diving

..of gas emboli in beaked whales stranded during naval sonar exercises have led to the hypothesis that their deep-diving may make them especially vulnerable to decompression...

Electronic tags were used to examine the seasonal movements, aggregations and diving behaviors of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) to better understand their migration ecology and oceanic habitat utilization...

1. Digital tags were used to describe diving and vocal behaviour of sperm whales during 198 complete and partial foraging dives made by 37 individual sperm whales in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Ligurian Sea. 2...

..It is suggested that the two click types are adapted to the separate problems of target detection and classification versus capture of low target strength prey in a cluttered acoustic environment...

..do not behave invariantly, but instead alternate between periods of travelling just beneath the surface and diving deeper...

..If recompression beyond the maximum treatment pressure of oxygen is required, these results indicate that a breathing mixture of heliox may be better than air during the treatment of decompression sickness following heliox diving.

This review concentrates on the physiological responses, and their control, in freely diving birds and mammals that enable them to remain submerged and sometimes quite active for extended periods of time...

While diving, harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) manage their oxygen stores through cardiovascular adjustments, including bradycardia, a concurrent reduction in cardiac output, and peripheral vasoconstriction...

..We have developed a method to assess novel environment diving behavior of zebrafish as a model of stress response and anxiolytic drug effects...

b>Diving mammals that descend to depths of 50-70 m or greater fully collapse the gas exchanging portions of their lungs and then reexpand these areas with ascent...

Warm-blooded diving animals wintering in polar regions are expected to show a high degree of morphological adaptation allowing efficient thermal insulation...

In this paper, the respiratory, circulatory and metabolic adjustments to human extreme breath-hold diving are reviewed...

b>Diving fatalities causes were investigated in 947 recreational open-circuit scuba diving deaths from 1992-2003...

..dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities in their swimming muscles to maintain an aerobic, fat-based metabolism during diving. The goal of this study was to determine whether the heart, kidneys and splanchnic organs have an elevated VV(mt) ..

..The complex effect that depth has on the diving energetics of aquatic birds has largely been ignored...

Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diving popularity is increasing tremendously, reaching a total of 9 million people in the US during 2001, and 50,000 in the UK in 1985...

Scuba diving has become a popular leisure time activity with distinct risks to health owing to its physical characteristics...

Breath-hold divers may experience haemoptysis during diving. Central pooling of blood as well as compression of pulmonary gas content can damage the integrity of the blood-gas barrier, resulting in alveolar hemorrhage...

..All scuba divers were treated with complete resolution, and three have returned to diving without further episodes...

..and has often been observed during the frequent apnoeic periods of non-avian reptiles, particularly during diving in aquatic species...

..and during dives in tufted ducks, Aythya fuligula, to investigate to what extent these may explain changes in diving behaviour...

..genes 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I to establish the relationships of 27 of the 34 endemic Iberian species of diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, and to investigate their level of divergence...

The mammalian diving response, consisting of apnea, bradycardia, and increased total peripheral resistance, can be modified by conscious awareness, fear, and anticipation...

..On the day of the experiment the rats were randomly separated into a Diving group that repetitively dived underwater, a Swimming group that repetitively swam on the surface of the water, and ..

..The duration of diving by larvae and pupae decreased with age...

The New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri, is the deepest- and longest-diving sea lion. We were interested in whether the diving ability of this animal was related to changes in its at-sea and diving metabolic rates...

..These effects are collectively termed the diving response, potentially the most powerful autonomic reflex known...

..collapse (pulmonary shunt) on the uptake and removal of O(2), CO(2) and N(2) in blood and tissue of breath-hold diving mammals...

Autonomic nervous control of heart rate was studied in voluntarily diving ducks (Aythya affinis)...

..of flights over several months by implanting a data logger that records heart rate (fH), hydrostatic pressure (diving depth) and the body angle of a large sea duck species, the common eider (Somateria mollissima)...

..The results show that ODBA does not calibrate with energy expenditure in diving cormorants, where energy expenditure is calculated from measures of oxygen uptake during surface periods between ..

Intensive recreational SCUBA diving threatens coral reef ecosystems. The reefs at Dahab, South Sinai, Egypt, are among the world's most dived (>30,000 dives y(-1)). We compared frequently dived sites to sites with no or little diving...

..If unsuccessful, then migration may continue until a more suitable site is encountered. Additional studies using a meta-analytical approach are nonetheless recommended to further resolve this matter...

Body mass positively influences diving capacities in air-breathing vertebrates and has been identified as a key determinant for the evolution of diving...

Neural control of free and forced diving bradycardia and peripheral resistance was studied in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) by means of acute pharmacological blockade with the muscarinic blocker atropine, the alpha-adrenergic blocker ..

To simulate pressure effects and experience thoracic compression while breath-hold diving in a relatively safe environment, competitive breath-hold divers exhale to residual volume before diving in a swimming pool, thus compressing the ..

This study addressed the effects of apnea in air and apnea with face immersion in cold water (10 degrees C) on the diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during dynamic exercise...

..This cardiorespiratory response, often called the diving response, is usually initiated by nasal stimulation...

Stimulation of the anterior ethmoidal nerve of the muskrat produces a cardiorespiratory depression similar to the diving response...

The presentation of clinical symptoms due to decompression during diving, varies significantly, as mainly minor disturbances for the gastrointestinal tract in particular have been reported...

b>Diving-related pulmonary effects are due mostly to increased gas density, immersion-related increase in pulmonary blood volume, and (usually) a higher inspired Po(2)...

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There is a dearth of information regarding CNS oxygen toxicity accidents in closed-circuit oxygen diving. The aims of the present study were to report the sensations and symptoms that accompany CNS oxygen toxicity accidents, and to ..

..Our objective was to determine the ontogenetic changes in the skeletal muscles of Weddell seals that transform a non-diving pup into an elite diving adult...

Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo are foot propelled diving birds that seem poorly suited to locomotion on land...

..remains controversial, although the current practice of divers and aviators is to avoid strenuous exercise after diving. Previously, we have shown that exercising 24 h before a dive, or during a decompression stop, significantly ..

..Lactating females demonstrate almost continuous diving, maximize bottom time, exhibit elevated field metabolism and frequently exceed their calculated aerobic dive limit...

..5 (P= 0.002) by pre-dive exercise, thereby increasing safety. This is the first report to indicate that pre-dive exercise may form the basis for a new way of preventing serious decompression sickness...

The theoretical aerobic diving limit (tADL) specifies the duration of a dive after which oxygen reserves available for diving are depleted...

..g. digestion) that are incompatible with the physiological adjustments to diving until after periods of active foraging...

..for durations that are consistent with their elevated stores of usable oxygen and their metabolic rate while diving being similar to that when they are resting at the surface of the water...

..Here, we use a comparative approach to examine the effect of a host's diving behavior on the taxonomic richness of its lice...

..This study examined diving behavior of An. gambiae larvae in the laboratory...

..This study examined forced and voluntary diving behavior and submergence tolerance in the three major African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae Giles, An...

..No data exist on the effect of open sea diving on the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP). Eight professional divers performed an open sea air dive to 30 msw...

..Quantification of an optimal diving model for tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) shows that while they dive efficiently by spending a minimum amount of ..

..For dives to depths >20 m, drag is by far the main component of mechanical work for these diving birds, and speed may be regulated to keep work against drag within a relatively narrow range.

b>Diving is a high-risk sport...

This study evaluated the subacute respiratory effects of diving, to try to separate the effects of ambient temperature from those of depth...

..Symptoms of neurological decompression incidents (DCS/AGE) can be severe or mild. It is unknown if these differences of symptom presentation represent different clinical entities or if they represent just the spectrum of DCS/AGE...

..2 to 0.02 bubbles/cm(2) (P < 0.0001) in the experimental group compared with the controls. The present study gives further support to the role of NO in preventing vascular bubble formation after decompression...

..This study determined whether a short-lasting NO donor, nitroglycerine, reduced bubble formation after standard dives and decompression in man...

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving continues to gain popularity. General practitioners need to know the health requirements and contraindications so they can counsel patients appropriately...

..Because decompression illness is a possibility, anyone who experiences unusual symptoms after breath-hold diving should seek immediate medical attention.

..To evaluate the effects of a submaximal exercise performed 2 h before a simulated dive on bubble formation and to observe the haemodynamic changes and their influence on bubble formation...

Worldwide, more than 1000 scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving injuries per year requiring hyperbaric recompression are documented. Approximately 80 to 90 fatalities per year are reported in North America...

SCUBA diving is a popular recreational sport. Although serious injuries occur infrequently, when they do knowledge of diving medicine and/or where to obtain appropriate consultation is essential...

..We also discuss deeper dives where there are no human data; extrapolations can be quite different for models that provide for a threshold than for models that do not...

..differential diagnosis, and currently available management of barotrauma affecting the ears and sinuses after scuba diving are reviewed, along with medical standards for resuming scuba diving after barotrauma has resolved.

..The French Navy uses the Marine Nationale 90 (MN90) decompression tables for air dives as deep as 60 msw. The resulting incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) for deep dives (45-60 msw) is one case per 3000 dives...

Recreational scuba diving has continued to grow in popularity in the past several decades, and military diving remains an integral part of ship husbandry, explosives and ordinance disposal, and special warfare...

There has been a steady in-crease of recreational scuba divers in the last years. The majority of diving associated diseases involve otorhinolaryngology, the most important of which are cochleovestibular dysfunctions as these can lead to ..

Trimix (a mixture of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen) has been used in deep diving to reduce the risk of high-pressure nervous syndrome during compression and the time required for decompression at the end of the dive...

Interest in scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving increased in the 1970s, and undersea diving continues to be a popular sport early in the 21st century, with approximately 3 million certified divers in the United ..

..have been several reports of divers suffering from decompression sickness (DCS) after repetitive breath-hold (BH) diving. In the period from 1995 to 2000 John Batle observed apparent DCS in 30 free divers competing with underwater ..

..At the end of this procedure, the patient presented a left lateral homonymous hemianopsia attributed to air embolism. Total recovery was obtained after one therapeutic recompression...

..The physical forces governing gas phase nucleation and growth in a liquid would predict less variation in the development of decompression sickness (DCS) than is known to occur in people...

..There are a number of reported cases of decompression sickness (DCS) with haemorrhages. These cases have not been sufficiently investigated and thus bleeding complications could not be directly correlated to the enhanced fibrinolysis...

..We examined a group of offshore divers in order to find out how many divers experience vestibular symptoms later in life and how this was related to occupational history and objective findings...

Even if recreational diving is gradually becoming safer, the 2-6 fatalities each year is the most serious problem in recreational diving. Human factors are behind 75% of the fatalities and medical problems seldom cause fatalities...

..We propose a new and improved method for validation based on detection of VGE...

..In the case of diving activities, POIS is rarely reported and is frequently related to unsafe diving techniques...

A prerequisite for all those who go in for the sport of scuba diving is mental and physical fitness...

Pulmonary barotrauma (PBT) is a recognised risk of compressed gas diving. Any reason that causes air trapping in the lung during ascent may cause PBT by increasing intrapulmonary pressure...

..This paper discusses the development of this interesting treatment modality, giving a brief historical overview to its current development, as well as provides some thought for its future development in Malaysia...

Breath-hold diving as a recreational and competitive sports activity is on the increase. In this review physiological limitations and medical risks associated with breath-hold diving are discussed...

Sport diving has witnessed explosive growth in the past decade, as 8.5 million people are certified in the United States alone. Even though scuba diving is a relatively safe sport, there are serious risks that all divers must consider...

..weaned and commence a 2- 3 month long fast, all-the-while continuing to develop organ systems required for diving that will ensue following their postweaning fast...

..weaned and commence a 2- 3 month long fast, all-the-while continuing to develop organ systems required for diving that will ensue following their postweaning fast...

..weaned and commence a 2- 3 month long fast, all-the-while continuing to develop organ systems required for diving that will ensue following their postweaning fast...

The diving reflex is the most powerful autonomic reflex. Stimulation of the diving reflex evokes a pronounced bradycardia with heart rate decreasing up to 51% upon a single facial submersion...

The diving reflex is the most powerful autonomic reflex. Stimulation of the diving reflex evokes a pronounced bradycardia with heart rate decreasing up to 51% upon a single facial submersion...

The trigeminocardiac and diving reflexes are among the most powerful autonomic reflexes...

The trigeminocardiac and diving reflexes are among the most powerful autonomic reflexes...

..swimming) have abnormal responses to chemoreflex activation, particularly during apnea, and abnormalities in the diving reflex response...

..is relatively common in professions involving almost any water source, including aquarium maintenance, fishing and diving. Currently, infections occur at a frequency of nearly 200 per year in the U.S...

..Our sampling methods include plankton towing, blue water SCUBA diving, midwater trawling and submersible/ROV operations...

..Our sampling methods include plankton towing, blue water SCUBA diving, midwater trawling and submersible/ROV operations...

..The fact that our mutants are defective in dividing as well as non-diving cells is concordant with recent data indicating that nuclear transport of the HIV-1 genome is independent of ..

..will prove useful in understanding chemoreflex function in situations where blood gas levels change for brief periods (sleep, diving, exercise, hemorrhage) and prolonged periods (sojourns to high altitude, congestive heart failure).

..We will examine the influence of each of these conditions on three upper airway reflex responses: the "diving" response, the laryngeal chemo reflex and the load-compensating reflex response to upper airway obstruction...

..First, adult muscle has been shown to contain stem cells that are capable of diving, transdifferentiation and engraftment...

..The cardiorespiratory depression (the diving response) seen after stimulation of he upper respiratory tract (URT) has served as my model...

..Having a better understanding of brainstem cardiorespiratory integration might provide a neurological basis for the etiology of SIDS. ..

..As such, this research has implications for understanding the etiology of neurogenic hypertension. ..