insensible water loss

..We have examined the effect of low humidity on healthy human skin by using noninvasive measurement devices...

..004). Even nonxerotic, photoaged skin may appear younger, benefiting structurally and functionally from routine use of moisturizers containing dimethicone and glycerine...

..0 + 5.6% in the CW group and 8.6 + 7.0% in the NCW group (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Use of CW might be a simple method of maintaining temperature in very low-birthweight babies in developing countries...

..Together, these results verify the utility of TEWL as a measure of permeability barrier status. Moreover, all tested instruments are reliable tools for the assessment of variations in permeability barrier function...

..A difference in the skin barrier to SLS may contribute to this variation. To date, no human in vivo data have been available on SLS penetration into the skin...

..The choice of wound dressing is discussed within the larger context of the design of vapor-permeable fabrics (smart materials) and the new fields of corneotherapy and comfort science...

..05). Thus, it seems that certain moisturizers could improve skin barrier function in atopics and reduce skin susceptibility to irritants. The mechanism and the clinical relevance need further investigation...

..Additionally, in order to use the evaporimeter to measure evaporation rates through other biological and non-biological specimens and in the field applications, a small portable, battery-operated device was a design criteria...

..It is not known whether distinct anatomical locations will respond with different recovery rates following acute barrier challenges...

..Furthermore, s/he will know more about the relief of dryness symptoms and the functional changes of the skin induced by moisturizers...

..Alternative models should be developed to prove or disprove the accommodation hypothesis...

..Vitamin E at 20 and 40 microM did not. Both vitamins reduced TEWL providing functional data in support of previous reports on barrier properties. These are functional biomarkers of skin benefit relevant to skin in vivo...

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..We looked at the same time at concomitant alterations in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin moisture results...

..The chemistry and function of dry skin and moisturizers is a challenging subject for the practicing dermatologist, as well as for the chemist developing these agents in the pharmaceutical/cosmetic industry...

..Experiments to discern a quantitative and/or qualitative correlation between the two indicators have resulted in controversy. This paper reviews some major studies investigating this correlation...

..CONCLUSION: The OSAAD is a new AD severity score that avoids the pitfalls of currently used subjective scoring systems by using objective measures...

..Therefore, application without any PT seems to be best suited for irritancy skin testing, especially for visual assessment. PTs prior to irritant patch testing have been shown to be unjustifiable...

..To assess the influence of osmotic forces on the water uptake of the skin, we investigated transient TEWL values after 1 h application of salt solutions of different molarities (0, 1, and 4 M NaCl)...

..The sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation test is a well-established model for irritant contact dermatitis after the effects of surfactants...

..The variation seen may reflect the different outcomes measured: irritant threshold visually assesses the skin inflammatory response while TEWL measures skin barrier modification...

..Penetration of the substances is enhanced by repeated applications of adhesive tape prior to their application to the skin. However, no guidelines exist for standardized performance of the SPT...

..Tape stripping is a common method for investigating stratum corneum (SC) physiology as well as bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical drugs...

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..Use of a suction-induced epidermal mini-erosion for serial sampling of dermal interstitial fluid (IF) in 16 newborn infants with gestational age ranging from 24 to 42 weeks is reported...

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..Therefore, we concluded that the barrier impairment found in atopic dermatitis is not inherent but represents a phenomenon secondary to dermatitic skin changes...

..This article explores the barrier function of the skin, factors which influence skin barrier function and the use of emollients for dry skin and skin conditions...

..Our study shows that there is no summation of irritating effects of a common detergent and propanol and that the combination of washing and disinfection has a rather protective aspect compared with washing alone...

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..The comparative studies of the prevalence of atopic dermatitis and skin barrier functions in Japanese and Chinese were performed...

..A synergistic 25-fold enhancement of delivery was observed in-vivo when a combination of microneedles and ionto- phoresis was used compared with either modality alone...

..The aim of this study was to develop a model for the evaluation of the efficacy of cosmetics on human skin under simulated rigorous environment...

..Determination of drug penetration in diseased skin represents a challenge...

..Aim To evaluate the potential water retention capacity of control emulsion and three oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions containing ceramide 1, ceramide 3, or both...

..Few studies are available of the association between clinical scores and instrumental assessment of disease severity obtained with noninvasive instruments...

..The aim of this study was to verify whether a concomitant treatment with an acidic washing and an acidic emollient (both pH 5.5) can significantly improve the quality of the skin in such patients...

..In conclusion, our data suggest a role for taurine in preventing surfactant-induced dry and scaly skin by modulating the proinflammatory response and stimulating epidermal lipid synthesis...

..The SkinChip image changes likely corresponded to the acute surfactant-induced water swelling of the corneocytes. Skin capacitance imaging and corneosurfametry allow to disclose discrete surfactant-induced alterations of corneocytes...

..Noninvasive bioengineering methods, including the measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and water capacitance, have been commonly used to evaluate skin barrier function...

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..Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin...

..Quantification of skin diseases can be carried out in many ways. Clinical scores are widely used in atopic eczema (AE), and noninvasive instruments are a relevant supplement...

..It may be concluded that the number of human studies is very limited, and in the perspective of how important diseases of impaired barrier function are in dermatology, further research is needed...

..Treatment of the skin with moisturizers is also known to influence skin barrier function. Whether or not differences in occlusion between creams contribute to their effects on the skin barrier function is unknown...

..CONCLUSIONS: This study defines for the first time the relationship between the degree of mechanical barrier impairment and drug absorption at the same anatomical site in humans, and the role of blood flow in drug clearance in vivo...

..time. Finally, the experimental results show that a baby's disposable diaper, when loaded with water, behaves like an impermeable occlusive cover on the skin...

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..The present paper explores the applicability of this strategy to the in vivo water dynamics assessment...

..This review provides a brief overview of the current understanding of mammalian fatty acid (FA) metabolism with respect to epidermal barrier abrogation and repair, including new insights into cellular FA transport and metabolism...

..To evaluate the skin changes of the neck of normal individuals after repeated applications of moderate-strength corticosteroid or tracrolimus ointment for 3 weeks by use of noninvasive biophysical measurements...

..The cream was then applied 2x/day for 4 consecutive days. Assessment of TEWL clearly showed that recovery of the disrupted skin significantly improved after cream application in comparison to untreated barrier repair...

..No dose-response effect was seen, however. Long-term use of moisturizers increases skin capacitance significantly, but does not change the mechanical properties. In vivo skin hydration is a poor predictor of skin mechanics...

..It is known that the properties of human skin vary locally. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of human volar forearms even further using advanced non-invasive techniques and numerical methods...

..The amount of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids was reduced. Ultrasound showed thinning of the dermis. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive methods are very useful for quantifying the atrophogenicity of topical corticosteroids...

..A disruption of the balance between the two may lead to the clinical manifestation of dryness of skin in patients with atopic dermatitis...

..Different models and clinical trials are needed to establish the usefulness in specific conditions of emollients containing skin-related lipids...

..CONCLUSION: Skin friction appears to be dependent on several factors - such as age, anatomical site and skin hydration. The choice of the probe and the test apparatus also influence the measurement...

..Currently available measuring devices are relatively expensive. Presented here are two inexpensive, hand-held, portable instruments which conveniently measure stratum corneum hydration and skin erythema...

..Second, these results suggest that free residual chlorine exposure in patients with AD may play a role in the development or exacerbation of AD...

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..Although water intake began to decrease 7 days after virus inoculation, total daily water output (insensible water loss, urine excretion, plus fecal water loss) had little change...

..The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively investigate abnormalities in fluid/electrolyte balance during the first postnatal week...

..b>Insensible water loss was calculated as total water loss minus urinary and faecal water loss. Energy intake at normoxia was 13...

..Excessive insensible water loss in hot and humid weather, associated with an inability to obtain adequate water replacement, led to a ..

..higher in PR bears and attributed to reduced body water volume through water deprivation and increased insensible water loss. Overall, different methods of capture resulted in different patterns of physiologic disturbance...

..We designed the present study to measure cutaneous insensible water loss at various pressures during exposure to a simulated saturation dive.

..No study to date has quantitated the potential insensible water loss associated with laparoscopic surgical procedures as a result of intra-abdominal humidification of ..

..This may reflect differences in insensible water loss during treatment...

..e. the 'insensible water loss', consequent to conditioning inspired air...

..However, there were no changes in either water-holding capacity or skin barrier function, and only the SCTT was significantly shortened, after chronic injury of the stratum corneum...

..The study showed equal effects on skin dryness as judged by the patients and the dermatologist. In conclusion, a glycerin containing cream appears to be a suitable alternative to urea/sodium chloride in the treatment of atopic dry skin...

..Mechanical scratching-induced cutaneous barrier disruption may be a useful method for evaluating means of recovery from skin damage...

..Because of the tight restrictions imposed by gas exchange in flight, the amount of water potentially lost through respiration is limited...

..In both strains, cuticular transpiration accounted for approximately 95% of total water loss. The significantly longer duration of the interburst phase of the susceptible strain was not important in reducing water loss...

..m(-2). Torr(-1) at 36 degrees C) and women (17.7 W. m(-2). Torr(-1) at 36 degrees C and 15.5 W. m(-2). Torr(-1) at 38 degrees C) and may be used to model heat balance responses for unacclimated men and women working in hot environments...

..We discuss our results in the context of a review of currently available estimates of repeatability of BMR and TEWL for birds...

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..The present data suggest a protective effect of regular sauna on skin physiology, especially surface pH and stratum corneum water-holding capacity...

..Topical ceramide application is an effective therapeutic approach in skin disorders with disturbed barrier function, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis...

..We found no significant decrease in TEWL in the semi-occlusive membrane and even in the film former. This in vitro model provides a fast and economical method of screening the effect of occlusivity in wound dressings...

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..The study was conducted to investigate the skin hydration level in various body sites and identify the influencing factors in neonates...

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..A lipid order increase is observed by infrared spectroscopy, when these types of liposomes are topically applied, resulting in a strong barrier effect. These results could be useful in designing specific liposomal topical applications...

..Interestingly, a statistically significant higher ceramide/cholesterol ratio was found for men than for women (p = 0.02)...

..The repeated occlusive test or the one-time patch test may be better to simulate situations in which the skin is occluded after irritation by detergents...

..After patch testing with irritants and allergens, respectively, we found that the ear swelling method is most suitable for evaluating allergic skin reactions, whereas MATEWL is most appropriate for evaluating irritant skin reactions...

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..In the case of pre-irritated skin, the recovery of the skin was significantly faster when rubbed with softened than with unsoftened fabrics. In conclusion, softened fabrics help mitigate the skin condition in atopic patients...

..Incontinence leads to a reduced skin barrier function, while also increasing the risk of skin breakdown...

..Previous investigations of TEWL as a biomarker of skin barrier function have been limited by small sample size, and studies including African American subjects are lacking...

..Only glycerol showed dose-response and effects potentially better than no treatment. There was no significant effect and no difference between the three other AIs...

..To prevent this side effect, natural precursors of RA have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to compare the local tolerance profiles of retinol (ROL), retinaldehyde (RAL) and RA...

..The results suggest that the electroporation does not induce any irreversible changes in the skin and can be a useful technique for skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery...

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..The present study aimed to examine the effects of basic physiological features, such as baseline electrical impedance (IMP) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), on reactivity to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)...

..The maximum alterations in TEWL and skin capacitance occurred during 0.5-1.0 months and 2 weeks, respectively. TEWL recovered partially and more slowly than skin capacitance which recovered earlier and almost completely...

..Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as an indicator of skin barrier function and colorimetry for quantifying erythema have been recommended for monitoring persons at risk of occupational hand dermatitis...

..Magnesium salts are known to bind water, influence epidermal proliferation and differentiation, and enhance permeability barrier repair...

..Furthermore, results from these studies may provide an oral intervention strategy to functionally improve impaired cutaneous vasoreactivity in the aged during thermal stress. ..

..It is hypothesized that: 1) hydration will increase cardiac output; and 2) hydration with a commercially available sports drink will be better than hydration with water. ..

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..abstract_text> ..

..The long term objective of this project is to understand how these two layers are maintained and work together to protect the lung and thus help design better therapies. (End of Abstract) ..

..The results from our three aims will provide mechanistic insight into how alpha6beta4 integrin heterodimers and their associated proteins contribute to tissue remodeling during wound healing and certain pathological conditions. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..Furthermore, results from these studies may provide an oral intervention strategy to functionally improve impaired cutaneous vasoreactivity in the aged during thermal stress. ..

..Most of the participants have completed both pre- and post-testing. In the future, we may invite some participants back to study the effects of de-training on skin blood flow. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..Four more experimental trials are necessary for completion of Phase III. We expect to complete this phase by April, 1998. ..

..The results from our three aims will provide mechanistic insight into how alpha6beta4 integrin heterodimers and their associated proteins contribute to tissue remodeling during wound healing and certain pathological conditions. ..

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..Specific Aim 4 examines the mechanisms investigated in Aims 1-3 before and after a statin therapy intervention with atrovastatin. ..

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..abstract_text> ..

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..g., chronic bronchitis. Such observations might change the way physicians approach antibiotic therapy of patients with airways disease. ..

..We propose to assay how the stiffness of the lung regulates the function of its cellular components. Our results will provide novel insight into the mechanisms of disease progression and has implications for future therapies. ..

..Specific Aim 4 examines the mechanisms investigated in Aims 1-3 before and after a statin therapy intervention with atrovastatin. ..

..We plan to compare older and younger men and women to examine the mechanism by which aging attenuates reflex active cutaneous vasodillation. ..

..Data from this last proposed investigation operationalizes the SkBF decrement to allow policy-making by health organizations and for modeling biophysical and physiological responses of the elderly to extreme environments. ..

..End of Abstract) ..

..Therefore, the proposed studies under Specific Aim 4 will include differences in muscle mass within age groups. ..

..g., COPD, CF, and asthma, and lead to novel therapies to hydrate airway surfaces to clear the mucus plugs/plaques that produce airways obstruction and infection in these major pulmonary diseases. ..

..abstract_text> ..

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..This work has important implications for the health and treatment for the millions of people who consume even moderate amounts of alcohol and who may be knowingly or unknowingly exposed to potentially toxic chemicals. ..