cognition

..Neurophysiological, anatomical, and brain-imaging data strongly argue for a major role of prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and the areas that connect to them, in creating the postulated brain-scale workspace...

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..Most critically, this work has called attention to the importance of intrinsic functional activity in assessing brain behavior relationships...

..Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve...

..The second study implements a feedback loop connecting conflict monitoring to cognitive control, using this to simulate a number of important behavioral phenomena...

..We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed..

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..These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions...

..anatomical and functional organization of brain activity to enable the emergence of coherent behaviour and cognition. Although the mechanisms involved in large-scale integration are still largely unknown, we argue that the most ..

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..period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood or aging, has an impact on brain structures involved in cognition and mental health...

..Recent research has also begun to shed light on the larger function of the ACC, suggesting some new possibilities concerning how conflict monitoring might fit into the cingulate's overall role in cognition and action.

..Most important fitness training was found to have robust but selective benefits for cognition, with the largest fitness-induced benefits occurring for executive-control processes...

..Thus, a flexible pattern of coherence defines a flexible communication structure, which subserves our cognitive flexibility...

..This review focuses on oscillations in the cerebral cortex that occur during cognition, in alert behaving conditions...

Grounded cognition rejects traditional views that cognition is computation on amodal symbols in a modular system, independent of the brain's modal systems for perception, action, and introspection...

..Our findings have important implications for a unified view of network mechanisms underlying both exogenous and endogenous cognitive control...

..of human minds to wander, little is known about the neural operations that support this core component of human cognition. Using both thought sampling and brain imaging, the current investigation demonstrated that mind-wandering is ..

An important shift is taking place in social cognition research, away from a focus on the individual mind and toward embodied and participatory aspects of social understanding...

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..We focus on the visual modality for which components with frontocentral and more posterior scalp distributions can be readily distinguished...

..It then focuses on methodologic issues that are important when attempting to elucidate the neural underpinnings of cognitive reserve using imaging studies, and reviews some of our group's work in order to demonstrate these issues...

..Human and non-human animal studies have shown that aerobic exercise can improve a number of aspects of cognition and performance...

An understanding of how the human brain produces cognition ultimately depends on knowledge of large-scale brain organization...

..The frontoparietal control system is therefore anatomically positioned to integrate information from these two opposing brain systems...

..Based on these factors, a theory is proposed for DA's action in PFC. This theory suggests that DA acts to expand or contract the breadth of information held in working memory buffers in PFC networks...

..This provides a unifying account of a wealth of experimental evidence about the factors favoring dominance by either system...

..This is the quantity that is optimized under the free-energy principle, which suggests that several global brain theories might be unified within a free-energy framework...

..Prospective studies of multiple domains within single individuals are necessary to better elucidate neurobehavioral structure-function correlations in the cerebellar posterior lobe...

..Finally, we consider a potential fourth executive function: selective attention to features of a stimulus to be stored in WM, which leads to increased probability of activating the medial prefrontal cortex (BA 32) in storage tasks...

..We propose that inter-individual differences can be used as a source of information to link human behaviour and cognition to brain anatomy.

..Unfair offers elicited activity in brain areas related to both emotion (anterior insula) and cognition (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)...

..Several mechanisms are proposed that allow individuals to share representations, to predict actions, and to integrate predicted effects of own and others' actions...

..A similar mechanism, but involving the activation of viscero-motor centers, underlies the experiential understanding of the emotions of others...

..Our findings point to a focal neuroanatomical substrate for introspective ability, a substrate distinct from that supporting primary perception...

..The contribution of this paradigm has been significant and will likely continue to advance knowledge across diverse fields within psychology and neuroscience...

..of cognitive functioning, and what methods can be used to identify causes of age-related influences on cognition. Although definitive answers are not yet possible, quite a bit of information relevant to the questions is now ..

..This suggests that the ACC detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur rather than errors themselves...

..However, the changes in brain structure that accompany normal aging, and the role they play in cognitive decline, remain to be fully elucidated...

..These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain, and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans...

A theory is proposed to account for some of the age-related differences reported in measures of Type A or fluid cognition. The central hypothesis in the theory is that increased age in adulthood is associated with a decrease in the speed ..

The emerging viewpoint of embodied cognition holds that cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body's interactions with the world...

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..To investigate the efficacy of a novel brain plasticity-based computerized cognitive training program in older adults and to evaluate the effect on untrained measures of memory and attention and participant-reported outcomes...

Working memory is a key function for human cognition, dependent on adequate dopamine neurotransmission...

..Although improvements were observed in every one of the cognitive tasks that were trained, no evidence was found for transfer effects to untrained tasks, even when those tasks were cognitively closely related...

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..Collectively, this research highlights the functional relevance of DMN suppression for goal-directed cognition, possibly by reducing goal-irrelevant functions supported by the DMN (e.g...

This meta-analysis explores the location and function of brain areas involved in social cognition, or the capacity to understand people's behavioral intentions, social beliefs, and personality traits...

..Many observational studies have shown that physical activity reduces the risk of cognitive decline; however, evidence from randomized trials is lacking...

..Further research will determine whether early differences in number sense acuity affect later maths learning, whether maths education enhances number sense acuity, and the extent to which tertiary factors can affect both...

..The data must then be analyzed and presented in a way that allows different studies to be compared readily. This paper presents guidelines for recording ERPs and criteria for publishing the results...

..extensive associative elaboration and attentional modulation as it becomes incorporated into the texture of cognition. This process occurs along a core synaptic hierarchy which includes the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, ..

..However, few studies have addressed whether improving cognitive functions might have short- or long-term effects on activities related to living independently...

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..The overfunctioning of brain regions typically involved in primary perceptual functions may explain the autistic perceptual endophenotype...

..This finding highlights the importance of incorporating emotional processes within models of human choice and suggests how the brain may modulate the effect of these biasing influences to approximate rationality...

..This result holds even if the comparisons are not independent. We suggest that the revised test proposed here is the appropriate means for conjunction inference in neuroimaging...

..Such results have been interpreted as indicating that concepts, and important aspects of cognition more broadly, are embodied. That conclusion does not follow from the empirical evidence...

..accompanied by disruptive alterations in the coordination of large-scale brain systems that support high-level cognition. In 93 adults aged 18 to 93, we demonstrate that aging is characterized by marked reductions in normally present ..

..A limitation of many studies is the lack of a sufficiently long period between cognitive assessments to examine determinants. Here, the aim is to examine influences on cognitive ageing between childhood and old age...

..It is clear that innovative methods like fMRI together with MRI-based morphometry and nonhuman primate studies will transform our current understanding of human brain development and its relation to behavioral development...

..but increasing evidence from clinical practice, epidemiological studies, and clinical trials shows that gait and cognition are interrelated in older adults...

..The significant loss of proliferating SGZ cells and their progeny suggests a contributory role of reduced neurogenesis in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive impairments...

..Two of the fundamental executive processes are selective attention and task management. Both processes activate the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex...

..We hypothesize that this decline may be an early manifestation of an accelerated cognitive aging process...

There is much interest currently in using functional neuroimaging techniques to understand better the nature of cognition. One particular practice that has become common is 'reverse inference', by which the engagement of a particular ..

..Furthermore, the map is registered in three dimensions and thereby provides a robust anatomical base for interpreting functional imaging studies...

..Given the established relationship between WM and higher cognition, these successful training studies have led to speculation that WM training may yield broad cognitive benefits...

..The available evidence and these models point to new principles governing the development of the next generation of cholinergic treatments for cognitive disorders...

Recent data identify distinct components of social cognition associated with five brain regions. In posterior temporal cortex, the extrastriate body area is associated with perceiving the form of other human bodies...

We propose that the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species is the ability to participate with others in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions: shared intentionality...

..This study indicates that the neuroanatomical expression of intelligence in children is dynamic...

..These findings suggest that the neural basis of altered cognition in autism entails a lower degree of integration of information across certain cortical areas resulting from ..

..I found the frontal lobe hypothesis to perform well, with the exception of an inability to account for age-related declines in item recall and recognition memory, possibly a result of age-related declines in medial temporal function...

..The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans...

..Few studies have evaluated acute effects on craving and mood, and none have explored effects on cognition. This study aimed to explore the effects of the White Super e-cigarette on desire to smoke, nicotine withdrawal ..

..Difficulties with EF appear to be one important component of the complex neuropsychology of ADHD...

..tensor imaging (DTI) of white matter (WM) integrity and the implications for age-related differences in cognition. Neurobiological mechanisms defined from DTI analyses suggest that a primary dimension of age-related decline in ..

..Our approach provides a framework for the readout of fine-tuned representations in the human brain and their subjective contents...

..the frontal cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits that mediate motivation and emotional drive, planning and cognition for the development and expression of goal-directed behaviors...

..We advocate consumption of a healthful breakfast on a daily basis consisting of a variety of foods, especially high-fiber and nutrient-rich whole grains, fruits, and dairy products...

..Implications for cognition, neuroscience, evolution, development, and artificial intelligence are explored.

..This article examines the role that neuroscience can play when examining whether the psychological concept of active inhibition can be meaningfully applied in cognitive control research...

..For example, the theory assumes that creative problem solving is improved, in part, because increased dopamine release in the anterior cingulate improves cognitive flexibility and facilitates the selection of cognitive perspective...

Normal aging is associated with progressive functional losses in perception, cognition, and memory...

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..cortex, at the junction with the posterior temporal cortex, plays a critical role in various aspects of social cognition such as theory of mind and empathy...

This article reviews a diverse set of proposals for dual processing in higher cognition within largely disconnected literatures in cognitive and social psychology...

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..Cognitive training has been shown to improve cognitive abilities in older adults but the effects of cognitive training on everyday function have not been demonstrated...

..We propose that these frontal areas produce the above patterns of LC activity to optimize utility on both short and long timescales...

..Lateral and orbitofrontal divisions of prefrontal cortex are involved in subsequently implementing appropriate adjustments...

..The results support an unified modular model of cognitive control that describes the overall functional organization of the human lateral PFC and has basic methodological and theoretical implications...

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..The speed of recovery of the animals underscores the acutely reversible nature of the cognitive deficits associated with transgenic models of AD...

..Consequently, many assume that default network activity is suppressed during goal-directed cognition. We challenge this assumption in an fMRI study of planning...

..Here, we describe the human intelligence phenotype, summarise the evidence for its heritability, provide an overview of and comment on molecular genetic studies, and comment on future progress in the field...

..Wied had a fundamental interest in the brain and behaviour, with a particular interest in the interface between cognition and emotion, and how impairments at this interface could underlie human psychopathology...

..functional connectivity analyses indicated that the value signal in VMPFC might integrate inputs from networks, including the anterior insula and posterior superior temporal cortex, that are thought to be involved in social cognition.

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..anti-AD strategy, vaccination with the A( peptide, also reduces A( deposition in AD transgenic mice and improves cognition. Two major hypotheses regarding the actions of A( immunotherapy are the facilitation of microglial phagocytosis ..

..synthesized de novo in the brain, have been implicated in functions ranging from stress, depression, anxiety, to cognition. One neurosteroid is progesterone, a classic sex hormone involved in the regulation of reproduction...

..particularly), are uniquely concentrated in the central nervous system and are involved in neuroprotection, cognition, and other brain and retinal functions...

..and glutamate receptor function are believed to be relevant for mechanisms of altered synaptic plasticity and cognition in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and epilepsy and mental health disorders such as Down ..

..for as little as 2 h for several days can impair cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine functions, as well as cognition and daytime vigilance...

..formation of appropriate synapses is crucial for establishment of neuronal circuits that underlie behavior and cognition. Minor irregularities during synapse formation can lead to developmental disorders such as autism, mental ..

..This necessitates the development of new, better acting and safer medications for enhancing cognition. In this SBIR Phase I project, PhysioGenix will determine the efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), maximum tolerated ..

..Perinatal iron deficiency negatively impacts intelligence and cognition in children. Heme is the most bioavailable form of iron for human consumption...

..Loss of hearing at this developmental stage hampers speech, cognition and social development. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments to ameliorate ototoxicity...

..CMRO2, CBF, CMRGlc, total ATP concentration;and, thus preserved brain structure, functional connectivity, and cognition during aging...

..rhythms so that excitatory neurons can fire in synchrony- properties deemed to be critical for their function in cognition and behavioral control...

..These insights could lead to development of therapeutics that result in improved cognition in the postmenopausal woman by potentially preventing changes in ER2 gene expression...

..IFN? can inhibit HIV/gp120 from inducing neuronal damage and impairing neurogenesis and compromising memory and cognition by a unique combination of mechanisms, comprising the induction of neuroprotective ?-chemokines and neurotrophic ..

..healthy postmenopausal women taking 17[unreadable]-estradiol (E2), the major female estrogen, 2) improvements in cognition in subjects treated with physiologically relevant sex steroids: women treated with E2 (3 controlled/1 ..

..The long range links to other cortical or subcortical structures involved in regulation of emotion or cognition, particularly at the scale needed for primate systems cannot yet be visualized...

..criteria, which are based on statistical symptom cluster analysis resulting in three categories: fatigue, mood/ cognition, and musculoskeletal symptoms...

..proteins that affect the intensity and duration of acetylcholine action, a critical neurotransmitter affecting cognition in the CNS and peripheral autonomic and motor function...

..This is of special importance here in regard to cognition/amnesia and other processes mediated by the hippocampus...

..Treatment efficacy will be judged primarily on changes in cognition and behavior (clinical) but also on surrogate biochemical and other measures (i.e...

..the perimenopausal decline in estradiol, and thereby negatively impacts central physiological processes such as cognition, learning, and attention, and leads to perturbation of the circadian sleep-wake cycle...

..muscle wasting and myotonia, insulin resistance, testicular atrophy, cutaneous tumors cardiac arrhythmia and cognition defects (4- 8)...

..neuronal oscillatory synchronizations that are thought to underlie consciousness, arousal from sleep, cognition, associative binding for learning and memory, and fine motor control, and which become pathologically altered in ..

..Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), a nuclear transcription factor, enhances cognition, memory formation and neuronal survival. CREB is known to be downregulated in the AD brain...

..periods causes long-lasting behavioral abnormalities, particularly in the domains of motor activity and cognition. Limited evidence is also suggestive of possible developmental adverse effects in humans from PBDE exposure...

..an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of the Center for Sleep and Cognition at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Dr...

..Children with CL[unreadable]P suffer deficits in speech, hearing and cognition and have higher morbidity and mortality throughout life compared to their unaffected contemporaries...

..by which sex hormones and neurosteroids interact with neurotransmitters to modulate behavior, mood, and cognition in women...

..However, the effects of CM on cognition in younger children have not been prospectively characterized, and the underlying question of what leads to ..

..suicide, glioma, and cancers, and may have contributed to the evolutionary development of human neurobiology and cognition. While numerous RNA editing sites have been identified to date, we are still far from possessing a complete list ..

..provided by applicant): The proposed training is designed to provide the candidate with a background in animal cognition and testing as well as training in molecular mechanisms of development...

..In humans, DA signaling modulates arousal, cognition, reward, and motor function...

..construct validity which can be used to develop new therapeutic approaches to improve gamma oscillations and cognition;and (iii) Determine whether downregulation of GAD67 expression can cause cortical circuitry deficits typical of ..

..of aging in highly energetic organs and tissues can be reversed by assessing metabolism, motor function, and cognition. Recent evidence from C...

..Selected twins have also participated in sub-studies where data include screening for cognition and various complex diseases, in-person medical examinations and resulting diagnoses, and genotyping...

..The GRs are particularly concentrated in areas of central importance for cognition (hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex)...

..Since these conditions can result in tremendous losses of productivity, the development of more sensitive assessments of brain health can assist in tailoring rehabilitation efforts to the needs of individual patients. ..

..Cholinergic neurotransmission is implicated in nicotine addiction, memory and cognition. Perturbations in a7 AChR regulation and function are thought to contribute to a broad spectrum of neuronal ..

..a pivotal role in regulating multiple behaviors including mood, motivation/reward, motor activity, sleep and cognition. To explore effects of cytokines on DA and the basal ganglia, we have studied patients receiving treatment with ..

..mouse models, determining whether carriers of this polymorphism could be predisposed to depression and impaired cognition, much as those with aberrant BDNF expression and/or signaling are at risk for memory and behavioral disorders...

..the characterization of autoimmune responses to synaptic proteins that result in disorders of behavior, memory, cognition and psychosis...

..acuity, carotid artery ultrasound, electrocardiogram, measurement of skin intrinsic fluorescence, tests of cognition, and measurement of serum (e.g...

..Some also improve cognition and depression in animals, symptoms that are troublesome for the MS patient...

..validate KCa2 channels as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of epilepsy and would further provide the scientific community with tool compounds to study the role of KCa2 channels in ataxia, neuropathic pain and cognition.

..of gender-specific expression of such processes as depression/anxiety, stress processing, memory, and cognition.2-Estradiol has neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative diseases including the seizure-induced ..

..These studies will provide information on the interaction of estrogen and BDNF in affective disorders and could lead to improved hormone replacement therapies to alleviate menopausal symptoms. ..

..were not, however, benign accompaniments of aging as they were associated with impaired motor function and cognition, depression, and a striking increase in the risk of subsequent stroke and death...

..disease is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of cognition and short-term memory loss...

..Syndrome) occurs in approximately 1/3000 live births and confers increased vulnerability for language and social cognition deficits, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, mood disorders, and schizophrenia...

..have demonstrated that improving insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) has a positive impact on cognition;however, obese individuals are excluded from such studies...

..Apo A1, ApoB, homocysteine, C-Reactive Protein, and cystatin) from subgroups of participants with normal cognition and with subtypes of MCI...

..Grant is a multidisciplinary approach that involves investigators from the fields of animal behavior, human cognition, genetic epidemiology, and molecular cell biology to test the validity of the following model: that the enhanced ..

..Defects in the formation and elaboration of cortical circuits have fundamental implications for vision, cognition, and mental health, since defects in the migration and connectivity of cortical neurons are associated with a ..

..Thus, the functional role of miRNAs in nervous system physiology and cognition merits close examination...

..A wide range of brain functions, including sensory perception, learning, memory, decision making, cognition, reasoning, and communication, is therefore related to the details of this neuronal connectivity...

..complex brain region that is implicated in a wide range of higher-level neurobiological processes including, cognition, learning, memory and attention, virtually all of which operate on a basis of wakefulness...

..antagonist drugs (typical or atypical neuroleptics) has an antipsychotic effect, but negative symptoms and cognition are not significantly improved...

..g., brain reward, appetite regulation, cognition)...

..Damage to synaptic architecture is the key pathological process of HAND in cognition and memory impairment...

..as a new drug target drug target may lead to treatment for addiction, mood disorders, pain and inflammation, cognition, and appetite regulation...

..The specific aim of this project is to adapt existing measures of social cognition for reliable and valid use in neurodegenerative diseases...

..through one of many adverse effects on cardio- and cerebrovascular health, locomotor activity, vision and cognition, as well as on the development of tumors...

Delirium and Apolipoprotein Delirium, a disturbance is consciousness with inattention accompanied by a change in cognition or perceptual disturbances, is a common occurrence in hospitalized patients in and out of the ICU...

..Few previous studies of cognition investigated the interaction between vitamin B12 status and folate status, and most that looked at the main- ..

..An extensive literature in schizophrenia research has established that basic (non-social) cognition is a key determinant of functional outcome in schizophrenia and that social cognition acts as a mediator between ..

..The proposed intervention study is designed to enhance cognition and psychosocial functioning in patients...

..provided by applicant): Oxytocin (OT) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in the regulation of social cognition and social behavior both in animal models and in humans...

..the past decade there has been a growing awareness of the disabling and treatment refractory effects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia, which results in performance deficits that are strongly and consistently related to poor ..

..older people are more interdependent than younger people and (2) as a consequence, they become more holistic in cognition, and (3) in part as a result of more holistic thinking, they become wiser in some respects...

..a unique, sex hormone-deficient model in which to study the biological effects of androgen treatment on cognition and behavior in females...

..of early life exposure to neurotoxic metal mixtures, and their interactions, with early adolescent behavior and cognition. The metals to be studied are prenatal manganese (Mn), methylmercury (MeHg), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and ..

..Studies in cognitive science and social psychology suggest that narrative cognition integrates these two processes. The role of narrative cognition in medical diagnosis is not well understood...

..Patients with CD exhibit hypercortisolemia and develop disturbances in mood, sleep, libido, and cognition. The investigator's hypothesis is that steroid elevations in these various conditions have important neuroactive ..

..cerebrovascular disease, and Lewy body disease, these conditions only account for about 20% of the variance of cognition in older persons...

..Unfortunately, most cognitive research has relied solely on patient self-report as the sole measure of cognition. Investigators have yet to apply the experimental paradigms of cognitive psychology to study cognition and panic...

..proposed pilot work is preliminary to a longitudinal study of the relationships among social behavior, social cognition, and general cognitive status in dementia patients and in a group of controls matched for age, gender, and ..

..provide a unique integration of theoretical perspectives, methodology, and data on the mechanisms of everyday cognition across the life-span...