larva

..l.) species complex, namely A. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis. Historically, the former species was proportionately dominant in indoor resting collections of females...

..This is the first observation, to our knowledge, of a tissue-scale H(2)O(2) pattern, and the first evidence that H(2)O(2) signals to leukocytes in tissues, in addition to its known antiseptic role...

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..xylostella strain did not lead to changes in the level of resistance to permethrin, supporting further the specific involvement of CYP6BG1 in the resistance...

..bantam microRNA simultaneously stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis. We identify the pro-apoptotic gene hid as a target for regulation by bantam miRNA, providing an explanation for bantam's anti-apoptotic activity...

..Thus, the availability of nutrients is remotely sensed in fat body cells and conveyed to the brain IPCs by a humoral signal controlling ILP release...

..Taken together, our findings suggest that NompC mediates proprioception in locomotion and support its role as a mechanosensitive channel...

..These novel photoreceptors use phototransduction machinery distinct from other photoreceptors in Drosophila and enable larvae to sense light exposure over their entire bodies and move out of danger...

..Thus, phages vector ecologically important traits, such as defense against parasitoids, within and among symbiont and animal host lineages...

..This study aimed to determine the characteristics of larval habitats most frequently and most densely populated by anopheline larvae and to estimate the numbers of adults produced in different habitats...

..Lack of postsynaptic action currents in the mutants suggests that the remaining hair-cell synaptic vesicles contain insufficient levels of glutamate for generation of action potentials in first-order neurons...

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The dauer larva state and the age-1 mutation, both of which extend life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans, were tested for hyperresistance to cellular damage that may be relevant to aging...

..Determination of presence and abundance of malaria vector is vital for effective control and epidemic risk assessment of malaria among both local residents and tourists...

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..In addition, a crosstalk between HA and GSK3beta signaling during tail regeneration was demonstrated...

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..Here we provide evidence that Drosophila p53 (dp53) has a previously unidentified role in coordinating the compensatory growth response to tissue damage...

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..After community sensitization, two drains were cleaned followed by maintenance. This paper assessed the impact of the intervention on community awareness, prevalence of malaria infection, and Anopheles larval presence in drains...

..Our results demonstrate that TcMet functions in JH response and provide the critical evidence that the putative JH receptor Met mediates the antimetamorphic effect of JH...

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..Given the similarities of Srp and Lz to mammalian GATA and AML1 proteins, observations in Drosophila are likely to have broad implications for understanding mammalian hematopoiesis and leukemias...

..Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, the combined use of two high-throughput technologies as a powerful approach for accelerating the studies of non-model but otherwise important species...

..We conclude that NaCOI1 is essential for induced resistance in N. attenuata, and that ir-coi1 plants highlight the benefits of herbivore movement for avoiding induced defenses...

..Many process-based models use mean air temperature to estimate larval development times, and hence adult vector densities and/or malaria risk...

..These findings indicate that a specific factor in royal jelly, royalactin, drives queen development through an Egfr-mediated signalling pathway...

..Interestingly, the phenotype of flies lacking IPCs includes certain features of diabetes mellitus...

..We conclude that PTTH initiates metamorphosis by activation of the Torso/ERK pathway...

..It has a complex life cycle during which the larva (called a nauplius) molts six times before transforming into the cyprid stage. The cyprid stage in B...

..Thus, in addition to stimulating transducin, light also independently induces release of Ca2+ into the photoreceptor cytoplasm...

..Metamorphosis is an important process in the life cycle of holometabolous insects and is regulated by insect hormones. During metamorphosis, the epidermis goes through a significant transformation at the biochemical and molecular levels...

..A pharmacological study showed that JNK signaling is required in tail regeneration. These results support the proposition that Xwnt-5a plays an instructive role in larval tail regeneration via Wnt/JNK signaling...

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..In addition, we provide guidelines for visually detecting B. dendrobatidis in R. muscosa tadpoles, which may be useful in other affected species. Field surveys of infected and uninfected populations verify this identification technique...

..These findings are discussed in terms of the evolution of this developmental process within the anurans...

..These results highlight the dynamic nature of PKC signalling during S. mansoni postembryonic development and support a role for active PKC in restricting transformation of S. mansoni miracidia into mother sporocysts...

..Dengue has propagated widely through the Americas. Most countries have not been able to maintain permanent larval mosquito control programs, and the long-term effects of control actions have rarely been documented...

..This physical control method has the potential to become a safe, cost-effective, and resistance-proof malaria vector control tool...

..Given that most inhabitants of the highlands actually dwell in the uphill regions, it is important to develop understanding of mosquito breeding habitat stability in these sites in order to determine their potential for larval control...

..gambiae populations. The increase in vector abundance as a result of reduced predator diversity highlights the public health value in conserving native insect diversity...

..Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity...

..In this protocol, we provide guidelines for the use of these two novel systems, which should have general utility in studying Drosophila biology and in using the fly as a model for human disease...

..Septic tanks are likely to be common and widespread in suburban and rural Puerto Rico, where, apparently, they can contribute significantly to the maintenance of island-wide dengue virus endemicity...

..In contrast, the Drosophila larva has a simple brain with uniquely identifiable neural networks, providing an opportunity of an attractive ..

..18-Wheeler does not qualify as a pattern recognition receptor of Gram-negative bacteria...

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..However, temporary favourable conditions, such as during El Niño years, may increase larval vector survival and may lead to malaria epidemics...

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..Stereotypic representation of single OSN input in calyx glomeruli provides a mechanism for MB neurons to detect and discriminate olfactory cues...

..arabiensis than to An. gambiae in western Kenya highlands. However, environmental changes such as deforestation and global warming may facilitate the establishment of An. arabiensis populations in the highlands...

..These data suggest that the expression of Tcbr during the final instar larval stage promotes pupal program while suppressing the larval and adult programs ensuring a transitory pupal stage in holometabolous insects...

..These findings are discussed in light of the possible intra- and intercellular mechanisms of adaptation and the advantage of altered sensitivity for the larva.

..As the Drosophila larva has turned into a particularly simple model for studying odor processing, a detailed neuronal and functional map ..

..Further research is needed to determine if the bacteria are also transferred in the same way in nature...

..Such an understanding, we believe, will allow the analysis to be extended to the motivating factors of behaviour, eventually leading to a comprehensive account of those systems which make Drosophila do what Drosophila's got to do...

..Cells within all lymph gland lobes, including prohemocytes from posterior lobes, massively differentiate into a new cell type specifically devoted to encapsulation, the lamellocyte...

..It is suggested that strategies comprising an integrated malaria control effort in malaria-endemic African cities include participatory involvement of farmers by planting shade trees near larval habitats...

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..We conclude that HGL-DTGs or other minor undetected diterpenoids derived from GGPP function as direct defenses for N. attenuata and are more potent than nicotine or trypsin protease inhibitors against attack by hornworm larvae...

..Its key role in haemocyte homeostasis is reminiscent of interactions described in vertebrates between haematopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment (niche)...

..Our data suggest that thermotaxis relies upon neurons and molecules distinct from those required for high-temperature nociception. We propose dTRPA1 may control thermotaxis by sensing environmental temperature...

..We use this new metric to recommend sets of odorants that span the physicochemical space for use in olfaction experiments...

..The potential mechanisms involved in the initiation, movement and amplification of the silencing signal are discussed...

..Therefore, depolarizing GABAergic transmission plays a pivotal role in the maturation of excitatory transmission and controls the balance of excitation and inhibition in the developing retinotectal circuit...

..This indicates that, unlike FKTF-1b, the S. stercoralis transcription factor FKTF-1a cannot trigger the shift to dauer-specific gene expression in C. elegans...

..The tissue coordination role of BR-C may therefore be a part of the Holometabola groundplan...

..thuringiensis resistance in field populations of lepidopteran pests...

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..stercoralis infective larvae and support the overall hypothesis of similar regulation of dauer development in C. elegans and the formation of infective larvae in parasitic nematodes...

..Here we use mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to quantify nearly 800 proteins during the 5- to 6-day larval developmental stage, tracking their expression profiles...

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..While data suggest that cadherin mutations induced a recessive fitness cost affecting apyrene sperm transfer, these mutations also generated recessive costs that affected other traits and could have lowered first-male paternity...

..The impact of habitat change (in this case successional change following field abandonment) on tick densities is emphasised, and the role of Apodemus as an epidemiological bridge, linking woodland and field habitats, is highlighted...

..The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing an integrated approach to larval source management under the distinct ecological settings...

..Treatments with fenvalerate and methomyl significantly increased the mortality of O sokolowskii adults within 24 h post-emergence. Recommendations of choosing pesticides for the control of P xylostella are given...

..The information should be of significant value to the study of related processes in higher organisms due to the growing evidence for the cross species conservation of developmental mechanisms...

..Thus, Drosophila pupal/adult tissue progenitors can arise both by early allocation of multipotent cells and late return of differentiated cells to a multipotent state, even within a single tissue...

..This study define beta FTZ-F1 as an essential competence factor for stage-specific responses to a steroid signal and implicates interplay among nuclear receptors as a mechanism for achieving hormonal competence...

..Parasitoid cocoons provided effective protection against all the insecticides, except fipronil...

..Our study places DRONC at a central point of convergence for multiple cell death pathways and for the ecdysone pathway regulating metamorphosis...

..20E acts via a heterodimer of two nuclear receptors, the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and Ultraspiracle, to directly regulate target gene transcription...

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..9, 84.6, and 90.6%, respectively. Development to the pupal stage of PTM that were exposed as neonate larvae to 15 or 30 of M. albus culture was reduced by 61.8 and 72.8%, respectively, relative to controls...

..mellonella larvae in the same length of time (60 min). This result suggested that at oviposition the out-of-host eggs were unincubated, similarly to those that had been laid on the host larvae...

..We propose that ecdysteroid-induced E75A expression defines a feed-forward pathway that amplifies or maintains the ecdysteroid titer during larval development, ensuring proper temporal progression through the life cycle...

..The Nosema sp. (isolate 506) included in the study was isolated from an overwintering SWCB larva in Mississippi. It was highly infectious per os, with a median infective dose of 2.0 x 10(3) spores per larva...

..From late embryo to larva, Crz expression is consistently detected in three neuronal groups: dorso-lateral Crz neurons (DL), dorso-medial ..

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..Adults overexpressing Met+ did not show enhanced oogenesis, ruling out MET as a limiting factor for this hormone-driven physiology...

..Our results suggest the existence of a previously unrecognized regulatory mechanism for modulating steroid hormone signaling in Drosophila...

..The mutation shak-B2, which eliminates protein expression, prevents the establishment of dye coupling shaking-B, therefore, is essential for the assembly and/or maintenance of functional gap junctions at electrical synapses in the GFS...

..of the pacemaker center in the brain with a trajectory resembling that of Bolwig's organ, the visual organ of the larva. A lacZ reporter line driven by an upstream fragment of the developmental gap gene Krüppel is a specific enhancer ..

..We also demonstrate that the Sindbis virus is a useful vehicle for silencing of developmental genes in new insect models...

..These studies indicate that ecdysone triggers a two-step hierarchy composed of steroid-induced regulatory genes and apoptosis genes that, in turn, regulate the autophagic death of midgut cells during development...

..These results suggest that betaFTZ-F1 regulates genes associated with ecdysis and metamorphosis, and that the exact timing of its action in the ecdysone-induced gene cascade is important for proper development...

..In summary, our study indicates that Smt3 is required for the ecdysteroid synthesis pathway at the time of puparium formation...

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..Experiments to evaluate the specificity and peptide complex-dependency of these putative alloimmune reactivities are presented as are experiments to reveal the nature of effector cells involved. ..

..Filarial parasites cause some of the more pernicious nematode-borne diseases known (elephantiasis and river blindness). ..

..Therefore, knowledge gained from the proposed studies could very well lead to the development of more effective and novel methods for controlling human schistosome transmission by disrupting parasite development within the snail host. ..

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..Knowledge about wiring mechanisms may help researchers to understand diseases in which neuronal connectivity patterns are altered. These include schizophrenia and autism. ..

..an unusual reproductive biology as they only develop one offspring at a time and give birth to a fully developed larva. Reproduction in tsetse is also unique in that it requires the presence of obligate mutualist symbiotic bacteria...

..an unusual reproductive biology as they only develop one offspring at a time and give birth to a fully developed larva. Reproduction in tsetse is also unique in that it requires the presence of obligate mutualist symbiotic bacteria...

..As well, both the ecdysteroidogenic hormones and their receptors will provide promising targets for genetic manipulation, once it is possible to genetically transform mosquitoes. ..

..These studies should, therefore, be instrumental in developing a vaccine against onchocerciasis with anticipated clinical application. ..

..volvulus infective larvae being a most important new tool and essential additional component in the effort to control onchocerciasis. ..

..volvulus infective larvae being a most important new tool and essential additional component in the effort to control onchocerciasis. ..

..We would investigate the need for ancillary cells as well as IgE antibodies to facilitate expression of rapid expulsion by the adult...

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..Intestinal and other tissues will be examined biochemically, histologically, and immunologically to assess the role of mast cells in regulating the parasite's abundance and distribution...

Insect development from larva to adult depends on the repeated shedding of old cuticle via a highly stereotyped behavior called ecdysis...

..Development of this risk model, which culminates over 2 decades of intensive study, should contribute significantly to our knowledge of the landscape ecology and epidemiology of LD in this region. ..

..To ensure public health significance, much of the research will involve zebrafish, a vertebrate animal model system for an increasing number of human diseases. ..

..This innovative proposal will use modern stem cell technology to test a hypothesis about why this is so. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the methods developed should assist in facilitating the regeneration of mammalian limbs. ..

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..Finally, she will utilize a variety of gene knock-out mice (IL4, IL10, TGFb, E-selectin, CD40 and IFNg knock outs will be available for study). ..

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..We will also search for enhancers and suppressors of a bchs GOF eye phenotype. Candidate genes from the eye screen will be tested for modification of the bchs GOF neuromuscular phenotype and for interaction with bchs LOF mutations. ..