y chromosome

The human Y chromosome began to evolve from an autosome hundreds of millions of years ago, acquiring a sex-determining function and undergoing a series of inversions that suppressed crossing over with the X chromosome...

..They are more exposed to the decay process. (5) Gene dosage balance is re-established by the parallel evolution of dosage compensation mechanisms...

Multi-copied gene families are prevalent in mammalian genomes, especially within the Y chromosome. Testis specific protein Y-encoded (TSPY) is present in variable copy number in many mammalian species...

Despite its importance in harboring genes critical for spermatogenesis and male-specific functions, the Y chromosome has been largely excluded as a priority in recent mammalian genome sequencing projects...

The male-specific region of the ovine Y chromosome (MSY) remains poorly characterized, yet sequence variants from this region have the potential to reveal the wild progenitor of domestic sheep or examples of domestic and wild paternal ..

Screening a bovine Y Chromosome-specific DNA library resulted in 34 new microsatellites, six of which mapped to the pseudoautosomal region (PAR), and 28 localized to the Y-specific region...

..As a consequence of random decay and chromosome rearrangements over evolutionary time, Y chromosome gene repertoires differ between eutherian lineages...

..melanogaster Y chromosome is much younger...

..Surprisingly, the majority of Drosophila Y-linked genes are recent acquisitions from autosomes and Y chromosome gene gains are more frequent than gene losses...

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..musculus males. These data indicate that a minimum of six male mice contributed to the formation of the old inbred strains...

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..Although striking differences like those observed between human and mouse may be rare, variations similar to those seen between horse and human may be prevalent among mammals...

..We analyze variation at 10 Y chromosome microsatellite loci that were typed in 506 males representing 49 populations and every inhabited continent and ..

..variation among genes with different modes of inheritance: matrilineal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), patrilineal Y chromosome, biparentally inherited autosomes, and the X chromosome...

A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for >95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied...

Microdeletions of the azoospermia factor (AZF) region of the Y chromosome occur in between 1 and 29% of oligozoospermic and azoospermic men, and most deletions are found in the AZFc region...

..To determine whether the Y chromosome contributes to this sexual dimorphism, EAE was induced in consomic SJL/J mice carrying a B10...

..Genetic tests indicate that the effect on male survival depends upon the presence and source of the Y chromosome, revealing a germ line imprint that influences dosage compensation...

..Y chromosomes generally do not recombine along most of their length, and thus Y chromosome genes, despite having been selectively maintained for their function, could be lost from the genome...

..However, Y-specific microsatellites increased analytical resolution and allowed at least two different Y2-haplotypic subfamilies to be distinguished, one of them restricted to the African continent...

We have detected deletions of portions of the Y chromosome long arm in 12 of 89 men with azoospermia (no sperm in semen). No Y deletions were detected in their male relatives or in 90 other fertile males...

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The association of abnormal spermatogenesis in men with Y chromosome deletions suggests that genes important for spermatogenesis have been removed from these individuals...

..We surveyed the activity of two reporter genes in 23 independent P-element insertions on the heterochromatic Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster and found that all but one location showed differential expression of one or both ..

..has been formed through duplication of the autosomal gene dmrt1 onto another autosome, thus generating a new Y chromosome. Dmrt1bY emerged about 10 million years ago and is restricted to several Oryzias species, indicating that the Y ..

The paucity of polymorphisms in single-copy genes on the Y chromosome of Drosophila contrasts with data indicating that this chromosome has polymorphic phenotypic effects on sex ratio, temperature sensitivity, behavior, and fitness...

Three genes, SRY, ANT3, and CSF2RA, were mapped to the bovine Y chromosome (BTAY) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or radiation hybrid (RH) mapping...

..that it maps to the 5' end of the GPR143 gene, which has concomitantly lost upstream noncoding exons on the Y chromosome. We show that the bovine PAB was created approximately 20...

..There are clear signs of degeneration in the Drosophila miranda neoY chromosome (an autosome fused to the Y chromosome), with neoY genes showing faster protein evolution [3-6], accumulation of unpreferred codons [6], more ..

..Change of the heterogametic sex will also be discussed, relating data from frogs (Rana) and other animals to the replacement of a master sex-determining gene in the course of speciation...

..The endothelium in the blood vessels is thought to be the major target for graft rejection. Endothelial cells of a transplanted organ are believed to remain of donor origin after transplantation. We aimed to verify this concept...

A search of a 35-kilobase region of the human Y chromosome necessary for male sex determination has resulted in the identification of a new gene...

..It is, however, currently unclear which of the various processes is most important; some directions for future work to help to resolve this question are discussed...

..curvinotus, a species related to the medaka. These markers could be used for genotyping the sex chromosomes in the medaka and other species, and could be used in other studies on sex chromosomes...

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..were tested for 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1 "indel," and 7 microsatellites specific to the Y chromosome. The 13 Y-haplotypes defined included 3 previously described patrilines (Y1, Y2, and Y3) and 10 new haplotypes ..

..There is no evidence for a Y-borne ATRX homologue in mouse or human, implying that this gene has been lost in eutherians and its role supplanted by the evolution of SRY from SOX3 as the dominant determiner of male differentiation...

Compared with the X chromosome, the mammalian Y chromosome is considerably diminished in size and has lost most of its ancestral genes during evolution...

b>Y chromosome haplotyping based on microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphisms has recently proven to be a powerful approach for evolutionary studies of human populations, and also holds great promise for the studies of wild species...

..In this review we will discuss the organization and evolution of the sex chromosomes across a broad range of mammals, and speculate on how the Y chromosome, and SRY, evolved.

..In addition, the remarkable observation of haplotypes exhibiting 0, 1 and 2 7-bp inserts in essentially all algirus populations suggests that the rabbit SRY gene is duplicated and evolving under concerted evolution...

..FISH analysis showed that S4 is localized on the whole long arm and the proximal region of the short arm of the Y chromosome. We found that a PCR primer set for S4 amplified a male-specific 178 bp product in addition to a 145 bp product ..

Many or most genes on the mammal Y chromosome evolved a testis-specific function after diverging from an X-borne copy with a general function in both sexes...

We isolated a DNA probe, designated MMDYZ1, using a chromosome microdissection technique from the Y chromosome of the Rhesus monkey...

We have analyzed a sample of 40 centenarians and 116 young controls from Sardinia, with a set of new Y chromosome binary markers, to evaluate if Y chromosome genes are involved in the high prevalence of males among centenarian Sardinians (..

..This method has advantages over the traditional use of X rays for generating X-Y interchanges because it is very frequent and it generates predictable products...

..The medaka sex-determining gene DMY has been identified on the orthologous Y chromosome [O. latipes linkage group 1 (LG1)] of O. curvinotus...

..genomic in situ hybridization (W-CGH) technique, with special reference to the variability observed in the Y chromosome. Results show that these diverging genomes still share some highly repetitive DNA families localized in ..

..024, 0.048, and 0.094, respectively. The rates of nucleotide substitutions per site per year were higher in the TSPY intron than in the TSPY exon, and higher in the TSPY intron than in the ZFY (Zinc Finger Y) intron in human and apes...

..Genotyping non-invasively collected faecal samples is an effective way of evaluating a species' population size without disruption, and can also reveal details concerning population structure...

A new mouse Y chromosome gene, Smcy, has been isolated from the region encoding Spy, a spermatogenesis gene and Hya and Sdma, the genes that, respectively, control the expression of the male specific minor histocompatibility antigen H-Y, ..

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In an effort to produce a more complete transcription map of the short (approximately 5 Mb) arm of the mouse Y chromosome, we have initiated exon trapping from Yp-derived YACs...

..Our results show that the demographic expansion of the Austronesians has left a genetic footprint. However, there is no simple correlation between languages and genes in the Pacific...

An approach designed to map and generate mutations in the region of the short arm of the mouse Y chromosome, known to be involved in sex determination and spermatogenesis, is described...

The Drosophila melanogaster Y chromosome has long been known to contain few functional genes other than several required for male fertility. The D...

..discovery of a novel family of long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons designated mtanga-Y, specific to the Y chromosome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae...

..Because model-free and model-based approaches have different biases and limitations, we conclude that there is considerable benefit in the continued use of both types of approaches...

The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether a mammalian embryo develops as a male or female...

..This situation could have influenced the further evolution of sex chromosomes in marsupials...

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..The consequences of the loss of about 50% of ribosomal RNA genes for the viability of male individuals and spermatogenesis are discussed...

..The X chromosome is distinguished by having a nucleolar organizing region (NOR) in the short arm. The Y chromosome does not possess an NOR...

..This suggests an evolutionary link between mammal and bird sex chromosome systems, which were previously thought to have evolved independently...

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..The evolution and behaviour of the karyotypes and sex chromosome systems during the course of meiosis in the subspecies of D. nodulicarinus are described, discussed and illustrated...

..21 to metaphases of human and great apes unravels breakpoints that were involved in species-specific Y chromosome evolution...

..3 and Yp13.2, respectively. Regarding the order of PAC clones and genes within the AZFa region, no differences could be detected between apes and man, indicating a strong evolutionary stability of this non-recombining region...

..This study reveals the temporal repositioning of chromosome territories in spermatogenesis...

..between the homologous X- and Y-linked copies of these genes supports the "evolutionary strata" model, with at least three consecutive expansions of the nonrecombining region on the Y chromosome (NRY) in this plant species.

..The X and Y chromosome painting probes detected three cell lines in the examined horse: 63,X, 64,XX and 65,XX with a fragment of a Y ..

..FISH analyses suggest that apparent XY-female fall-run Chinook salmon in California are not the product of a Y chromosome to autosome translocation...

..These findings of the populations studied support the hypothesis that the stability of NORs in the A. albitarsis complex is characterized by the presence of clustered and conserved sites in a unique pair of chromosomes...

Sequencing of the human Y chromosome has uncovered the peculiarities of the genomic organization of a heterogametic sex chromosome of old evolutionary age, and has led to many insights into the evolutionary changes that occurred during ..

..Moreover, as it was shown that opposite sex cells can migrate to tissues other than blood and be transcriptionally active in chimeric sheep, we speculate on the role they can play in these animals...

..While this postmeiotic repression occurs after the loss of MSUC-related proteins at the end of prophase, other histone modifications associated with transcriptional repression have by then become established...

..We describe how an autosomal fission followed by fusion of one of the autosomal fragments to the Y chromosome to create a Y1Y2X1X2/X1X1X2X2 sex determination system provides the most parsimonious explanation of the ..

..Moreover, cell subset-specific analysis permits the assessment of impending complications at a significantly higher sensitivity, thus providing a basis for earlier treatment decisions...

..Since these genes lie on the X in marsupials and eutherians, and also on the homologous region of chicken chromosome 4, this represents a loss from the monotreme X rather than an additional evolutionary stratum of the human X...

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..We postulate that recurrent bouts of sex-ratio meiotic drive and its subsequent suppression might underlie several common features observed in the heterogametic sex, including meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and achiasmy...

..The XAA(Y) karyotype originated by a centric (Robertsonian) fusion between the original, free Y chromosome and an autosome. 46.2% of the male individuals in this population are carriers of this Y-autosome fusion...

OBJECTIVE: To identify Y chromosome material in an azoospermic male with an XX karyotype.DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Faculty of medicine and Centro de Patologia Celular (CPC) medical center...

..The manifestations in male and female with loss of the Xp22.3-->pter and gain of the Yq11.21-->qter chromosomal region are discussed...

..Furthermore, the present observation demonstrates that the freemartin condition in cattle can be induced even in cases where severe placental transformations had subsequently occurred and no foetus proper could be detected at delivery...

..On the basis of comparative analysis of localization of B chromosome repeats in the chromosomes of two related species, A. peninsulae and A. agrarius, we suggest a hypothesis of B chromosome origin and evolution in the genus Apodemus...

..These findings suggest that older fathers produce higher frequencies of XY sperm, which may place them at higher risk of fathering boys with Klinefelter syndrome, and that age effects on sperm aneuploidy are chromosome specific...

..This suggests that the order of the X/Y homologous genes of the porcine X and Y Chrs may closely resemble the ancestral gene order of the eutherian sex chromosomes...

..These results suggest that the sampling time has no importance in assessing the rate of nondisjunction in sperm cells...

..Sex chromosome aneuploidies may be eliminated in the testes through the selective degeneration of abnormal spermatogenic cells...

..In the female ostrich, however, the sequence of the gene for the iron-responsive element-binding protein was missing from one of the pairs, thus revealing the differentiation by a small deletion of the W from the Z...

..To report a case history involving long-term survival of transplanted human corneal stem cells...

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..A high rate of X-Y bivalents may impel one to continue with testicular open biopsies...

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..germ cell tumors and the predisposition in Klinefelter syndrome patients for these lesions, the data argue strongly that sex chromosome aberrations, rather than isochromosome 12p, are integral to intracranial germ cell tumorigenesis..

..Our findings suggest that Sxl acquired its master regulatory role in sex determination during evolution of the Acalyptratae group, most probably after phylogenetic divergence of the genus Drosophila from other genera of this group...

..We show that the Y chromosome is lost in 2% of subclones from 40,XY ES cell lines, making the identification of targeted 39,X0 subclones a ..

..The novelty emerges from our recent discovery that the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster is polymorphic for sequences that differentially affect the expression of many ..

..effect on disease outcomes and immune measures in Aims 1 and 2 is attributable to a gene unique to the Y chromosome versus the dosage of X genes...

..effect on disease outcomes and immune measures in Aims 1 and 2 is attributable to a gene unique to the Y chromosome versus the dosage of X genes...

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..Female donor H-Y reactivity will be correlated with male recipient clinical outcomes, and male recipient H-Y antibody epitope specificity thereby testing an H-Y B cell adoptive transfer hypothesis. ..

..Evolution of the mammalian sex chromosomes is characterized by degeneration of the Y chromosome, once sex was determined by a gene on the Y chromosome and recombination was inhibited...

..These will include measures of semen quality, ratio of X/Y chromosome-bearing sperm, chromatin stability of the sperm, sex ratio of births, and waiting time to pregnancy...

..These will include measures of semen quality, ratio of X/Y chromosome-bearing sperm, chromatin stability of the sperm, sex ratio of births, and waiting time to pregnancy...

..The results of this study should help in beginning to develop a molecular genomic approach for the diagnosis and treatment of different headache disorders. ..

..gambia complex. The Y chromosome provides a powerful tool to attack questions at the population level and above, not only because it is ..

Because the Y chromosome is present in just one copy and only in males, it faces a diminished capacity to purge deleterious mutations...

..b>Y chromosome. To confirm the real-time PCR data engrafted MSCs will be visualized in brain sections by immunofluorescent ..

..toxicity on male reproduction: total sperm count, sperm density, viability, motility, morphology, and sperm X:Y chromosome ratios sperm chromatin integrity measured by sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), COMET, TUNEL, protamine 1 (..

..Since Yc sampling requires only a vaginal swab, and is stable under field conditions, this test promises to be a practical and easily used biomarker for sexual behavior research. ..