radio waves

..If such a risk does exist, the matter would be of considerable public health importance, given the rapid increase worldwide in the use of these devices...

..The authors have discovered a novel property of SWNTs-heat release in a radiofrequency (RF) field-that they hypothesized may be used to produce thermal cytotoxicity in malignant cells...

..CONCLUSIONS: A register-based approach has limited value in risk assessment of cellular phone use owing to lack of information on exposure...

..To investigate an alternative approach to correct for flip angle inaccuracies in the driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 (DESPOT1) T1 mapping method...

..These results provide information applicable to improving the precision of exposure metrics for epidemiological studies of GSM mobile phones and may have broader application for other mobile phone systems and geographic locations...

..Whether SAM will provide a conservative value for the pinna depends on the pinna SAR limit of the safety standard considered...

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..68 W/kg are mildly thermogenic and are counteracted efficiently by normal thermophysiologic heat loss mechanisms, principally sweating...

..There is a general concern on the possible hazardous health effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiations (RFR) emitted from mobile phone base station antennas on the human nervous system...

..To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study...

..The monopolar mode showed the worst performance since the two probes in close vicinity create a disadvantageous electric field configuration. We, thus, conclude that alternating monopolar RF ablation is superior to the other two methods...

..Therefore, in this pilot human volunteer study, using proteomics approach, we have examined whether a local exposure of human skin to RF-EMF will cause changes in protein expression in living people...

..The objective of this study was to develop an estimate of a radio frequency (RF) dose as the amount of mobile phone RF energy absorbed at the location of a brain tumour, for use in the Interphone Epidemiological Study...

..In this paper, however, only the T2 and T2* results on a single volunteer are presented. The reported field dependence of T2 and T2* values should, therefore, be given less weight than that of T1 times...

..We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effect of cellular phone use on the risk of brain tumor development...

..Particular attention was paid to estimating the amount and direction of potential recall and participation biases and their impact on the study results...

..If such individuals exist, they represent a small minority and have not been identified yet. The available observational studies do not allow differentiating between biophysical from EMF and nocebo effects...

..To examine whether a simulated mobile telephone transmission at 915 MHz has an effect on cognitive function in man...

..54, P < 0.001). We conclude that the temperature-controlled application of radio frequency energy to the airways can reduce airway responsiveness to MCh for at least 3 yr in dogs by reducing airway smooth muscle contractility...

..This is discomforting, because genotoxic effects of the second generation standard Global System for Mobile Communication have been reported after exposure of human cells in vitro...

..The regulation of blood pressure is not influenced by ultra high frequency (UHF) RFEMF at levels commonly encountered in the use of mobile communication devices...

..The patient developed increasing knee pain and disability 6 months after arthroscopic meniscectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed subchondral osteonecrosis of both femoral condyles with cyst formation...

..This conclusion is supported by a comparison of pressure induced in the body by RF pulses to pressure associated with hazardous acoustic energy and clinical ultrasound procedures...

..Our results show that, under the experimental conditions used, exposure of primary rat neurons to CW RF fields may induce a caspase-independent pathway to apoptosis that involves AIF...

..To compare the MRI-related heating per unit of specific absorption rate (SAR) profile of a conductive implant between two 1.5-Tesla/64 MHz MR systems using a transmit/receive (t/r) head coil configuration...

..The aim of this study was to examine whether biological effects such as different modes of cell death and gene expression modifications related to tumorgenesis are detectable above the threshold defined...

..On the basis of previous reviews of older literature and the current review of recent literature, one can conclude that the evidence for any proven health effects (related to the topics above) of low-level RFE exposure is minimal...

..We speculate that bcl-2 may not be involved in the effects of radiation on the brain and testes of rats...

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..69, 2.13); for meningioma, it was 1.34 (95% confidence interval: 0.64, 2.81). However, the slight increase in risk observed with increasing duration of exposure merits further research with larger sample sizes...

..These results indicate that 1763 MHz RF radiation alone did not elicit any stress response, nor did it have any effect on TPA-induced MAPK phosphorylation, under our experimental conditions...

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..In conclusion, this 2-year animal study involving long-term exposures to RF radiation and MX did not provide any evidence for enhanced genotoxicity in rats exposed to RF radiation...

..mRFE had the highest stiffness value compared to other treatments and significantly higher values than MD. A significant correlation was observed between the mechanical properties of HC and ZCC thickness...

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..35; P = .03). Personal dosimetry for exposure to mobile phone base station might be feasible in epidemiologic studies. However, the consistency seems to be moderate...

..No effects were observed for continuous-wave radio frequency electromagnetic fields. These findings provide further evidence for a nonthermal biological effect of pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic fields...

..Nevertheless, the WHO evaluation for health risk assessment of long-term telephone use and base station exposure will start in late 2005...

..Saline jets may be a superior cutting instrument than RF or shavers when considering depth of residual damage and smoothness of residual meniscal edges...

..The conclusions of the review do not support the assumption that the energy exposure increases due to smaller heads, but identifies open issues regarding the dielectric tissue parameters and the thickness of the pinna...

..Surgeons using this technology need to be aware of the power and dangerous potential these probes can have on articular cartilage...

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..In line-of-sight scenarios, all programs are able to predict the exposure accurately, whereas in non-line-of-sight situations, free space models overestimate the real exposure by some orders of magnitude...

..From our study of these two cell lines, we found no significant difference between sham-exposed versus radiofrequency-exposed cells in any of the assays or conditions examined...

..The study design was experimental, randomized complete block, n=8, using fifteen mature ponies...

..Neither electrosurgical system exceeded the set temperature of 70 degrees C. These findings provide basic tissue temperature characteristics for the newly developed, temperature-controlled RF devices applied to articular cartilage...

..Such differences can be explained by the lower thicknesses of pinna, skin and skull of the younger child models...

..There is a tendency toward the agreement between experimental and theoretical results, although we have observed that the theoretical model overestimates the lesion dimension...

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..Although this study mainly sought to validate the accuracy of self-reported laterality of mobile telephone use in adolescents, investigation also covered number and duration of calls...

..After analyzing the current and future benefits of this technique it finally suggests future lines and trends in the research of this area...

..67 and 0.96, respectively. We could demonstrate that it is feasible to model personal RF-EMF exposure. Most importantly, our validation study suggests that the model can be used to assess average exposure over several months...

..However, in response to public concern and the perceived level of scientific uncertainty, there are continuing calls for the application of the precautionary principle to radiofrequency exposures from mobile phones and base stations...

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..The number of mice in each treatment group in this study was small (n = 10 or n = 20). Therefore, repetition of this study with a larger number of animals is required to confirm these observations...

..Recent studies that may indicate an increased incidence of cancer in exposed populations should be investigated further...

..The aim of the cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to continuous low-level radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) emitted from mobile phone base stations was related to various health disturbances...

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..In each case, I show that it is unlikely that low intensity fields can generate significant physiological consequences...

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..Caution should be used in treating fibrillated cartilage with radiofrequency energy, particularly with the bipolar devices tested...

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..The observed tissue heating at the body surface under adiabatic conditions can be significant, whereas the temperature increase in the inner organs turned out to be negligible for the cases investigated...

..These results indicate that temperature-related biologically relevant effects on the middle and inner ear, induced by the RF emissions of typical handheld mobile communication devices, are unlikely...

..It seems that the external shape of the head and the distribution of different tissues within the head play a significant role in the RF energy absorption...

..In addition, such tissues lack the integrative properties of synapses and neuronal networks that render the central nervous system potentially more vulnerable...

..The current distribution is then transformed to a conductor pattern by use of a stream function technique. Preliminary MR images acquired using a prototype RF coil are presented and validate the design method...

..Examples pertinent to very low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are presented and discussed...

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..It also includes an assessment of the potential susceptibility of children to EMFs and concludes with a recommendation for additional research and the development of precautionary policies in the face of scientific uncertainty...

..However, even in this case, efficiency is much lower than promised by manufacturers and decreases even more if it is taken into account that the head naturally remains uncovered and hence unshielded...

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..However, a conservative exposure estimate can be obtained by applying a multiplication factor between 1 and 3 to the values assessed using current experimental dosimetric techniques...

..The findings from this study demonstrate that B(+)(1) imaging is a valuable experimental technique to gain more knowledge about the dielectric interaction of RF fields with the human anatomy...

..These results demonstrate the potential of this interstitial, monopolar induction coil device for heating large tumours using a single applicator delivered through a single needle insertion...

..12 MHz, produced the optimal heating pattern, as determined using tissue-mimicking phantom models...

..3 m of medical equipment. In the appendix, we suggest some practical recommendations intended to minimize the potential for electromagnetic hazards due to therapeutic application of RF energy...

..0 T SENSE functional MRI. Numerical results show that the signal dropout and the average SNR are two major concerns in SENSE coil array design. A good design should be a balance of these two factors...

..During exposure sessions, rats were restrained in special plastic jigs for repeatable positioning, thus assuring the fixed level of dose in the target...

..We propose a 2 mm thin shell phantom with lossy ear that should give SARs within +/- 15% of those of anatomic models...

..The lower environmental and healthy impact due to a micro-cells network compared to a conventional network is discussed...

..Overall our data suggest that 900 MHz radiofrequency exposure up to 72 h does not induce significant alterations in the three principal cell activities in a neuroblastoma cell line...

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..It is shown that under similar conditions, the 1g-SAR calculated for children is higher than that for the adults. When using the 10-year old child model, SAR values higher than 60% than those for adults are obtained...

..Measurements were performed at 200 sites around 47 mobile phone base stations. It was found that the RF/MW radiation from these base stations were well below the maximum exposure limits set by various agencies...

..No statistically significant effects of exposure were found and there is no indication that emissions from mobile phones are associated with adverse effects on the human immune system...

..The correctness of the analysis of this later design procedure has been verified by experimental results. Measurements with a human tissue simulant also show little deviation from the predictions...

..The possibility of using the aforementioned modes for specific types of imaging application is briefly reviewed...

..A novel asymmetric coil operating for a 4.5 T MRI machine was designed and constructed using this methodology and the results are presented...

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..There was generally a good correlation between a given measure of electric field strength and the same measure of magnetic field strength...

..The noise performance of each resonator will, in consequence, be comparable, since at high frequencies patient conductive losses are predominant...

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..The result shows that precision analysis taking into account the biological properties is very important for developing the transcutaneous transformer for TAH...

..As the resonant circuit is heated efficiently, it can be used as an implant for the hyperthermia. It was indicated that a RF pulse of a commercial MRI system under normal diagnosis procedure could be used for the excitation source...

..Because of the present fragmentary scientific database, a precautionary approach when dealing with radio and microwave frequency radiation is recommended for the individual and the general population...

..This technique should be particularly useful for in vivo studies of free radicals and their metabolism...

..The scientific literature is summarized, integrated, and critically analyzed with the help of authoritative reviews by recognized experts, international safety guidelines are also cited...

..Standard limits can only be exceeded in the unpractical situation where the antenna is located at a very short distance in front of the eye...

..Experimental phantoms using a fluid to simulate the dielectric properties of the brain may be used for determination of peak 1- or 10-g SAR needed for compliance with the various safety standards...

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breasts, which uses radio waves and magnets rather than x-rays, identifies abnormalities by their appearance and their response to an injected substance, and can detect cancers not visible on x-..

..In its current implementation, TCT utilizes brief pulses of radio waves at 434 MHz to stimulate acoustic emissions in soft tissue...

..The FDA approval process for head, knee, and neck coils will also begin during the Phase II. ..

..Aim 3: Identify and quantify the relationship between atrophy and olfactory dysfunction at the sites of early degeneration. ..

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..This work will lay the foundation for development of clinically useful head and body gradient coils that can outperform existing coils before inducing PNS. ..

..The FDA approval process will be initiated near the end of Phase II, and marketing, manufacturing, and licensing discussions will be pursued with Siemens, GE Medical Systems, Magnex, and perhaps others. ..

..The Phase II will include testing of the instruments by Dr. Ad Bax, chief scientist at NIH-NIDDK. ..

..The prototype probe will be tested by Dr. Ad Bax at the NIH. The Phase II will complete the developments necessary for commercial products compatible with Bruker and Varian narrow-bore spectrometers at fields at least up to 800 MHz. ..

..The primary objectives are to achieve substantial improvements in resolution, convenience, and cost effectiveness for small-animal imaging in existing high-field vertical-bore magnets. ..

..The complete coil will be constructed and tested during Phase II. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..Aim 3: Identify and quantify the relationship between atrophy and olfactory dysfunction at the sites of early degeneration. ..

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..The proposed ultra- high-power NMR probe development is expected to enhance the ability to determine molecular structures of large, insoluble, membrane proteins by advanced NMR methods by more than an order of magnitude in many cases. ..

..For the more common field of 7 T, S/N gains will be even greater. ..

..The Phase II will include testing of the instruments by Dr. Ad Bax, chief scientist at NIH-NIDDK. ..

..Initial field-testing at the University of Georgia is expected midway through the Phase II. Subsequent work following this Phase II is expected to extend the technology to 800 MHz. ..

..We will develop, implement, and demonstrate technology to make MRI safer, faster, and more effective for all research and, eventually, medical applications. ..

..Total upgrade market potential over the decade following completion of the Phase II exceeds $40M. ..

..This new sensing approach will provide a wearable, cost-effective, selective sensor for de- tection of toxic volatile species. ..

..Further analyses of possible interactions between EMF and specific chemicals will also be conducted. ..

..The University of Wisconsin provides an exceptional environment for interaction with experts in a variety of fields, and it is well known for its exceptional research programs, especially in the medical sciences. ..

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..These advanced techniques will thereby provide a new quality of information and thus new opportunities for clinicians and scientists who endeavor to study and treat diseases of the lung. ..

..Furthermore, the proposed technique, when implemented, will supply a tool with new capabilities for MRI-based research into the pathogenesis of disseminated diseases of the brain. ..

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..With new understanding, data, and thermal measurement methods, high field human MRI will become safer. ..

..The long-term goal is to become a main supplier of new high-quality low-noise miniature preamplifiers for the MRI hardware industry. ..

..Therefore, the implant's longevity may be enhanced by using this simple and relatively inexpensive preparative procedure. ..

..This development will enable the next phase of the project to perform in vivo study of DDIF to further validate the method for clinical osteoporosis diagnostics and the treatment monitoring. ..

..It will also provide important information to both guide future clinical trials and identify barriers to effective treatment of depression in these patients. ..

..We will use these methods to determine if spectroscopic imaging of glutamine can aid in the monitoring the response of malignant gliomas to radiochemotherapy. ..

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..Improvements in data quality and diagnostics results will be evaluated toprove the new technology and methods developed. ..

..4 million Americans who die each year. Myocardial elastography is a unique technique that may be capable of mapping both the mechanical and electrical properties of the myocardium for early detection of disease. ..

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..We will generalize a method for assessing the quantity and environment of a paramagnetic probe required in specific application such as imaging drug delivery, cell migration and tumor growth. ..

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..The objective of this study is to elucidate the interactions between ultrasound, microbubbles and the local microenvironment during BBB opening with FUS. ..

..The project will advance the safety and performance of the MRI technology impacting research in medicine in general and in Alzheimer's disease in particular. ..

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..We propose a novel technique Pulse Wave Imaging (PWI) for direct estimation of vascular stiffness to follow disease progression and predict propensity for rupture. ..

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..The project will advance the safety and performance of the MRI technology impacting research in medicine in general and in Alzheimer's disease in particular. ..

..The availability of thousands of clinical MRI scanners offers a great opportunity for advancing 23Na MRI as a tool for assessing sodium pump function in human heart disease. ..