membrane potentials

..Our findings demonstrate that under certain circumstances GABA will have an excitatory role in synaptic integration in the cortex...

..Such heteromeric NMDA receptor subtypes may exist in neurons, since NR1 messenger RNA is synthesized throughout the mature rat brain, while NR2 messenger RNA show a differential distribution...

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..Since block of IKr is a known mechanism for drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias, the finding that HERG encodes IKr channels provides a mechanistic link between certain forms of inherited and acquired LQT...

..Our results support the hypothesis that inhibitory networks are largely responsible for the dissemination of higher-frequency activity in cortex...

..In this review, we focus on the physiological roles of K(2P) channels in the most extensively investigated cell types, with special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of channel regulation...

..In view of the high firing rates in the functionally disconnected state of slow-wave sleep, we suggest that neocortical neurons are engaged in processing internally generated signals...

..Thus, we provide the first combined functional and ultrastructural evidence for a physiological control of synaptic activity via exocytosis of glutamate from astrocytes...

..Because mutations in HERG cause a form of long-QT syndrome, these properties of HERG channel function may be critical to the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythmicity...

..In conclusion, the MPT initiates mitochondrial depolarization after autophagic stimulation and the subsequent sequestration of mitochondria into autophagosomes...

..These results can be explained by a model for channel activation in which the equilibria of voltage-dependent steps are altered in the mutant channels...

..As TREKs and TRESK are targets of modulation by receptor agonists, they are likely to play an active role in the regulation of excitability in DRG neurons...

..These findings demonstrate that the temperature sensitivity of TRPV3 is separable from all other known activation mechanisms and implicate a specific region in temperature sensing...

..dendritic excitability was enhanced, resulting in increased neuronal firing despite hyperpolarized membrane potentials. The loss of I(h) and the increased neuronal excitability persisted for 1 week following seizures...

..In view of the critical role of thalamic neurons in the generation of oscillatory activity associated with sleep, these receptors may represent a principal site of action for the novel hypnotic agent gaboxadol...

..In all cases, database searches can provide insight into how neuronal and network properties depend on the values of the parameters in the models...

..Cleavage at S2 is regulated by the i-AAA protease Yme1L. Our results suggest that mammalian cells have multiple pathways to control mitochondrial fusion through regulation of the spectrum of OPA1 isoforms...

..We propose that a transdominant effect of mutant RNA on RNA processing leads to chloride channelopathy and membrane hyperexcitability in DM...

..A KCNQ5 splice variant found in skeletal muscle displays altered gating kinetics. This indicates a molecular diversity of channels yielding M-type currents and suggests a role for KCNQ5 in the regulation of neuronal excitability...

..These results implicate chloride ion channels in muscle function and emphasize that intracellular acidosis of muscle has protective effects during muscle fatigue...

..At potentials close to threshold, the rate of inactivation of Na+ and K+ followed a double exponential time course, such that Na+ currents were 62 % inactivated and K+ currents were 63 % inactivated within 15 ms...

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..We suggest that Channelrhodopsins are involved in phototaxis of green algae...

..By altering the sources, amplitude, and kinetics of spine Ca signals, state transitions may gate synaptic plasticity and gene expression in MSNs...

..These findings show that astrocytes in situ can act as a primary source for generating neuronal activity in the mammalian central nervous system...

..Consistent with the expression of ANKTM1, we identify noxious cold-sensitive sensory neurons that also respond to capsaicin but not to menthol...

..New advances in genomics and the development of in vivo biophysical techniques suggest exciting opportunities for molecular medicine, bioengineering and regenerative approaches to human health...

..Both the current and dye flux were blocked by inhibitors of hemichannels. Therefore, hemichannel opening contributes to the profound ionic dysregulation during stroke and may be a ubiquitous component of ischemic neuronal death...

..These results provide strong support for the notion that bilayer-protein hydrophobic coupling allows the bilayer elastic properties to regulate membrane protein function...

..These errors question the use of the somatic voltage clamp as a quantitative tool in dendritic neurons...

..Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials...

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..This prediction does not depend on the specifics of the model and can be tested experimentally...

..These findings do not depend on details of the model and, hence, are relevant to cells of other cortical areas as well...

..Thus, voltage acts separately but in concert with other stimuli to regulate channel activation, and, therefore, a voltage-sensitive mechanism is unlikely to represent a final, gating mechanism for these channels...

..The carboxy terminus of the alpha-subunit is contained within a pocket between transmembrane helices and seems to be a novel regulatory element controlling sodium affinity, possibly influenced by the membrane potential...

..Our results show that ion channels located in dendrites can have a profound influence on the processing of sensory input by neurons in vivo through the modulation of an intrinsic bursting mechanism...

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..This novel phenomenon was heretofore overlooked, probably because of the high vulnerability of astrocytes to light damage; glissandi occurred only when observed at much lower laser intensities than previously used...

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..These results provide the first direct demonstration that physiological levels of channel noise can produce qualitative changes in the integrative properties of neurons...

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..Development of this interaction occurs under physiological ion conduction and is correlated with pore opening. We, thus, suggest that the above residues stabilize the channel in the open state...

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..EPSCs evoked by lengthy depolarization suggest a reserve pool of approximately 90 vesicles per ribbon, similar to the number of additional docking sites further up the ribbon...

..e., phosphorylation, binding of cofactors, etc.). Our results provide a functional basis for understanding how alternative splicing of a voltage-gated Na+ channel results in diversity in neuronal signaling...

..This chapter reviews the unique properties of bioelectric signaling, surveys molecular strategies and reagents for its investigation, and discusses the opportunities made available for regenerative medicine...

..Together with lipids binding in matching positions and significant thinning of the membrane also observed in experiments, this provides additional support for the predictive power of microsecond-scale membrane protein simulations...

..We argue that this ISO has a likely non-neuronal origin and may contribute to shaping ISOs in the intact brain...

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..Plasma membrane potential assessed by DiBAC(4)(3) was not altered by any of the treatments. We propose that inhibition of VDAC by free tubulin limits mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells...

..We propose that sequential occupancy of short and long open states on activation provides a mechanism for enhancing temperature sensitivity. Our results suggest that the outer pore is important for the heat sensitivity of thermoTRPs...

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..8. We conclude that in mouse MNTB neurones the Kv3.1 channel contributes to the ability of these cells to lock their firing to high-frequency inputs...

..By contrast, NS-309 is a reasonably potent and selective opener of both SK(Ca) and IK(Ca), and this compound mimics the endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations to acetylcholine...

..Overexpression of Bcl-2 prevented the efflux of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and the initiation of apoptosis. Thus, one possible role of Bcl-2 in prevention of apoptosis is to block cytochrome c release from mitochondria...

..1 immunolabelling. We conclude that Kv1 channels underlie the gradient of LSO principal neuron firing properties. The properties of single-spiking neurons would render them particularly suited to preserving timing information...

..These observations suggest that there are robust reciprocal perisomatic PN-to-PV connections that may be important for the precise timing of rhythmic activity in the basolateral amygdala...

..The membrane potentials of control cortical astrocytes had a bimodal distribution with peaks at -68 and -41 mV...

..Neostriatal spiny neurons ordinarily receive enormously powerful excitation, which would drive the cells to saturation, and probably destroy them, if it were not for these potassium currents...

..Thus, ADPR and TRPM2 represent multimodal signaling elements regulating Ca2+ mobilization in beta cells through membrane depolarization, Ca2+ influx, and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores...

..The data suggest protein-protein interaction between NCS-1 and TRPC5, and involvement of this protein complex in retardation of neurite outgrowth...

..Native hyperpolarization-activated gating of hyperpolarization- and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels in animals and KAT channels in plants may involve bending at analogous S6 amino acid residues...

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..Finally, oral self-administration of GHB at a concentration that is normally rewarding becomes aversive after chronic exposure. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism that might underlie tolerance to GHB...

..The results suggest that GABAergic mechanisms can assume highly specific timing functions in oscillatory networks...

..These results demonstrate the importance of selective synaptic targeting and precise timing in the initial stages of neocortical processing...

..These results suggest that both TTX-S and TTX-R sodium channels play important roles and that differential phosphorylation of sodium channels involving both serine/threonine and tyrosine sites contributes to painful diabetic neuropathy...

..These results demonstrate that the conserved YXTXK/R sequence and a region with a conserved glycine residue close to the first transmembrane segment contribute to PMA and GPCR regulation of P2X(1) receptors...

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..In contrast, inhibitory neurons fire correlated action potentials at much higher frequencies driven by slower, smaller, and broadly synchronized depolarization...

..In a sense, the channel functions as a proton/protein symporter...

..Reduced granule cell inhibition in the temporal dentate gyrus preceded the onset of spontaneous recurrent seizures by days to weeks, so it may contribute, but is insufficient, to cause epilepsy...

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..Our data suggest that conformational changes in the outer pore region are critical for determining the balance between open and closed states, providing evidence for a general role for this domain in TRP channel activation...

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..This pocket, which is formed at the interface of two adjacent subunits, may be present only in the open state of the channel, consistent with the idea that retigabine stabilizes an open-channel conformation...

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..This result suggests that blockers of stretch-activated channels may protect against muscle damage in the intact mdx mouse...

..The results indicate that NaChBac has several closed states with voltage-dependent transitions between them realized by translocation of gating charge that causes activation of the channel...

..These results suggest an active role for the thalamus in shaping the slow (<1 Hz) sleep rhythm...

..These leaps have normally been associated with the introduction of a new technical advance or the development of a new biological preparation; therefore, it is quite certain that we have not seen them all...

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..Thus, in contrast to macrophages and monocytes in which low intracellular K(+) has been suggested to trigger inflammasome activation, in neural cells, high extracellular K(+) activates caspase-1 probably through pannexin 1...

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..Thus, we suggest that ion-specific vital dyes can be a powerful tool to obtain electrophysiological data during crucial biological events in vivo...

..Moreover, quantification of the amount of ATP released from wild-type, Cx43-null, and Panx1-KD astrocytes indicates that downregulation of Panx1, but not of Cx43, prevented ATP release from these cells...

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..In addition to the action potential, the lead-potential analysis should also be applicable in all types of membrane excitation in many different kinds of cells...

..We conclude that this model is more robust than many previously existing models and reproduces many experimental results using parameters based largely on experimental measurements in myocytes...

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..Our data provide a structural framework for designing unique gating-modifiers targeted to the VSD of voltage-gated cation channels and used for the treatment of hyperexcitability disorders...

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..This change in potassium channel expression turns the inner hair cell from a regenerative, spiking pacemaker into a high-frequency signal transducer...

..Regarding membrane-centric approaches, we review methods based on lipophilic probes sensitive to membrane potentials. The use of fluorescence constitutes a simple and sensitive method to measure these events...

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..CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated ion transport can be studied ex vivo in rectal biopsies by intestinal current measurement (ICM)...

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..Probenecid did not affect channels formed by connexins. Thus probenecid allows for discrimination between channels formed by connexins and pannexins...

..Control of H(+) flows represents a very important new modality that, together with traditional biochemical approaches, may eventually allow augmentation of regeneration for therapeutic applications...

..interference contrast ((DIC) time-lapse recording in conjunction with optical methods for recording membrane potentials and Ca transients...

..C) The third goal is to determine the impact of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on membrane potentials and currents in cultured cells and their impact on intracellular calcium...

..Distance measurements will be performed at different membrane potentials to assess possible distance during activation of the conductance...

..Specifically, the transducer currents and membrane potentials as a function of basilar membrane motion wilt be measured...

..spikes recorded simultaneously from neighboring neurons, we will compile spike-triggered averages of membrane potentials. This will document unitary post-synaptic potentials (PSPs) produced between cells in different cortical ..

..PTIs also selectively block mammalian sodium channels at membrane potentials that promote slow sodium channel inactivation...

..PTIs also selectively block mammalian sodium channels at membrane potentials that promote slow sodium channel inactivation...

..PTIs also selectively block mammalian sodium channels at membrane potentials that promote slow sodium channel inactivation...

..Rhodamine-123 and 99mTc-sestamibi accumulate in active mitochondria that have hemostatic membrane potentials. In all of proposed investigations, the applicants proposed to compare the extraction and retention of the ..

..Specific Aim 3 will determine the direct effects of phenols on caspases 1, 3, 8, and 9 and on mitochondrial membrane potentials in vitro, in order to delineate which apoptotic pathway (intrinsic or extrinsic) is compromised in phenol ..

..2: Increasing diastolic K conductance should restore depolarized membrane potentials towards normal and enhance excitability for normal myocytes at high stimulation frequencies...

..Subthreshold sodium currents, currents that are active at membrane potentials negative to the threshold for action potential generation, can play crucial roles in regulating ..

..2: Increasing diastolic K conductance should restore depolarized membrane potentials towards normal and enhance excitability for normal myocytes at high stimulation frequencies...

..Subthreshold sodium currents, currents that are active at membrane potentials negative to the threshold for action potential generation, can play crucial roles in regulating ..

..The first condition involves the interaction between temperature and voltage. At resting membrane potentials, TRPV1 shows measurable, tonic activation at 37oC...

..The first condition involves the interaction between temperature and voltage. At resting membrane potentials, TRPV1 shows measurable, tonic activation at 37oC...

..The first condition involves the interaction between temperature and voltage. At resting membrane potentials, TRPV1 shows measurable, tonic activation at 37oC...

..e. the micropatterned cardiomyocyte strands with inserts made of donor cells. The propagation of cell membrane potentials and intracellular calcium transients in donor cells will be optically mapped in the presence of various ..

..Such a molecule could also be used to probe membrane potentials in mitochondria, cardiac cells, bacteria, or in other non-neuronal cells, and thus would provide a new ..