cosmic radiation

..The Mars Radiation Environment Model has been made available worldwide through the Space Ionizing Radiation Effects and Shielding Tools (SIREST) website, a project of NASA Langley Research Center...

..Our finding raises an important concern about cognitive and emotional risks associated with radiation exposure...

..Aviation involves exposure to ionizing radiation of cosmic origin. The association between lesions of the ocular lens and ionizing radiation is well-known...

Because of the lack of recorded flight history for cabin crew, a retrospective assessment of exposure to cosmic radiation is complicated. Our aim was to develop an assessment method for occupational exposure based on flight timetables.

..In 2000, the European Union had gone ahead with legislation which requires all European airlines to monitor cosmic radiation levels during flight and to inform aircrew of the possible health risks...

..These preliminary data demonstrate that flight on a stratospheric balloon might affect antioxidant metabolism, though it is not yet possible to correlate these results with low radiation exposure during flight...

b>Cosmic radiation is an occupational risk factor for commercial aircrews...

..It is a continuation of a previous study using regolith and doped polyethylene materials. This paper describes the results and their comparison with the previous study...

The results of investigations of the neutron component (E=1-10 MeV) of cosmic radiation on board the "Armenian Airlines" aircrafts using nuclear photoemulsion are presented...

..Model shortcomings are discussed and future needs presented...

..The report of SC 75 was published in December 2000 as NCRP Report No. 132. In this presentation an overview of the findings and recommendations of the committee report will be presented...

..We compare calculations done based on identical fields of radiation representative of that encountered by the MIR space station, applying each of these two methods...

..Peculiarities of the impact of permanent radiation sources (galactic cosmic rays and trapped radiation) and the variable one (solar cosmic rays) are taken into consideration...

..In terms of the generalized dose, it is possible to assess the nature and extent of lowering a crew working capacity, as well as radiation risk, both during a flight and post flight period...

Measurements of the complex cosmic radiation field in aircraft at altitude are made with a passive survey meter comprising routine-use thermoluminescent detectors and etched track detectors...

..Total dosimetric characteristics obtained as a sum of both components mentioned are a little lower than previously reported...

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..The total dose equivalent rate determined by the HTR-method was 210 +/- 15 nSv/h. The results are in good agreement with LET-spectrometer and Sievert counter measurements carried out simultaneously...

..It was also found that these doses vary from one expedition to another. The correlation of these variations with the solar activity level was studied...

..6 +/- 0.5 degrees N. These measurements are of direct applicability to the International Space Station. This paper represents a comprehensive review of Mir Space Station radiation data available from a variety of sources...

..The analysis demonstrates a high effectiveness of the described methods when applied to quite a number of space physics problems...

..1 (SAA). Separate LET spectra and temporal variations of the absorbed dose rates and of the mean quality factors are presented for these two radiation components as well as for solar energetic particles of the November 6, 1997 event...

..This indicates that in low earth orbit, trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly are responsible for the major fraction of the total dose equivalent...

..In order to overcome problems with detector saturation after standard chemical processing, measurement of LET spectrum in the least shielded CR-39 PNTD layer (0.005 g/cm2 Al) was carried out using an atomic force microscope...

..This data also provides information about the dose and the quality factor of the radiation to which the cosmonauts were exposed during different missions. These data are compared with measurements obtained using a solid state detector...

..Finally, the differences between our results and those obtained by another group using passive dosimeters on the MIR are discussed...

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..Dependences of the delayed radiation consequences mentioned above on flight duration, spacecraft shielding thicknesses, solar activity and cosmonauts' age are analyzed...

..The NASA Strategic Plan to accomplish these objectives in a manner consistent with the high priority assigned to the protection and health maintenance of crews will be presented...

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..The results show good agreement between the model calculations and the MARIE measurements as presented for the March 2002 dataset...

..The Austrian dosimeter sets for this first exposure on the ISS contained five different kinds of passive thermoluminescent dosimeters. First results showed a position dependent absorbed dose rate at the ISS...

..5-2.2 x 10(3) keV/micrometers and the value of equivalent dose 360 microSv/day was estimated. The flux of biologically dangerous heavy particles with Z > or = 2 was measured (3.85 x 10(3) particles/cm2)...

..In order to understand the exact RBE and any interaction with microgravity, the ISS centrifugation system will be a critical tool, and it is hoped that this system will be in operation as soon as possible...

..Particle transport has been performed with the HZETRN heavy ion code for hadrons and with an in-house developed transport code for electrons and bremsstrahlung photons. The obtained doses have been compared to dose exposure limits...

..These position-specific results are compared with the average values usually used for radiation protection purposes. Various thicknesses of aluminum shielding, representative of nominal spacecraft, are used in the analyses...

..Design scenarios are then evaluated for these missions. The underlying assumptions in arriving at the model environments and their impact on mission exposures within various shield materials will be discussed...

..spectra, flux and dose rates for protons and the biologically-relevant heavy ion components of the galactic cosmic radiation will be measured simultaneously with near real time resolution at different depths of the phantom by a ..

..This paper presents measured and calculated results for the radiation transport properties of these samples...

..Specifically, consideration is given to the facts of negative effects of space power reactor facilities on results of orbital astrophysical investigations...

..Total dosimetry characteristics obtained in this way are in reasonable agreement with other data, neutron contribution representing approximately 40% of the total dose equivalent for the flight duration outside of the SAA...

..Presented are the test results of the prototype unit. Liulin-5 will be flown on the ISS in the year 2003...

..Potential countermeasures include shielding, medication consisting of radical scavengers, anti-oxidant consumption, cytokines, and cell transplants...

..We find a one-to-one correspondence between the portion of the orbit predicted to be subjected to solar protons and the portion of the orbit where solar particle dose measurements were obtained...

..reduced gravity (on the Moon) and abrupt gravity changes (during launch and landing), of the effects of cosmic radiation including solar particle events, of psychological issues as well as general health care...

The assessment of exposure to cosmic radiation on board aircraft is one of the preoccupations of organizations responsible for radiation protection...

..At the same time the growth of micromicets on the samples of various materials was studied. The description of the "SCORPION" experiment and the preliminary results obtained onboard the RS ISS in 2002 are presented...

..It uses a locally weighted regression model, which is easier to train, and provides predictions as accurate as the neural network models that were used previously...

..It was found that they correlate with the results of other independent investigations...

..Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry...

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..A dedicated computer code was written and applied to solar particle events and to the mission to Mars. The results suggest that altered myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in microgravity might increase human radiosensitivity in space...

..Methods for optimization of spacecraft shielding and the associated role of materials selection are discussed. One material which may prove to be an important radiation protection material is hydrogenated carbon nanofibers...

..In space. exposure to radiation generally includes all of the critical organs. Biological and toxicological impacts have been included for discussion along with alternative risk mitigation methods--shielding and anti-carcinogens...

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..Future missions as e.g. INTEGRAL, STRV-1c and PROBA will be equipped with new SREMs...

..These results demonstrate the possibility of this facility for radiobiology studies of the effects of low dose rates comparable to the LEO environment...

..A parallel technical study is also in progress to define the workable techniques and the possible configurations of a system of magnetic lenses for protecting the crew of a spaceship...

..This report comprises some selected results of recent manned missions and indicates where improvements should be achieved and closes with the description of future measurements planned onboard the International Space Station (ISS)...

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..information on the biological damage produced by the bombardment of heavy high-energy (HZE) particles of cosmic radiation during spaceflight. Such data are required for estimating radiation hazards in manned spaceflight...

..community was selected for comparison because of its altitude (3,200 m) and accompanying relatively high cosmic radiation dose rate, and the fact the size of its population is comparable to that of the Amargosa Valley...

The space radiation environment consists of trapped particle radiation, solar particle radiation, and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), in which protons are the most abundant particle type...

..In this study, spores of B. subtilis were used to study the effects of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) on spore survival and induced mutagenesis...

..Long route aviation pilots display elevated oncogenic risk, connected with cosmic radiation overexposure, and high mortality rates for cardiovascular causes...

In the course of their work, aircraft crew and frequent flyers are exposed to elevated levels of cosmic radiation of galactic and solar origin and secondary radiation produced in the atmosphere, aircraft structure, etc...

Protection from chronic exposure to cosmic radiation, which is primarily composed of protons, in future manned missions to Mars and beyond is considered to be a key unresolved issue...

Spaceflight represents a complex environmental condition in which several interacting factors such as cosmic radiation, microgravity and space magnetic fields are involved, which may provoke stress responses and jeopardize genome ..

..This spectrometer has provided the first high statistics data set for galactic cosmic radiation protons, and helium, as well as limited spectral data on carbon and oxygen nuclei in the International Space ..

..and fatty acid may be explained by the consumption both during the repair process of DNA damage induced by cosmic radiation and during the germination of seeds because the dormancy of alfalfa seeds had been broken up by space flight ..

..effectiveness (RBE), because the spacial and temporal distribution of initial physical damage induced by cosmic radiation differ significantly from that of X-rays...

Space and cosmic radiation is characterized by energetic heavy ions of high linear energy transfer (LET)...

..expressed by the participants fell into five main areas: deep vein thrombosis, air quality, infection, cosmic radiation, and jet lag and work patterns...

..While it was shown recently that secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation and other sources have probably been the reason for the high measured concentrations of the long-lived ..

The amount of exposure to cosmic radiation during air travel is next to a number of additional factors mainly dependent on the flight level of the aircraft...

..aircraft are a large occupationally exposed group with a relatively high average effective dose from galactic cosmic radiation. Crews of future high-speed commercial aircraft flying at higher altitudes would be even more exposed...

..blood lymphocytes after long-term space flight, because crews are exposed to HZE particles from galactic cosmic radiation. However, in a cytogenetic study of ten astronauts after long-term missions on the Mir or International Space ..

Astronauts receive exposures to high-energy heavy ions from galactic cosmic radiation. Although high-energy heavy ions are mutagenic and carcinogenic, their mutagenic potency in epithelial cells, where most human cancers develop, is ..

..By comparison, previous estimates of exposure of Irish air crew to cosmic radiation have given rise to an estimated collective dose of 12 000 man mSv...

One of the concerns for extended space flight outside the magnetosphere is exposure to galactic cosmic radiation. In the series of studies presented herein, the mutagenic effectiveness of high energy heavy ions is examined using human B-..

Interaction of solar protons and galactic cosmic radiation with the atmosphere and other materials produces high-energy secondary neutrons from below 1 to 1000 MeV and higher...

There is no evidence that natural radiation (cosmic radiation or from natural radioiosotopes) increases the risk for thyroid diseases...

..exposure to bacterial and parasitic infections; and life in a multistress environment (high altitude, cold, cosmic radiation, low ambient humidity)...

..08 and 0.35 mSv at outdoor and indoor atmospheres, respectively. The annual average cosmic radiation doses were found to be 0.08 and 0...

..these systems, their following basic parameters were investigated: the response to terrestrial and cosmic radiation, the detectors' inherent background, the response at low dose rates, the energy dependence of the response as ..

..The possibility that occupational exposure of flight personnel to cosmic radiation can induce an adaptive response in their peripheral lymphocytes that can be detected by a subsequent in vitro ..

We investigated the lethal and mutagenic effects of high linear energy transfer cosmic radiation on 11 strains of Escherichia coli, including DNA repair-deficient mutants, using the Radiation Monitoring Container and Dosimeter in the ..

..for radiation therapy at neutron beams, and for dosimetry of high-energy neutrons produced by high-energy cosmic radiation interacting with nuclei (nitrogen and oxygen) in the atmosphere...

..are frequently used for charged particle's detection; one application being in the investigation of cosmic radiation fields...

Human beings have direct access to their own mental states, but can only indirectly observe cosmic radiation and enzyme kinetics...

..particles is needed for both heavy-ion therapy (hadrontherapy) and protection from the exposure to galactic cosmic radiation in long-term manned space missions. Although the exposure conditions (e.g. high- vs...

..simple function of the solar deceleration potential has been derived that can be used to predict the galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) dose rates to within +/-10%...

..shielding design and evaluation has provided a series of deterministic computer codes that describe galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), solar particle events, and experimental beams at particle accelerators...

..The sensitivity of CR-39 to the neutron component of cosmic radiation was estimated by irradiating samples of the plastic at the CERN-CEC High Energy Reference Field Facility...

..unique not only for neutron dosimetry but also for monitoring and identifying high-energy heavy ions such as cosmic radiation in the space...

To study whether increased cancer risk, particularly of cancer types previously related to radiation, was found among cabin attendants, using employment time as a surrogate of exposure to cosmic radiation.

..dose rate was about twice as high as the calculated rate, even after subtracting the contribution from cosmic radiation. This may be explained by the fact that intensimeters generally are calibrated to measure the quantity ..

..The results indicate that PHITS is a suitable tool for estimation of doses received from cosmic radiation and for study of the shielding of spacecraft against cosmic radiation.

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..Existing reconstruction techniques will be adapted to provide absolute spatial information. With fusion, images can be combined with CT, MRI, or PET for anatomical and physiological information. ..

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..It is expected that graduates of the training program will continue with their research and academic careers in radiation biology and oncology. ..

..In addition to the dissemination of results in conferences and peer-reviewed publications, all models will be publicly distributed through internet archives. ..

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..The target audiences will be radiologists, pediatricians, family physicians, and the CT industry. We will use telephone interviews supplemented with survey questions, to aid in web content decisions. ..

..It is the secondary mutations that lead to advance, aggressive disease in people. ..

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..This will require the design and implementation of novel neuroinformatics tools for data handling and integration, and their distribution to the wider neuroscience community. ..

..The results obtained with low fluence iron-ion exposures will serve as a model for terrestrial exposures to radon and neutrons. ..

..We have considerably more demand for microbeam time than we can cope with, primarily because of limited physicist manpower. ..

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..We believe that this package, portable to all major platforms and freely distributed, will further neuroanatomy, computational modeling, and scientific education. ..