association learning

..Moreover, we also show that synaptic output of larval mushroom body neurons is required for retrieval but not for acquisition and retention of the larval memory, including the CREB-dependent component...

..The article concludes with several issues for future research, among them the question of how we can optimize extinction and other putative "unlearning" treatments so as to prevent the various forms of relapse discussed here...

..The implications of these results to older adults' episodic memory performance are discussed...

..The model makes several fMRI-testable predictions of brain activity during stimulus-action-reward association learning. The caudate nucleus and the cognitive cortical areas are correlated with reward prediction error, while ..

..tasks requiring flexible adaptation to external feedback, which could be related to impairments in reward association learning. To study the effect of aging on stimulus-reward association learning 20 young and 20 older adults ..

..The time course of these plastic changes was highly correlated with individual learning performance, suggesting that interactions between brain areas underlie associative learning...

..The results provide quantitative evidence of the neural computations mediating arbitrary visuomotor learning and suggest new directions for future computational models...

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..These findings indicate that rats integrate "what," "where," and "when" information in memory for single experiences, and that the hippocampus is critical to this capacity...

..Our results support a neurobiological theory of delusion formation that implicates aberrant prediction-error signalling, disrupted attentional allocation and associative learning in the formation of delusional beliefs...

..These results shed light on the contribution of dopamine to the experience of instrumental action, and also on impulse control disorders and psychosis in medicated PD patients...

..Implications for the neurobiological basis of these two learned associations are discussed...

..As such approaches are established for the larval neuromuscular synapse, but not in adults, an individual larval learning paradigm will serve to link behavioral levels of analysis to synaptic physiology...

..In these experiments, a consistent association between a category and a response feature was sufficient. The implication of these results for the neurobiology of information-integration category learning is discussed...

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..These results suggest that LTM-derived information required for upcoming behavior is actively maintained in the IT neurons, whereas visually derived information tends to be updated irrespective of behavioral relevance...

..The results indicate that partially distinct temporal lobe regions are involved during recognition memory for item and associative information...

..These results demonstrate an empirical continuity between human and nonhuman primate cognition, suggesting that nonhuman primates may have some structural components of humans' capacity for explicit cognition...

..These findings demonstrate the paradoxical situation in which learning can be improved under sequential-task conditions and have important implications for training, decision making, and understanding interactive memory systems...

..quot; Previous experiments from our laboratory have used conditional association learning to show that slow, gradual changes in PFC neural activity mirror monkeys' slow acquisition of associations...

..If this is correct, associative learning theory could be used to explain, predict, and intervene in mirror system development...

..By contrast, priming by the visual effect stimulus was potentiated when the auditory effect had been pre-trained. We interpret these interactions in terms of contemporary associative learning theory derived from studies of conditioning...

..Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control...

..This is compelling evidence for another function of the human hippocampal formation in memory: establishing semantic associations...

..Our results provide evidence of a relationship between activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and associative learning in behaving mice...

..As a population, however, learning-related changes in activity continued after the monkeys reached an asymptote in performance...

..However, the dopaminergic neurons' capability of mediating and predicting a reinforcing stimulus appears to be conserved between Drosophila and mammals...

..The potential for habituation was related to the functions of the responses studied. The exploratory antennal response used for continuous sampling of the environment habituated to a smaller extent than the appetitive proboscis response...

..The present study has shown specific time elements of a visuomotor-memory-related network, which might support learning progress during visuomotor association learning.

..This model prediction is confirmed by monkey data. Therefore, our work reveals a scenario for conditional associative learning that is distinct from instant switching between sets of well-established sensorimotor associations...

..The data thus suggest that task switching does not necessarily require a switch-specific reconfiguration process. Rather, task-specific control processes may be needed in both task switches and repetitions...

..We discuss a conceptual model that integrates these processes and its neural implementation...

..This outcome-specific transfer effect indicates that drug-paired stimuli controlled human drug seeking via a representation or expectation of the drug rather than through a direct stimulus-response association...

..quot; We also found that acute stress impaired the animal's performance in the episodic-like memory task, which, however, could be partially reversed by the N-Methyl-D-aspartate-receptors agonist D-cycloserine...

..Our work stipulates that cross-species generalizations must be interpreted cautiously, since performance on the same task may be mediated by different strategies and/or neural systems...

..These results demonstrate that chimpanzees can infer the reputation of strangers by eavesdropping on third-party interactions...

..These receptors could be essential for triggering intracellular mechanisms involved in LTM. By contrast, medium-term memory is not dependent upon these receptors but is affected by mecamylamine...

..This showed that backward SOC is not as effective as forward SOC. These results help to delineate different conditions that are critical for the phenomenon of SOC...

..Additional analyses suggest that the hippocampus per se is critical for accurate conjunction working memory. We propose that the hippocampus is critically involved in memory for conjunctions at both short and long delays...

..This reveals that a mammalian pheromone can function as a "cognitive organizer" that promotes early learning of relevant environmental cues...

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..Finally, the relevance of learning through trophallaxis in the task of successful foraging is discussed...

..In neonatal monkeys, the area-specific expression pattern of RBP was less distinct, suggesting that the characteristic expression of RBP in higher-order association areas is mainly established postnatally...

..Our work suggests that side-specific conditioning decorrelates odor representations between AL sides but not between CS+ and CS- within one AL...

..We provide a brief review of these recent developments and try to point to issues that need to be addressed in future research...

..Additionally, activity for the rewarded but not for the unrewarded odor is increased. These results indicate that neural representations of the environment may be modified through associative learning...

..These results suggest a role for the ryanodine receptor in both a cellular correlate of classical conditioning and light adaptation...

..Extinction of conditioned responses correlates with acquisition. Responses to alternative stimuli are independent of responsiveness to sucrose...

..Our results suggest that in associative conditioning, different memories are formed of the same odor under different circumstances, and that they are linked to the respective motivational systems by their specific modulatory pathways...

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..Thus, blocking of geometric cues by a landmark is possible after extended initial training with the blocking cue...

..Results are interpreted as evidence for an automatic integration of information about action effects and taken as support of an action-concept model of action-effect integration and stimulus-response compatibility...

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..This paradigm constitutes, therefore, a new standard procedure for further learning studies in honeybees...

..This model suggests that the processes related to relapse/recurrence and episode onset may not be isomorphic and, as such, treatments that emphasize relapse prevention strategies should take this distinction into account...

..This shows that magpies can remember which food item they hoarded where, and when, even if the food items only differ from each other in their colour and are dispersed throughout a continuous caching substrate...

..Based on these data, we propose a functional model of the role of each brain side in processing lateralized CSs and USs in olfactory learning in honeybees...

..In this model, the basal ganglia are thought to play a key role in linking the sensory, motor, and reward information necessary for arbitrary mapping...

..The results of Experiment 2 replicated those of Experiment 1, using alternating target-response assignment. These findings point to the integration of affective action effect feature codes in the cognitive representation of actions...

..Our results support a modified associative account of retrospective revaluation and demonstrate the potential of functional neuroimaging as a tool for evaluating competing learning models...

..In this way, coherence may be a signature for this and other types of learning...

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..The results suggest that the presentation of an accessory stimulus facilitates response activation processes because of the participants' enhanced level of preparation for stimulus processing...

..Experiments 2a and 2b indicated that these effects of trial spacing were both mediated by the associative status of the context at test. The results are interpreted in the framework of contemporary learning theories...

..This conclusion has important implications for models of lexical access and interpretations of Stroop-like interference effects...

..In 2 further experiments, the authors use an extended multinomial model to analyze data showing that Starns and Hicks's conclusion holds even if results cannot be attributed to response biases...

..The timing of attentional cueing affected feature pairing reports as much as the timing of the features themselves...

..Our participants learned about the added discrimination and generally showed the effects predicted by the comparator hypothesis...

..The results indicated that after the revaluation phase, participants avoided the positive US less than the negative US. These results cannot be explained by S-R theories of avoidance learning...

..Control participants who were not exposed to relational training and testing did not show derived avoidance. Implications of the findings for understanding clinically significant avoidance behavior are discussed...

..This success implies that attentional factors should be explicitly taken into account in associative learning theory...

..The results show the dynamic influence of temporal contiguity on mediated learning...

..The results were interpreted as most consistent with the symbolic account, which was corroborated by computer simulations...

..Results indicate that abstract sequential structures are learned implicitly, even if neither the surface stimuli nor the responses follow a sequence...

..These results demonstrate that contextual cuing knowledge is accessible to awareness...

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..Therefore, while exposure to novel environments promotes long-lasting increases in mice's exploratory tendencies, these increases in exploration do not appear to causally impact general learning abilities...

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..The present results provide some information about the nature of conditioned inhibition and, more generally, cue interaction...

..The results suggest that mental imagery activates featural representations more than configural representations...

..The results of two experiments support this account...

..This result implicates that congruent visual and auditory stimulus pairs were perceived as the same object and demonstrates a first validation of the multimodal stimulus set...

..The results suggest that the IAT effect may arise from formally untested derived relations, and supports the argument that such relations could provide a valid behavioral model of semantic categories in natural language...

..Thus mask composition can contribute to NCEs, but when random line masks are employed, the major source of the NCE seems to be motor-inhibition...

..These experiments illustrate the usefulness of a novel testing procedure in sharpening the conclusions from savings procedures...

..The results seem to exclude repetition or alternation effects as the main cause of sequential modulations of the Simon effect, but both conflict monitoring and binding may contribute to these effects...

..They also suggest that these processes do not vary with age, which is at least consistent with the hypothesis that they are fundamental to the mechanisms underlying concept formation...

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..These results are explained in terms of hemispheric asymmetries in arousal and activation, as originally suggested by Tucker and Williamson (1984)...

..Implications for theories of negative priming are discussed...

..These similarities between electrophysiological correlates of pure familiarity and recollection suggest that familiarity with faces may arise by virtue of a subset of the neural processing responsible for recollection...

..These findings suggest that the N200, N250r, and N400 effects reflect facilitated processing at font-specific featural, lexical, and semantic levels of processing, respectively...

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..Finally, a group of younger adults who encoded the information under divided-attention conditions did not show this associative deficit...

..Therefore, pictures have an advantage in categorization by offering multiple routes to semantic processing...

..This top-up effect demonstrates that the history of the old stimuli is important for the preview benefit, contrary to the account favoring onset capture. We discuss alternative accounts of how the preview benefit arises...

..Responding during test trials with AB was stronger if the additional trials signaled the presence rather than the absence of food. The results are explained with a configural theory of conditioning...

..The results are consistent with predictions that can be derived from a configural theory of conditioning...

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..These results support the hypothesis that perceptual symbols are routinely activated in language comprehension...

..These studies would importantly influence our thinking about elementary associative learning processes. They would illuminate the process of extinction, a process important both to clinical applications and to neural investigations. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..The proposed research provides a basis for the understanding of basic processing of imaginal events in associative learning. ..

..The proposed behavioral and neurobiological studies may provide new insights into cognitive functions of the amygdala, as well as relations between cognitive and motivational functions in associative learning. ..

..The proposed studies will clarify the CEA's roles in the modulation of basal forebrain cholinergic systems and midbrain-striatal dopamine systems in food-based associative learning. ..

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..Future studies could examine the role of specific opioid receptor subtypes or other receptor systems in the effects of alcohol cues and their relationship to genetic susceptibility to alcoholism. ..

..Many of the results will also increase our understanding of the causes of relapse after therapy and suggest ways to help prevent or minimize that relapse. ..

..More globally, it is hoped that these studies will provide a much firmer basis upon which to think about the cognitive and motivational foundations of learning. ..

..Findings from this project may suggest novel behavioral treatments targeted at reducing the persistence of drug and alcohol abuse and preventing relapse. ..

..The results will increase our understanding of extinction, a fundamental behavioral and clinical phenomenon, and will suggest ways to help promote extinction learning so as to minimize lapse and relapse. ..

..Findings from this project may suggest novel behavioral treatments targeted at reducing the persisence of drug and alcohol abuse and preventing relapse. ..

..The results will increase our understanding of extinction, a fundamental behavioral and clinical phenomenon, and will suggest ways to help promote extinction learning so as to minimize lapse and relapse. ..

..Findings from this project may suggest novel behavioral treatments targeted at reducing the persistence of drug and alcohol abuse and preventing relapse. ..

..aversion to cocaine-induced suppression of CS intake and, in so doing, begin to elucidate underlying substrates. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..e., cocaine and heroin); and (c) Reveal that the nucleus accumbens depends upon an intact thalamocoritical loop to track cocaine's devaluation of a sweet. ..

..e., cocaine and heroin);and (c) Reveal that the nucleus accumbens depends upon an intact thalamocoritical loop to track cocaine's devaluation of a sweet. ..

..If confirmed, we will have challenged the limits of the traditional "reward circuitry" and better elucidated the mechanisms of reward comparison. ..

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..To try to understand the emotional system we will see whether reports of visceral emotional reactions are better predictors of other factors than are more cognitive reports of emotional intensity. ..

..In addition, the studies will demonstrate that perceptual processing abilities must be considered and either controlled for or manipulated in cognitive aging research. ..

..The proposed research will advance knowledge about the brain systems involved in retrieving information about autobiographical events by bridging between memory for real-world events and memory for laboratory stimuli. ..

..These guidelines will lead to development of products and environments that allow elderly adults to remain more independent and to engage safely in more activities in their daily lives. ..

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..PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE Lack of sleep is an increasingly serious human health problem in western society. Studies of the linkage between sleep and memory in Drosophila will provide insight into how sleep affects learning in humans. ..

..These characterizations of individual and combined network processing in the hippocampus and surrounding cortex will improve our understanding of the normal functions of this system as well as its breakdown in memory disorders. ..