, since our predictions indicate that intensity discrimination under noise degrades, overall intensity coding performance may not improve significantly...

..SIGNIFICANCE: Overheating of figure-of-eight shaped coils can be markedly delayed without reducing the efficacy of rTMS...

..These significant differences indicate that each means of reducing jitter has advantages and disadvantages and may be more effective for different neurons depending on the properties of their inputs...

..These findings show that the low threshold inhibitory pathways mediating SICI are normal in PD. The suppression of SICI observed at higher CSIs suggests that the threshold of intracortical facilitatory pathways is decreased in PD...

..Future studies involving PAS should be conducted at a fixed time of day, preferably in the afternoon, to maximise neuroplasticity and reduce variability...

..This allows the identification of the point at which an action potential generates a maximal extracellular potential as the point that is stimulated with the lowest threshold...

..Modulation of motor cortical inhibition did not play a role in explaining the rTMS induced changes in MEP amplitude...

..Our objective was to determine whether prolonged iTMS can increase corticospinal excitability, and whether this form of stimulation can have lasting aftereffects...

..To investigate the effect of high frequency rTMS (25 Hz at 90-100% of resting motor threshold) on the excitability of the motor cortex of healthy human subjects...

..However, it is not clear whether these represent abnormalities of specific pathways or reflect a more widespread reduction of motor cortex excitability. Their significance for the clinical phenotype is also unknown...

..These data highlight different strategies in dendritic signal processing by distinct classes of interneurones...

..The calculated AHP time course using the IDR analysis, therefore, is a reasonable estimate and coupled with motor unit properties attained with STA, it provides a powerful method to describe low-threshold motor units...

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..The present results demonstrate that volitional inhibition enhances SICI but reduces LICI nonselectively. These results suggest that these two inhibitory mechanisms act differently during execution and suppression of voluntary movements...

..Thus the synaptic signaling network may function as a temporal decoder that transforms patterns from the time domain into the domain of chemical signaling. This may underlie different synaptic responses to different stimulus patterns...

..The obtained results accord well with recent epidural recording studies, which lends support to the validity of this method...

..Thus, the Purkinje system is capable of affecting the defibrillation process, and warrants further experimentation to elucidate its role...

..Comparative assessment of best conventional with best theta burst repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols on human motor cortex excitability...

..We suggest that the same collicular efferent cells carry out the motor command to saccadic and SEM circuits and that the position error originating from the SC may be distributed amongst separate downstream motor systems...

..99). These results suggest that SPs evoked with a stimulus intensity >or=30% AMT and quantified visually by defining the start of the SP at stimulus delivery or the start of the MEP be utilized to decrease the between visit variability...

..Slow frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) reduces motor cortex excitability, but it is unclear whether this has behavioural consequences in healthy subjects...

..To determine whether the plastic changes induced in human motor cortex by afferent stimulation depend on stimulus frequency...

..For this purpose, 38 healthy volunteers were assessed in two TMS sessions, before and after an oral dose of 3000 mg LEV...

..We suggest that the enhancement of human motor cortex excitability to transcranial magnetic stimulation is the effect of an increase in glutamatergic transmission at non-NMDA receptors similar to that described in experimental studies...

..These results provide a mechanistic rationale for distinguishing between the different physiological classes of CN On neurons...

..These results show a tradeoff, that may be a general property of many neurons, between following rapid stimulus fluctuations and responding without short interspike intervals at the onset of sustained stimuli...

..In contrast, SICF originates through non-synaptic facilitation at the initial axon segment of interneurones along a high-threshold excitatory pathway...

..In brief, we have proposed a new way to elucidate the physiological and psychophysical effects of various added resistive loads...

..This indicates that with an increase in the area occupied by dentures in the oral cavity, the value of the differential threshold increased markedly and made food discrimination more difficult...

..We compared dual-energy CT to ultrasound scan and single-energy CT in the diagnosis and quantification of fatty liver, with special reference to iron overload...

To determine age-dependent normative differential threshold values for the Octopus 101 instrument and to create a smooth mathematical model characterizing the age-dependency and asymmetry of the hill of vision.

..There is a scientific imperative to evaluate the most commonly used algorithms with an accurate and objective 'gold standard' and investigate novel automatic algorithms if the commonly used algorithms are found to be deficient...

..The standard deviation of the signal distribution was about 1.30 and 1.41 times that of the noise distributions for 'low' and 'high' detectability...

..The question whether hyperventilation during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can improve stimulus efficiency is as yet unanswered...

..These results indicate that even for widespread species in modern agricultural landscapes fragmentation thresholds exist at which gene flow among suitable habitat patches becomes restricted...

..triplets of quantities: subjective magnitude of stimulus, subjective just noticeable difference (jnd), and differential threshold. Each of the preceding quantities are functions of the physical magnitude of the stimulus...

..Small cortical strokes may cause predominant weakness restricted to a particular group of fingers. However, clinical, radiologic, and etiopathogenetical studies have rarely been done in these patients...

..Finally, in experiment 4, differential threshold functions were constructed with either NHDC or sucrose added...

The authors proposed a method which combined the differential threshold segment with median filter to eliminate abrupt artifact motion interference in the use of pulse oximeter, and further more, by adding the window moving average filter,..

The goal of the present study was to determine whether exposure to adversity in childhood contributes to a differential threshold at which stressful life events provoke depressive reactions in adolescence...

..To determine differential light threshold values obtained with the Micro Perimeter 1 (MP1) in uveitis patients suffering from cystoid macular oedema (CMO) and to compare these measures to retinal thickness...

..Eight target intervals were used, ranging from 100 to 1,200 ms in duration. At each target interval, the differential threshold (DL) for duration was assessed, with the use of an adaptive psychophysical procedure...

..The aim of this study was to compare fundus-related sensitivity (microperimetry) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) of the macular area with drusen and pigment abnormalities in early AMD...

..of the signal and looks for the Relative Maximum/Minimum whose peak-to-peak amplitude is above a defined differential threshold and responds to specific requirements...

..There are several suggestions to set a differential threshold value between countries, associated with their relative wealth, or between diverse disease and treatment ..

..Understanding differential threshold responses requires knowledge of how these factors regulate transcription...

..Our study has revealed likely mechanism of the phage switch network that was previously unknown...

..The differential threshold in frequencies of 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Hz should not be above 10 dB in two or more of these ..

..These differences occur because different structures in the motor cortex have a differential threshold to the different techniques of stimulation...

..And then there were not change discriminal ability on differential threshold of weight sensory in scale test in all subjects during head down bed rest...

..e. low, middle, high. The results indicated that the higher the trigeminal component, the lower the JND, suggesting a better capacity to perceive intensity changes for pungent odorants than for relatively pure odorants...

..Materials for this article may be accessed through the Psychonomic Society's Norms, Stimuli, and Data archive, at www.psychonomic.org/archive...

..001). We observed significant electrophysiological changes in cochlear outer hair cells reflected in the variation of distortion product thresholds at high frequencies after 60 minutes...

..This measure is computationally easy to compute and does not require power spectrum estimation and signal stationarity assumptions...

..However, there are little prospective data addressing this issue...

..To investigate the effects of EEG suppression and anesthetics on variability of electrical stimulus thresholds during functional cortical motor mapping, and the possible influences of age, lesion location and pathology...

..Furthermore, previous reports of TMS reliability have been restricted to upper limb musculature. We sought to determine the test-retest reliability for TMS mapping of motor representations for swallowing musculature...

..These results prompt the utilization of SA staircases in practical forced-choice estimation of sensory thresholds...

..The tests seem to add resolution and sensitivity to the standard clinical testing and could be useful adjuncts in longitudinal monitoring of spinal cord injury for research purposes...

..Based on these experimental results, we present a theoretical framework to explain the electrode size-stimulation threshold variation for both low strength AC stimulation and VF initiation...

..Using this framework we report below that a meshing scheme using regularly spaced hexahedral elements which are locally refined around the electrodes constitute a quick and relatively accurate way of solving this problem...

..Moreover, we suggest that the depth with which a face is holistically encoded depends on the nature of the task, face orientation, and similarity between a face and the prototypical face template...

..Furthermore, at least within this modality, the results indicate that redundancy gains do not emerge when redundant stimuli are integrated into a single percept...

..Existing experimental data provide data on the possible interactions between antiepileptic and antihistaminic drugs...

..Aim of the study was to compare results of odor threshold test using different numbers of dilution steps, separately for butanol and phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA)...

..This particular aspect of olfactory functioning might be a reflection of a more objective odor evaluation model buffering emotional responses to environmental odors...

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..Once known, then rehabilitative and/or pharmacological interventions that target motoneuron transduction processes can be developed. ..

..B-glucosidase [glucosylceramide (GC) glucohydrolase; UCase: GBA locus] structure and function leading to differential threshold levels of enzymatic activity in various patient tissues...

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..2) Patients with increased T wave variability derive a greater mortality benefit from prophylactic ICD implantation. ..

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..This aim will provide evidence to support the clinical relevance of the exacerbation of dysarthria by fatigue and further validate the constant-effort technique as an indicator of fatigue. ..

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..The project has direct application to hearing health because it is designed is to uncover how changes in the auditory system due to age and hearing loss affect the ability to process important temporal features. ..

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..The project has direct application to hearing health because it is designed is to uncover how changes in the auditory system due to age and hearing loss affect the ability to process important temporal features. ..

..The project has direct application to hearing health because it is designed is to uncover how changes in the auditory system due to age and hearing loss affect the ability to process important temporal features. ..

..The findings have implications for human factors, as well as for our understanding of many neuropsychological conditions, e.g. unilateral neglect, schizophrenia, and ADHD. ..

..Once known, then rehabilitative and/or pharmacological interventions that target motoneuron transduction processes can be developed. ..

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..Testing will take place in a sound-treated room under headphones using computer-controlled adaptive procedures. Data will be analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, correlations, and analyses of variance...

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..It is hoped that these studies could eventually result in the development of selective new drugs to improve speech understanding in a subset of elderly individuals. ..

..There will not be any significant change in the level of effort for key personnel in the next budget period. The estimated unobligated balance will not be greater than 25% of the current year's budget. ..

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..Understanding the function and the makeup of the aged GABAA receptor could lead to the development of selective pharmacotherapy for a subset of presbycusic individuals. ..

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..The results of these studies will be the basis for developing a longer research program. ..

..This latter will allow us to determine whether there is an actual mismatch between physiological and anatomical estimates of connectivity (i.e. non-functional synaptic connections). ..

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..This research will have implications for amnesia, aging effects such as cognitive slowing, and prosopagnosia (the inability to recognize faces); it is also relevant for eyewitness memory. ..

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..Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms triggered by hypotensive hemorrhage should lead to improved ability to manage this all too frequent clinical problem. ..

..The research will contribute to the basic physiological knowledge needed to understand how syrr pathetic tone is regulated in health and in diseases such as arrhythmias, hypertension and dysautonomias. ..

..The targets of Akt- 1 that mediate maturation and/or self-renewal will be addressed in aim 3. ..