sex chromosomes

Summary

Summary: The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Top Publications

  1. ncbi Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes
    Lukasz Potrzebowski
    Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2 INSERM U625, IFR 140, Universite Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
    PLoS Biol 6:e80. 2008
  2. ncbi Progress and prospects toward our understanding of the evolution of dosage compensation
    Beatriz Vicoso
    Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
    Chromosome Res 17:585-602. 2009
  3. ncbi The W, X, Y and Z of sex-chromosome dosage compensation
    Judith E Mank
    University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
    Trends Genet 25:226-33. 2009
  4. ncbi Sex bias and dosage compensation in the zebra finch versus chicken genomes: general and specialized patterns among birds
    Yuichiro Itoh
    Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 1606, USA
    Genome Res 20:512-8. 2010
  5. ncbi The (r)evolution of SINE versus LINE distributions in primate genomes: sex chromosomes are important
    Erika M Kvikstad
    Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
    Genome Res 20:600-13. 2010
  6. ncbi The evolution of restricted recombination in sex chromosomes
    Roberta Bergero
    University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
    Trends Ecol Evol 24:94-102. 2009
  7. ncbi The genomic legacy from the extinct Lepus timidus to the three hare species of Iberia: contrast between mtDNA, sex chromosomes and autosomes
    J Melo-Ferreira
    CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485 661 Vairão, Portugal
    Mol Ecol 18:2643-58. 2009
  8. ncbi Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes
    Frederic Veyrunes
    Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
    Genome Res 18:965-73. 2008
  9. ncbi The genetic architecture of skeletal convergence and sex determination in ninespine sticklebacks
    Michael D Shapiro
    Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
    Curr Biol 19:1140-5. 2009
  10. ncbi Turnover of sex chromosomes in the stickleback fishes (gasterosteidae)
    Joseph A Ross
    Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
    PLoS Genet 5:e1000391. 2009

Research Grants

  1. MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION IN C ELEGANS
    Anne Villeneuve; Fiscal Year: 2000
  2. Gender Bias in Lupus: Contribution of Sex Chromosomes
    Ram Raj Singh; Fiscal Year: 2010
  3. Gender Bias in Lupus: Contribution of Sex Chromosomes
    Ram Raj Singh; Fiscal Year: 2010
  4. MOUSE X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION
    Christine Disteche; Fiscal Year: 2003
  5. Sex Chromosome Effects in Lupus
    Rhonda Voskuhl; Fiscal Year: 2007
  6. Role of sex chromosomes in gender differences in EAE
    Rhonda Voskuhl; Fiscal Year: 2004
  7. Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Human Sperm Chromosomal Abnormalities
    Melissa Perry; Fiscal Year: 2010
  8. Genetic conflict shapes centromeres and heterochromatin
    Harmit S Malik; Fiscal Year: 2010
  9. Germline Silencing of Unpaired Chromatin
    Eleanor M Maine; Fiscal Year: 2010
  10. Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cells in Volvox carteri
    James G Umen; Fiscal Year: 2010

Detail Information

Publications259 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes
    Lukasz Potrzebowski
    Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2 INSERM U625, IFR 140, Universite Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
    PLoS Biol 6:e80. 2008
    Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation...
  2. ncbi Progress and prospects toward our understanding of the evolution of dosage compensation
    Beatriz Vicoso
    Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
    Chromosome Res 17:585-602. 2009
    In many eukaryotic organisms, gender is determined by a pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Degeneration of the non-recombining Y chromosome is a general facet of sex chromosome evolution...
  3. ncbi The W, X, Y and Z of sex-chromosome dosage compensation
    Judith E Mank
    University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
    Trends Genet 25:226-33. 2009
    In species with highly differentiated sex chromosomes, imbalances in gene dosage between the sexes can affect overall organismal fitness...
  4. ncbi Sex bias and dosage compensation in the zebra finch versus chicken genomes: general and specialized patterns among birds
    Yuichiro Itoh
    Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 1606, USA
    Genome Res 20:512-8. 2010
    ..These patterns suggest that different avian taxa may have evolved specific compensatory mechanisms...
  5. ncbi The (r)evolution of SINE versus LINE distributions in primate genomes: sex chromosomes are important
    Erika M Kvikstad
    Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
    Genome Res 20:600-13. 2010
    ..substantial variation both within individual chromosomes and among chromosome types (autosomes and the two sex chromosomes)...
  6. ncbi The evolution of restricted recombination in sex chromosomes
    Roberta Bergero
    University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
    Trends Ecol Evol 24:94-102. 2009
    ..often has a genetic basis, and in a wide diversity of taxa a pair of cytologically distinguishable 'sex chromosomes' are found such that the chromosome complements of males and females differ (males are often XY and females ..
  7. ncbi The genomic legacy from the extinct Lepus timidus to the three hare species of Iberia: contrast between mtDNA, sex chromosomes and autosomes
    J Melo-Ferreira
    CIBIO, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485 661 Vairão, Portugal
    Mol Ecol 18:2643-58. 2009
    ..Based on lineage-diagnostic SNPs, we detected no trace of L. timidus sex chromosomes in Iberia. From the frequencies of inferred haplotypes, autosomal introgression into L...
  8. ncbi Bird-like sex chromosomes of platypus imply recent origin of mammal sex chromosomes
    Frederic Veyrunes
    Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
    Genome Res 18:965-73. 2008
    ..There is no equivalent in other amniotes, although some taxa (notably birds and snakes) have differentiated sex chromosomes. Birds have a ZW female: ZZ male system with no homology with mammal sex chromosomes, in which dosage of a Z-..
  9. ncbi The genetic architecture of skeletal convergence and sex determination in ninespine sticklebacks
    Michael D Shapiro
    Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
    Curr Biol 19:1140-5. 2009
    ..Comparative genetics in sticklebacks provides an exciting opportunity to study the mechanisms controlling similar phenotypic changes in different animal groups...
  10. ncbi Turnover of sex chromosomes in the stickleback fishes (gasterosteidae)
    Joseph A Ross
    Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
    PLoS Genet 5:e1000391. 2009
    ..Several mechanisms have been proposed for the rapid turnover of sex chromosomes, including the transposition of an existing sex-determination gene, the appearance of a new sex-determination ..
  11. ncbi The mating-type chromosome in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma represents a model for early evolution of sex chromosomes
    Audrius Menkis
    Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
    PLoS Genet 4:e1000030. 2008
    ..This study highlights the shared features between the sex chromosomes found in the animal and plant kingdoms and the fungal mating-type chromosome, despite fungi having no ..
  12. ncbi Sex chromosome-linked species recognition and evolution of reproductive isolation in flycatchers
    Stein A Saether
    Department of Animal Population Biology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands
    Science 318:95-7. 2007
    ..Limited recombination on the Z chromosome maintains associations of Z-linked genes despite hybridization, suggesting that the sex chromosomes may be a hotspot for adaptive speciation.
  13. ncbi Sex chromosome evolution in non-mammalian vertebrates
    Manfred Schartl
    Physiologische Chemie I, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany
    Curr Opin Genet Dev 14:634-41. 2004
    ..This variety is the consequence of the extremely dynamic process of the evolution of sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosomes, which is prone to create differences rather than uniformity.
  14. ncbi Multiple and independent cessation of recombination between avian sex chromosomes
    H Ellegren
    Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE 752 36 SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
    Genetics 158:325-31. 2001
    Birds are characterized by female heterogamety; females carry the Z and W sex chromosomes, while males have two copies of the Z chromosome...
  15. ncbi Parallel divergence and degradation of the avian W sex chromosome
    Judith E Mank
    Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Norbyvagen 18D, SE 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
    Trends Ecol Evol 22:389-91. 2007
    b>Sex chromosomes are ubiquitous in birds but our understanding of how they originated and evolved has remained incomplete. Recent work by Tsuda et al...
  16. ncbi Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism: lessons from the genome
    Judith E Mank
    Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
    Am Nat 173:141-50. 2009
    ..Additionally, theory has long suggested that the evolution of sexual dimorphism is facilitated by sex chromosomes, as these are the only portions of the genome that differ between males and females...
  17. ncbi Evolutionary steps of sex chromosomes are reflected in retrogenes
    Aoife McLysaght
    Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
    Trends Genet 24:478-81. 2008
    It has been shown that selective pressure to compensate for the silencing of the sex chromosomes during male meiosis resulted in many X-linked genes being duplicated as functional retrogenes on autosomes...
  18. ncbi The role of chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of Silene latifolia sex chromosomes
    Roman Hobza
    Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
    Mol Genet Genomics 278:633-8. 2007
    ..In comparison to mammalian sex chromosomes that evolved 300 mya, sex chromosomes of S. latifolia appeared approximately 20 mya...
  19. ncbi Evidence for different origin of sex chromosomes in snakes, birds, and mammals and step-wise differentiation of snake sex chromosomes
    Kazumi Matsubara
    Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Department of Genome Dynamics, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18190-5. 2006
    All snake species exhibit genetic sex determination with the ZZ/ZW type of sex chromosomes. To investigate the origin and evolution of snake sex chromosomes, we constructed, by FISH, a cytogenetic map of the Japanese four-striped rat ..
  20. ncbi Chromosomal divergence and maintenance of sympatric Characidium fish species (Crenuchidae, Characidiinae)
    Liano Centofante
    , , , SP, Brazil
    Hereditas 138:213-8. 2003
    ..Species of Characidium with a sex chromosome system form a monophyletic group. Variations in this system are interpreted as resulting from geographic isolation among allopatric species...
  21. ncbi Avian sex chromosomes: dosage compensation matters
    Heather A McQueen
    Institute of Cell Biology University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
    Chromosome Res 17:687-97. 2009
    ..The implications of this new picture of avian dosage compensation for avian sex determination are discussed, along with a possible mechanism of avian dosage compensation...
  22. ncbi An unusual ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in Characidium fishes (Crenuchidae, Characiformes) with the presence of rDNA sites
    R B Noleto
    Universidade Federal do Parana, Departamento de Genetica, Centro Politecnico, Caixa Postal 19071, CEP 81531 990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
    J Fish Biol 75:448-53. 2009
    ..This work presents data of Characidium lanei from the South Atlantic basin (Brazil), including an unknown type of ZW sex chromosome system for the groups including the presence of rDNA sites on sex chromosomes.
  23. ncbi Non-homologous sex chromosomes of birds and snakes share repetitive sequences
    Denis O'Meally
    Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia
    Chromosome Res 18:787-800. 2010
    Snake sex chromosomes provided Susumo Ohno with the material on which he based his theory of how sex chromosomes differentiate from autosomal pairs...
  24. ncbi The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression
    Hans Ellegren
    Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
    Nat Rev Genet 8:689-98. 2007
    ..Sex-biased gene expression has implications beyond just evolutionary biology, including for medical genetics...
  25. ncbi The dragon lizard Pogona vitticeps has ZZ/ZW micro-sex chromosomes
    Tariq Ezaz
    Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra
    Chromosome Res 13:763-76. 2005
    ..P. vitticeps is reported to have GSD, but no detectable sex chromosomes. Here we used molecular cytogenetic and differential banding techniques to reveal sex chromosomes in this ..
  26. ncbi Recombination rate between sex chromosomes depends on phenotypic sex in the common frog
    Chikako Matsuba
    Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65, FI 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    Evolution 64:3634-7. 2010
    We show that the recombination rate between the sex chromosomes is controlled by phenotypic, rather than genotypic, sex in sex-reversed common frogs...
  27. ncbi Sex differences in mouse cortical thickness are independent of the complement of sex chromosomes
    J A Markham
    Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
    Neuroscience 116:71-5. 2003
    ..is the result of gonadal hormones, or alternatively is induced by a direct effect of genes encoded on the sex chromosomes. The traditional view of mammalian neural sexual differentiation is that androgens or their metabolites act ..
  28. ncbi Dosage analysis of Z chromosome genes using microarray in silkworm, Bombyx mori
    Xingfu Zha
    Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
    Insect Biochem Mol Biol 39:315-21. 2009
    ..These results provide useful clues to further understanding roles of dosage of Z chromosome and some Z-linked sexual differences in silkworms...
  29. ncbi Effective population size and the Faster-X effect: empirical results and their interpretation
    Judith E Mank
    Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
    Evolution 64:663-74. 2010
    ..Our results suggest that differences in effective population size and mechanisms of dosage compensation may influence the perceived extent of Faster-X evolution, and help to explain several clade-specific patterns that we observe...
  30. ncbi Diversification of a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in Characidium fish (Crenuchidae, Characiformes)
    Marcelo Ricardo Vicari
    Depto de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genética, Laboratorio de Citogenetica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84025 900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
    Genetica 134:311-7. 2008
    ..The common origin of the sex chromosome system of ZZ/ZW type in the karyotypes of other representatives of the genus analyzed so far might be hypothesized based on biogeography and partial phylogeny of the group...
  31. ncbi Sex reversal: a fountain of youth for sex chromosomes?
    Nicolas Perrin
    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
    Evolution 63:3043-9. 2009
    ..In lower vertebrates, however, most species display homomorphic sex chromosomes. To address this, paradox I propose a role for sex reversal, which occasionally occurs in ectotherms due to ..
  32. ncbi Comparison of the chicken and zebra finch Z chromosomes shows evolutionary rearrangements
    Yuichiro Itoh
    Department of Physiological Science, UCLA, 621 Charles E Young Drive South, Room 4117, Los Angeles, CA 90095 1606, USA
    Chromosome Res 14:805-15. 2006
    ..These repetitive sequences likely evolved in the finch lineage after it diverged from the Galliform lineage...
  33. ncbi Sex chromosome specialization and degeneration in mammals
    Jennifer A Marshall Graves
    Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
    Cell 124:901-14. 2006
    b>Sex chromosomes--particularly the human Y--have been a source of fascination for decades because of their unique transmission patterns and their peculiar cytology...
  34. ncbi Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes
    D Charlesworth
    Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
    Heredity (Edinb) 95:118-28. 2005
    We review some recently published results on sex chromosomes in a diversity of species...
  35. ncbi Genetic mapping in a natural population of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis): conserved synteny but gene order rearrangements on the avian Z chromosome
    Niclas Backstrom
    Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
    Genetics 174:377-86. 2006
    ..Interestingly, the rate of recombination on the Z chromosome of collared flycatchers was only approximately 50% that of chicken, challenging the widely held view that birds generally have high recombination rates...
  36. ncbi Plant sex determination and sex chromosomes
    Deborah Charlesworth
    Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratory King s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Scotland, UK
    Heredity (Edinb) 88:94-101. 2002
    ..Theories for Y chromosome degeneration are reviewed in the light of recent results from genes on plant sex chromosomes.
  37. ncbi Genomic linkage map of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni
    Charles D Criscione
    Department of Biology, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
    Genome Biol 10:R71. 2009
    ..mansoni's molecular, quantitative, and population genetics. Our goal was to construct a genetic linkage map for S. mansoni, and thus provide a new resource that will help stimulate research on this neglected pathogen...
  38. ncbi Genetics of sex determination in tilapiine species
    A Cnaani
    Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
    Sex Dev 2:43-54. 2008
    ..This variation in sex determination mechanisms among closely related species makes tilapias an excellent model system for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates.
  39. ncbi Diversity in the origins of sex chromosomes in anurans inferred from comparative mapping of sexual differentiation genes for three species of the Raninae and Xenopodinae
    Yoshinobu Uno
    Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060 0810, Japan
    Chromosome Res 16:999-1011. 2008
    ..of sex determination in amphibians has been suggested to be female heterogamety; however, the origins of the sex chromosomes and the sex-determining genes are still unknown...
  40. ncbi Convergent evolution of chicken Z and human X chromosomes by expansion and gene acquisition
    Daniel W Bellott
    Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
    Nature 466:612-6. 2010
    ..By contrast, the sex chromosomes found in both sexes--the Z and X chromosomes--are assumed to have diverged little from their autosomal ..
  41. ncbi The chicken (Gallus gallus) Z chromosome contains at least three nonlinear evolutionary strata
    Kiwoong Nam
    Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
    Genetics 180:1131-6. 2008
    Birds have female heterogamety with Z and W sex chromosomes. These evolved from different autosomal precursor chromosomes than the mammalian X and Y...
  42. ncbi Molecular marker suggests rapid changes of sex-determining mechanisms in Australian dragon lizards
    Tariq Ezaz
    Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, GPO Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
    Chromosome Res 17:91-8. 2009
    ..These taxa thus present an excellent opportunity for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes, and evolutionary transitions between TSD and GSD...
  43. ncbi Molecular cloning of zebra finch W chromosome repetitive sequences: evolution of the avian W chromosome
    Yuichiro Itoh
    Department of Physiological Science and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 1606, USA
    Chromosoma 117:111-21. 2008
    ..The apparent lineage-specificity of W chromosome repeat sequences in passerines and galliform birds suggest that the W chromosome had not differentiated well from the Z at the time of divergence of these lineages...
  44. ncbi Why does dosage compensation differ between XY and ZW taxa?
    Sara Naurin
    Department of Animal Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE 22362 Lund, Sweden
    Trends Genet 26:15-20. 2010
    ..These patterns and processes contrast with those acting on genes on the X chromosome in XY species, and might help explain the discrepancies in the degree of sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation in XY and ZW systems...
  45. ncbi Different origins of bird and reptile sex chromosomes inferred from comparative mapping of chicken Z-linked genes
    A Kawai
    Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Division of Biosciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
    Cytogenet Genome Res 117:92-102. 2007
    Recent progress of chicken genome projects has revealed that bird ZW and mammalian XY sex chromosomes were derived from different autosomal pairs of the common ancestor; however, the evolutionary relationship between bird and reptilian ..
  46. ncbi Sexual dimorphism in mammalian autosomal gene regulation is determined not only by Sry but by sex chromosome complement as well
    Patrick J Wijchers
    Gene Control Mechanisms and Disease Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
    Dev Cell 19:477-84. 2010
    ..The identification of this additional layer in the establishment of sexual dimorphisms has implications for understanding sexual dimorphisms in physiology and disease...
  47. ncbi The evolution of sex dimorphism in recombination
    Thomas Lenormand
    CEFE Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France
    Genetics 163:811-22. 2003
    Sex dimorphism in recombination is widespread on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these dimorphisms...
  48. ncbi Characterization of the OFD1/Ofd1 genes on the human and mouse sex chromosomes and exclusion of Ofd1 for the Xpl mouse mutant
    Maria I Ferrante
    Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
    Genomics 81:560-9. 2003
    ..These degenerate OFD1-Y genes probably derived from the ancestral Y homologue of the X-linked gene. The high level of sequence identity among the different units suggests that duplication events have recently occurred during evolution...
  49. ncbi Evolutionary dynamics of duplicated microsatellites shared by sex chromosomes
    Patricia Balaresque
    Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 Bat IV R3, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
    J Mol Evol 57:S128-37. 2003
    Segmental duplications on sex chromosomes constitute an important proportion of recent duplications (approximately 30%). Among those, the evolution of duplicated noncoding DNA is still poorly investigated...
  50. ncbi Sex-specific SCAR markers in the dioecious plant Rumex nivalis (Polygonaceae) and implications for the evolution of sex chromosomes
    I Stehlik
    Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
    Theor Appl Genet 108:238-42. 2004
    ..and intra-individual sequence variation found are in accordance with proposed modes of the evolution of sex chromosomes. Y chromosomes possibly arose only once in the genus Rumex and consist mainly of heterochromatic DNA...
  51. ncbi A role for a neo-sex chromosome in stickleback speciation
    Jun Kitano
    Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
    Nature 461:1079-83. 2009
    ..Our data indicate that sex-chromosome turnover might have a greater role in speciation than was previously appreciated...
  52. ncbi Patterns of neutral genetic variation on recombining sex chromosomes
    Mark Kirkpatrick
    Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
    Genetics 184:1141-52. 2010
    Many animals and plants have sex chromosomes that recombine over much of their length. Here we develop coalescent models for neutral sites on these chromosomes...
  53. ncbi The evolution of sex chromosomes
    L-J Ayling
    Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
    Cytogenet Genome Res 99:125-40. 2002
    Mammalian sex chromosomes appear, behave and function differently than the autosomes, passing on their genes in a unique sex-linked manner...
  54. ncbi Co-evolution of genomic structure and selective forces underlying sexual development and reproduction
    N Valenzuela
    Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
    Cytogenet Genome Res 127:232-41. 2009
    ..One example is the presence of sex chromosomes and the development of the sexual phenotype...
  55. ncbi Gene-centromere mapping of medaka sex chromosomes using triploid hybrids between Oryzias latipes and O. luzonensis
    T Sato
    Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Japan
    Genetica 111:71-5. 2001
    Four sex-linked genetic markers (SL1, SL2, B2.38 and stsOPQ05-1) on the sex chromosomes of the medaka, O. latipes, were mapped in relation to the centromere by means of triploid hybrids between O. latipes and O. luzonensis...
  56. ncbi Synteny conservation of the Z chromosome in 14 avian species (11 families) supports a role for Z dosage in avian sex determination
    I Nanda
    Institute of Human Genetics, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
    Cytogenet Genome Res 122:150-6. 2008
    ..We propose that the accumulation of male-specific genes on the Z chromosome confers selective pressure on the Z to conserve its synteny...
  57. ncbi Early events in the evolution of the Silene latifolia Y chromosome: male specialization and recombination arrest
    Jitka Zluvova
    Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
    Genetics 177:375-86. 2007
    Understanding the origin and evolution of sex chromosomes requires studying recently evolved X-Y chromosome systems such as those in some flowering plants...
  58. ncbi Dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster male and female embryos generated by segregation distortion of the sex chromosomes
    C Polito
    Department of Genetics, General and Molecular Biology, University of Naples, Italy
    Dev Genet 11:249-53. 1990
    ..We have used this scheme to determine that the steady-state levels of transcripts of X-linked genes are the same in early male and female embryos, establishing that these genes are dosage compensated...
  59. ncbi A key transcription cofactor on the nascent sex chromosomes of European tree frogs (Hyla arborea)
    H Niculita-Hirzel
    Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
    Genetics 179:1721-3. 2008
    ..a key component of the transcription complex Mediator, lies within the nonrecombining segment of nascent sex chromosomes in the male-heterogametic Hyla arborea...
  60. ncbi Evidence for different origins of sex chromosomes in closely related Oryzias fishes: substitution of the master sex-determining gene
    Keita Tanaka
    Niigata University, Japan
    Genetics 177:2075-81. 2007
    ..latipes. As suggested by the phylogenetic tree, the sex chromosomes of O. luzonensis should be "younger" than those of O. latipes. In the lineage leading to O...
  61. ncbi Repetitive DNAs and differentiation of sex chromosomes in neotropical fishes
    M B Cioffi
    Departamento de Genetica e Evolucao, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Brazil
    Cytogenet Genome Res 132:188-94. 2011
    ..a potential to accumulate these DNA sequences and, for this reason, the absence of recombination between the sex chromosomes favors, by itself, the accumulation of repetitive sequences on these chromosomes during evolution...
  62. ncbi Chromosomal diversification in populations of Characidium cf. gomesi (Teleostei, Crenuchidae)
    J C Pansonato-Alves
    Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Distrito de Rubiao Junior, S N, 18618 970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
    J Fish Biol 78:183-94. 2011
    ..The karyotypic similarities found in the analysed populations, however, suggest that all are descended from the same ancestor group whereas their differences indicate that they are already existing in reproductively isolated populations...
  63. ncbi Fine structure and meiotic behaviour of the male multiple sex chromosomes in the genus Alouatta
    A J Solari
    Centro de Investigaciones en Reproduccion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
    Cytogenet Genome Res 108:262-7. 2005
    ..It is shown that in this genus there are several varieties of sex multiples that share some features, and that the origin of these multiples is most probably a primitive development in the genus Alouatta...
  64. ncbi Comparative chromosome mapping of sex-linked genes and identification of sex chromosomal rearrangements in the Japanese wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa, Ranidae) with ZW and XY sex chromosome systems
    Yoshinobu Uno
    Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060 0810, Japan
    Chromosome Res 16:637-47. 2008
    ..morphologies in the Japanese wrinkled frog, Rana rugosa (2n = 26): heterogametic ZZ/ZW-type and XX/XY-type sex chromosomes, and two different types of homomorphic sex chromosomes...
  65. ncbi A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants
    Michael Nicolas
    , ENS Lyon, France
    PLoS Biol 3:e4. 2005
    To help understand the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes, and its consequences for evolution of the sequences of Y-linked genes, we have studied four X-Y gene pairs, including one gene not previously ..
  66. ncbi Evolution of ZZ/ZW and XX/XY sex-determination systems in the closely related medaka species, Oryzias hubbsi and O. dancena
    Yusuke Takehana
    Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi ku, Niigata, 950 2181, Japan
    Chromosoma 116:463-70. 2007
    ..In addition, genetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the sex-linked markers revealed that sex chromosomes in O. hubbsi and O...
  67. ncbi A chromosomal investigation of some British Cantharidae (Coleoptera)
    L V James
    School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
    Genetica 130:293-300. 2007
    ..findings were as follows: (1) Cantharis, Rhagonycha and Silis have karyotypes of six pairs of autosomes plus sex chromosomes, which are X0 (male), XX (female)...
  68. ncbi The first karyotype study in palpigrades, a primitive order of arachnids (Arachnida: Palpigradi)
    Jiri Kral
    Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
    Genetica 134:79-87. 2008
    ..Study of the palpigrade karyotype did not reveal morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes. Analysis of E...
  69. ncbi Characterizing the chromosomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
    Daniel McMillan
    Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
    Chromosome Res 15:961-74. 2007
    ..sex chromosome system, and is controversial because of difficulties in identification of small autosomes and sex chromosomes. A 6-fold shotgun sequence of the platypus genome is now available and is being assembled with the help of ..
  70. ncbi Sex chromosomes and sex determination in Lepidoptera
    W Traut
    Universitat Lubeck, Zentrum fur Medizinische Strukturbiologie, Institut fur Biologie, Lubeck, Germany
    Sex Dev 1:332-46. 2007
    ..Special strains have been devised for mass rearing of male-only broods in the silkworm for higher silk production and in pest species for the release of sterile males in pest management programs...
  71. ncbi Does differential selection on the 5S rDNA explain why the rainbow trout sex chromosome heteromorphism is not linked to the SEX locus?
    R B Phillips
    School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
    Cytogenet Genome Res 105:122-5. 2004
    Many but not all rainbow trout strains have morphologically distinguishable sex chromosomes. In these strains, the short arm of the X has multiple copies of 5S rDNA and a bright DAPI band near the centromere, both of which are missing ..
  72. ncbi Nucleolus organizing regions and semi-persistent nucleolus during meiosis in Spartocera fusca (Thunberg) (Coreidae, Heteroptera)
    M V Cattani
    Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución, Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucion, Fac de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
    Hereditas 140:105-11. 2004
    ..These observations could be related to differences in the environmental, and therefore, physiological conditions of the analyzed individuals...
  73. ncbi Multicolor FISH mapping of the dioecious model plant, Silene latifolia
    M Lengerova
    Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
    Theor Appl Genet 108:1193-9. 2004
    ..Current studies have been based on genetic mapping of the sequences linked to sex chromosomes with analysis of their characters and relative positions on the X and Y chromosomes...
  74. ncbi The monotreme genome: a patchwork of reptile, mammal and unique features?
    Frank Grützner
    Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, G P O Box 475, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
    Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 136:867-81. 2003
    ....
  75. ncbi The karyotype and sex chromosomes of Praomys tullbergi (Muridae, Rodentia): a detailed characterization
    Susana Meles
    Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás os Montes and Alto Douro CGB UTAD IBB, Vila Real, Portugal
    Micron 39:559-68. 2008
    ....
  76. ncbi [The research on the karyotypes of six species in the genus Eremias from China]
    Xing Dai
    College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225 009, China
    Yi Chuan 26:669-75. 2004
    ..vermiculata is more advanced. Making specialties of E. vermiculata will help in building the phylogenic tree of Eremias. In both male and female of the species studied, the heteromorphic sex-chromosomes were not found...
  77. ncbi The molecular basis of chromosome orthologies and sex chromosomal differentiation in palaeognathous birds
    Chizuko Nishida Umehara
    Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics, Division of Genome Dynamics, Creative Research Initiative Sousei, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Kita ku, Sapporo, 060 0810, Japan
    Chromosome Res 15:721-34. 2007
    ..Struthioniformes and Tinamiformes) have morphologically conserved karyotypes and less differentiated ZW sex chromosomes. To delineate interspecific chromosome orthologies in palaeognathous birds we conducted comparative ..
  78. ncbi Genomic organization of the sex-determining and adjacent regions of the sex chromosomes of medaka
    Mariko Kondo
    Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
    Genome Res 16:815-26. 2006
    ..studied the genomic organization of the medaka fish Y chromosome, which is one of the youngest heterogametic sex chromosomes on which molecular data are available...
  79. ncbi An accumulation of tandem DNA repeats on the Y chromosome in Silene latifolia during early stages of sex chromosome evolution
    Roman Hobza
    Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Kralovopolska Street 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
    Chromosoma 115:376-82. 2006
    b>Sex chromosomes in mammals are about 300 million years old and typically have a highly degenerated Y chromosome...
  80. ncbi Spermatogenesis and sex chromosome gene content: an evolutionary perspective
    Peter J I Ellis
    Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
    Hum Fertil (Camb) 9:1-7. 2006
    Mammalian sex chromosomes are highly diverged and heteromorphic: a comparatively large and gene-rich X chromosome contrasting with a small, largely heterochromatic and degenerate Y chromosome...
  81. ncbi Pachytene asynapsis drives meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and leads to substantial postmeiotic repression in spermatids
    James M A Turner
    Division of Developmental Genetics and Stem Cell Research, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
    Dev Cell 10:521-9. 2006
    Transcriptional silencing of the sex chromosomes during male meiosis (MSCI) is conserved among organisms with limited sex chromosome synapsis, including mammals...
  82. ncbi Holocentric chromosomes in meiosis. II. The modes of orientation and segregation of a trivalent
    S Nokkala
    Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN 20014, Turku, Finland
    Chromosome Res 14:559-65. 2006
    ..The existence of post-reductional behaviour of holocentric bivalents and multivalents is discussed...
  83. ncbi Karyotypes, constitutive heterochromatin, and genomic DNA values in the blowfly genera Chrysomya, Lucilia, and Protophormia (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
    Fritz Helmut Ullerich
    Zoologisches Instiut de Universität Kiel, Biologie Zentrum, Olshausentstrasse 40, D 24098 Kiel, Germany
    Genome 49:584-97. 2006
    ..The results are also discussed with regard to phylogenetic relationships of some species...
  84. ncbi Evolutionary chromosomal differentiation among four species of Conoderus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae, Conoderini) detected by standard staining, C-banding, silver nitrate impregnation, and CMA3/DA/DAPI staining
    Marielle Cristina Schneider
    Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Rio Claro, Av 24 A, n 1515, CP 199, CEP 13506 900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
    Genetica 128:333-46. 2006
    ..These techniques revealed unique GC-rich heterochromatin associated with NORs in C. scalaris and C. stigmosus and CMA3-heteromorphism in C. scalaris and C. ternarius...
  85. ncbi Cytogenetic characterization of alpaca (Lama pacos, fam. Camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes
    D Di Berardino
    Department of Animal Science and Food Inspection, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Naples, Italy
    Cytogenet Genome Res 115:138-44. 2006
    ..pair 11 to 20; group C, submetacentrics, from pair 21 to 29; group D, metacentrics, from pair 30 to 36 plus sex chromosomes. For each chromosome pair, the following data are provided: relative chromosome length, centromeric index, ..
  86. ncbi Polymorphic karyotypes and sex chromosomes in the tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus): cytogenetic studies and analyses of sex chromosome-linked genes
    X Cao
    Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, P R of China
    Cytogenet Genome Res 109:512-8. 2005
    ..The increased size of both, the X and Y chromosome, appears to be at least partially attributable to the presence of substantial amounts of heterochromatin...
  87. ncbi The origin of an unusual sex chromosome constitution in Acomys sp. (Rodentia, Muridae) from Tanzania
    Riccardo Castiglia
    Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell Uomo, Universita di Roma La Sapienza, via A Borelli 50, 00161, Roma, Italy
    Genetica 131:201-7. 2007
    ..males and females constitute mosaics for sex chromosomes in the bone marrow cells...
  88. ncbi Evolution of the karyotype and sex chromosome systems in basal clades of araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)
    Jiri Kral
    Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, CZ 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
    Chromosome Res 14:859-80. 2006
    ..The remarkable karyotype and sex chromosome system diversity allows us to distinguish four evolutionary lineages of basal araneomorphs and hypothesize about the ancestral karyotype of araneomorphs...
  89. ncbi Non-random chromosome positioning in mammalian sperm nuclei, with migration of the sex chromosomes during late spermatogenesis
    Helen A Foster
    Laboratory of Nuclear and Genomic Health, Cell and Chromosome Biology Group, Division of Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
    J Cell Sci 118:1811-20. 2005
    ..position of all chromosomes (bar one) in sperm nuclei in two dimensions and have established that the sex chromosomes are the most internally localized chromosomes in mature sperm...
  90. ncbi The program of sex chromosome pairing in meiosis is highly conserved across marsupial species: implications for sex chromosome evolution
    Jesús Page
    Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7
    Genetics 170:793-9. 2005
    ..According to this genetic differentiation, sex chromosomes do not synapse during the first meiotic prophase in males, and a special structure, the dense plate, ..
  91. ncbi Ultrastructural nuclear defects and increased chromosome aneuploidies in spermatozoa with elongated heads
    N Prisant
    Department of Genetic and Reproduction, APHP, INSERM U782, Paris 11 University, Antoine Beclere Hospital, Clamart, France
    Hum Reprod 22:1052-9. 2007
    ..Cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to elongated sperm heads are not known. We have analysed the nuclear status of spermatozoa with elongated heads...
  92. ncbi Comparison of the Z and W sex chromosomal architectures in elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans) and ostrich (Struthio camelus) and the process of sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds
    Yayoi Tsuda
    Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 8, Sapporo 060 0810, Japan
    Chromosoma 116:159-73. 2007
    ..In E. elegans, the W-specific repeated sequence elements were amplified site-specifically after deletion of a large part of the W chromosome occurred...
  93. ncbi Meiotic characterization and sex determination system of neotropical primates: Bolivian squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis (primates: Cebidae)
    Eliana R Steinberg
    Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva GIBE, CONICET, Departamento de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucion, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab II, 4 degrees Piso, Lab 46, 1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
    Am J Primatol 69:1236-41. 2007
    ..boliviensis boliviensis. Further meiotic studies should be performed in New World primates based on the great value of those studies for systematic evolutionary biology and conservation programs...
  94. ncbi [Confirmation of the extra small chromosome in abnormality karyotype by PCR and FISH]
    Zhi-Gang Xue
    National Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
    Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 30:657-9. 2005
    ..RESULTS: SRY gene is detected positive and the mar chromosome showed positive signal with FISH in human chromosome Y probe pool. CONCLUSION: The extra small chromosome is part of the chromosome Y...
  95. ncbi Complex structure of B-chromosomes in two mammalian species: Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia) and Nyctereutes procyonoides (Carnivora)
    V A Trifonov
    The Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
    Chromosome Res 10:109-16. 2002
    ..B1-specific probes gave signals on sex chromosomes of Apodemus speciosus and Apodemus agrarius...
  96. ncbi Chromosomal polymorphisms due to heterochromatin growth and pericentric inversions in white-bellied rat, Niviventer confucianus, from China
    Jin Xing Wang
    School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, P R China
    Hereditas 138:59-64. 2003
    ..The submetacentric chromosomes of Shaanxi population would be originated from the growth of heterochromatin of the subtelocentric chromosome of Shandong population...
  97. ncbi Chromosome evolution in fish: sex chromosome variability in Eigenmannia virescens (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae)
    L F de Almeida-Toledo
    Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
    Cytogenet Genome Res 99:164-9. 2002
    New data are presented on the sex chromosomes of the fish species Eigenmannia virescens (Gymnotiformes, Sternopygidae)...
  98. ncbi Comparative mapping of Z-orthologous genes in vertebrates: implications for the evolution of avian sex chromosomes
    I Nanda
    Department of Human Genetics, Wurzburg, Germany
    Cytogenet Genome Res 99:178-84. 2002
    b>Sex chromosomes of birds and mammals are highly differentiated and share several cytological features...
  99. ncbi Silent ribosomal cistrons are located at the pairing segment of the postreductional sex chromosomes of Apodemus sylvaticus (Rodentia, Muridae)
    S Stitou
    , Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
    Heredity 86:128-33. 2001
    ..sylvaticus by G- and C-banding, Ag-NOR-staining and in situ hybridization, with special attention to the sex chromosomes. NOR-bearing chromosome pairs were identified with simultaneous staining of G bands and NORs...
  100. ncbi The prototype of sex chromosomes found in Korean populations of Rana rugosa
    M Ogata
    Kanazawa Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
    Cytogenet Genome Res 99:185-93. 2002
    ..To identify a prototype of the sex chromosomes, we extended our investigation in this study to the Korean form, which is supposed to be close to the ..
  101. ncbi Conserved synteny between the chicken Z sex chromosome and human chromosome 9 includes the male regulatory gene DMRT1: a comparative (re)view on avian sex determination
    I Nanda
    Department of Human Genetics, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
    Cytogenet Cell Genet 89:67-78. 2000
    ..Z dosage may be crucial for male sexual differentiation/determination in birds...

Research Grants75

  1. MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION IN C ELEGANS
    Anne Villeneuve; Fiscal Year: 2000
    ..for hermaphrodites that produced an abnormally high frequency of males as a result of non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes, and are denoted him mutations...
  2. Gender Bias in Lupus: Contribution of Sex Chromosomes
    Ram Raj Singh; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..The fundamental basis for such gender bias remains unclear. Sex hormones, sex chromosomes or both may contribute to such sex difference...
  3. Gender Bias in Lupus: Contribution of Sex Chromosomes
    Ram Raj Singh; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..The fundamental basis for such gender bias remains unclear. Sex hormones, sex chromosomes or both may contribute to such sex difference...
  4. MOUSE X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION
    Christine Disteche; Fiscal Year: 2003
    ..Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The study is aimed at defining evolutionary pathways of the sex chromosomes in mouse and human and at understanding mechanisms of gene regulation specifically related to evolutionary ..
  5. Sex Chromosome Effects in Lupus
    Rhonda Voskuhl; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Sex hormones, sex chromosomes or both may contribute to this female bias...
  6. Role of sex chromosomes in gender differences in EAE
    Rhonda Voskuhl; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..an influence of sex hormones on autoimmune disease susceptibility does not preclude an additional role for sex chromosomes in the gender differences that have been observed...
  7. Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Human Sperm Chromosomal Abnormalities
    Melissa Perry; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Most new gene mutations seen in offspring and most abnormalities in the numbers of the sex chromosomes arise from the father's sperm...
  8. Genetic conflict shapes centromeres and heterochromatin
    Harmit S Malik; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..These essential functions range from segregating chromosomes to ensuring transcriptional parity at sex chromosomes via dosage compensation and defending the germline against transposons...
  9. Germline Silencing of Unpaired Chromatin
    Eleanor M Maine; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..While the natural targets of meiotic silencing are the male sex chromosomes, the process will be activated to repress any unpaired chromosomes or chromosomal regions that arise due to ..
  10. Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cells in Volvox carteri
    James G Umen; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..dissect the molecular genetic changes that underlie the evolution of sexual dimorphism and to understand how sex chromosomes evolve to influence developmental programming. RELEVANCE...
  11. Chromatin Structure during Spermatogenesis
    Mary Ann Handel; Fiscal Year: 2009
    Accurate meiotic segregation of physically and genetically intact sex chromosomes is essential for male reproduction and species survival; chromosome segregation is set up in meiotic prophase...
  12. Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cells in Volvox carteri
    James Umen; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..dissect the molecular genetic changes that underlie the evolution of sexual dimorphism and to understand how sex chromosomes evolve to influence developmental programming. RELEVANCE...
  13. Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cells in Volvox carteri
    James Umen; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..dissect the molecular genetic changes that underlie the evolution of sexual dimorphism and to understand how sex chromosomes evolve to influence developmental programming. RELEVANCE...
  14. Sex chromosome effects on neural and behavioral differentiation
    EMILIE RISSMAN; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Another potential source of differences between males and females are the genes that reside on the sex chromosomes. A transgenic mouse model in which gonadal and chromosomal sex are uncoupled is being employed to test this ..
  15. Molecular Evolution of Drosophila Y Chromosome
    ANDREW G contact CLARK; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..The Y chromosome of Drosophila provides an ideal system for testing many concepts related to the evolution of sex chromosomes. The proposed study entails primary discovery of most of the Y- linked genes across a group of 12 species and ..
  16. Mammalian Genomes - Stasis and Change
    HOLLY WICHMAN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..to estimate the rate of mutation at methylated CpG sites on the autosomes and sex chromosomes; ii...
  17. Mammalian Genomes - Stasis and Change
    HOLLY WICHMAN; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..to estimate the rate of mutation at methylated CpG sites on the autosomes and sex chromosomes; ii...
  18. Genomic Imbalances in Autism
    Susan Christian; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..or autism spectrum-disorders have been reported in 56 different regions involving all 22 autosomes plus both sex chromosomes. The completion of the mapping of the human genome has enabled the development of new whole genome BAG ..
  19. Evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in Reptilia
    DANIEL JANES; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..creation of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries will allow us to sequence and compare portions of sex chromosomes among reptiles and birds...
  20. Sex chromosomes and relocation of genes by duplication
    ESTHER BETRAN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    Heteromorphic sex chromosomes determine males and females in many species and their study is of general interest...
  21. Sex chromosomes and relocation of genes by duplication
    ESTHER BETRAN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    Heteromorphic sex chromosomes determine males and females in many species and their study is of general interest...
  22. Sex chromosome effects on neural and behavioral differentiation
    EMILIE RISSMAN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Another potential source of differences between males and females are the genes that reside on the sex chromosomes. A transgenic mouse model in which gonadal and chromosomal sex are uncoupled is being employed to test this ..