neuropil

..generates different leg motoneuron subtypes, starting with those innervating proximal targets and medial neuropil regions and producing progeny that innervate distal muscle targets and lateral neuropil later in the lineage...

..Thus, it will be difficult to predict synaptic connectivity using data sets missing ultrastructural details that distinguish between axo-dendritic touches and bona fide synapses...

..The second layer, or glomerular layer, is also divided by a conspicuous invagination of the neuropil of the ECL at the junction of the rostral and caudal halves...

The central complex is an important center for higher-order brain function in insects. It is an intricate neuropil composed of four substructures...

..Supporting this notion, multiple postmortem studies have demonstrated that the hippocampal CA1 apical neuropil is one of the earliest sites of pathology, exhibiting tau aggregates and then atrophy before there is substantial ..

..Two topics are highlighted: the volume plasticity of mushroom body neuropils evident in the brains of some adult insects and a possible essential role for the gamma lobe in olfactory memory...

..In addition, we describe one labial unpaired median neurone with a dorsal cell body, DUMlb1. The possible homology between the honeybee VUM neurones and the unpaired median neurones in other insects is discussed...

..analysis using an antibody made to the receptor revealed highly enriched expression in the mushroom body neuropil and the ellipsoid body of central complex, brain areas known to be crucial for olfactory learning and motor ..

..However, the absence of recorded pheromone responses in the Cu needs to be confirmed...

..In insects and crayfish, the central body is connected to a second midline-spanning neuropil, the protocerebral bridge. Both structures are collectively termed central complex...

..The results indicate that olfactory input in the honeybee is processed via two separate, mainly uPN pathways to the MB calyx and LH and several pathways to the lateral protocerebrum...

..The present observations are discussed with respect to possible roles of octopamine in sensory integration and association...

..These results indicate that substantial changes in the neuropil do not occur 2 weeks before the time of definite necrosis formation, whereas changes in the basement membrane are ..

The calyx neuropil of the mushroom body in adult Drosophila melanogaster contains three major neuronal elements: extrinsic projection neurons, presumed cholinergic, immunoreactive to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT-ir) and vesicular ..

In most animals the central pathways of olfactory systems are associated with glomerular neuropil and lack topographic mapping of sensory inputs...

..Evidence suggests that Isopoda have evolved, and are in the process of evolving, several novel solutions to chemical perception on land and in air...

..After unilateral dopamine depletion, some ipsilateral alterations occur and the contralateral structure has been utilized as control...

..Neural organization in brain centres, comprising olfactory pathways, optic lobes and a central neuropil that is thought to play a cardinal role in multi-joint movement, support affinities between insects and ..

..These results are in line with the morphological findings concerning the well-developed olfactory centers in the deutocerebrum of this species...

..For the CNS, histochemical markers for NOS do not provide conclusive evidence for a developmental role of this enzyme...

In the first optic neuropil (lamina) of the fly's visual system, monopolar cells L1 and L2 and glia show circadian rhythms in morphological plasticity. They change their size and shape during the day and night...

..It lays an essential foundation for studying glia development and function in the Drosophila brain...

..When quantitative estimates are required for pathways that contribute a small proportion of synapses to the neuropil, the problems of accurate sampling are particularly severe and the total time required may become prohibitive...

..There, GFP expression occurs in medulla neuropil glia (MNGl), which express the clock gene per, and which closely contact the terminals of clock neurons ..

..Histology revealed a WHO grade III glioneuronal tumor with rosetted neuropil-like islands...

..detection of antibodies to cell surface or synaptic proteins demonstrated that six patients had antibodies to the neuropil of hippocampus or cerebellum, and one to intraneuronal antigens...

..The present findings suggest the need for critical reinterpretation of studies that have been predicated on early descriptions of the mushroom body's lobes...

..quot; GluRIID is expressed in the postsynaptic domain of the NMJ, as well as widely throughout the synaptic neuropil of the CNS...

..Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that the organization of the onychophoran brain is similar to that of the brains of chelicerates...

..The significance of the postsynaptic neurites of the ChAT PNs is discussed; either local or other interneurons might connect the ChAT PNs within the LH, or PNs might receive inputs arising from outside the LH...

..This suggests that spatial information residing within neurons, rather than glial cells, specifies the location and initial shape of neuropile compartments...

..There was an expansion of the neuropil of the MB that was temporally associated with drone behavioral development, as in female queens and workers...

..may be under the influence of Reelin, we systematically mapped Reelin-immunoreactive neuronal somata, axons, and neuropil in the brain and brainstem of ferrets...

..In addition, basal muscarinic excitation in the central body neuropil seems to determine the general motivation of a grasshopper to stridulate...

..Third, the atlas can serve as a repository for genes expressed in lineage-specific patterns...

..and late stages after the initiation of the disease we assessed features of the NADPH-d positive cells and the neuropil histochemical activity in CA1 and dentate gyrus using densitometric analysis...

..These models form part of our effort to generate an anatomic framework of Drosophila larval brain structure required for accurate localization of gene expression and gene function in experimental studies of neural development...

..Neuropile compartments, representing easily identifiable landmark structures, will assist in future analyses of Drosophila brain development in which the exact location of neurons and their axonal trajectories is of importance...

..The map of larval lineages and their axonal projection will be important for future studies on postembryonic neurogenesis in Drosophila. It also lays a groundwork for investigating the role of DE-cadherin in larval brain development...

..The results are also discussed with respect to recent studies on octopamine-immunoreactive organization in honey bees and cockroaches and the suggested roles of octopamine in sensory processing, learning, and memory...

..glutamate transporter, dEAAT1, is selectively addressed to glial extensions that project ubiquitously through the neuropil close to synaptic areas...

..Nuclear, cytoplasmic, or neuropil aggregates are detectable in CAG/polyGln-related diseases, but their role is still debated...

..Using the Fasciclin2-based mapping procedure as a standard (e.g., in a common database) would facilitate studies on the functional architecture of the neuropile and the identification of candiate circuit elements...

..These neurons send their axons in a fascicle, the larval optic nerve (LON), which terminates in the larval optic neuropil. The LON is required for the development of a serotonergic arborization originating in the central brain and for ..

Anatomical studies of the crab stomatogastric ganglion (STG) have suggested only minimal organization within the neuropil of this structure...

..The accumulation of f-actin in KC dendrites is discussed in view of mushroom body plasticity and its potential role in learning and memory formation...

..However, in certain insects, the lobula is accompanied by a tectum-like fourth neuropil, the lobula plate, characterized by wide-field tangential neurons and linked to the medulla by uncrossed axons...

..This suggests that synaptogenic mechanisms in the CNS might differ from those at neuromuscular junctions...

We studied the development of neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs), neuropil aggregates (NAs), and expression of expanded repeat polyglutamine protein in the HdhCAG(150) knockin mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD)...

..These consisted of nuclear staining for huntingtin and huntingtin-containing nuclear and neuropil aggregates that first appeared in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle...

..Alterations of GABAergic neurotransmission are assumed to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the key enzyme of GABA synthesis...

..New synaptic contacts appear in the neuropil where the gaps between axonal and dendritic branches can be bridged by dendritic spines...

..Here we investigated two stratified areas of the zebrafish visual pathway, the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina and the neuropil of the optic tectum, and determined if activity is required for their organization.

..Here we report that in mice expressing full-length mutant huntingtin and modeling early stages of HD, neuropil aggregates form preferentially in the LGP and SN...

..However, the contribution of cytoplasmic mutant huntingtin and its aggregates in neuronal processes (neuropil aggregates) has not been rigorously explored...

..cerebellar cortex of 2-month-old Atm knockout mice, which is accompanied by glial activation, deterioration of neuropil structure, and both pre- and postsynaptic degeneration...

..Together our findings support the idea that axons are delivered to particular regions of the neuropile by their responses to systems of positional cues in each dimension...

..a comprehensive study of glucocorticoid effects on hippocampal CA3 volume and identified elements in the neuropil including astrocytic volume and cell and synapse number and size...

..capsule, ventral amygdaloid pathway, and medial forebrain bundle are the main sources of afferents to the neuropil of the Ov...

..This study will aid in the documentation and interpretation of patterns of gene expression, as well as functional studies, in the developing Macrostomum brain...

..About 470 neuronal cell bodies in the locust midbrain were NADPHd-positive positive, and nearly all major neuropil centers contained dense, sharply stained arborizations...

We describe a case of ependymoma with neuronal differentiation in form of neuropil-like islands. A 6-year-old boy presented at clinical examination for a short history of headaches and vomiting...

Distinctive glioneuronal tumors arising within the cerebrum and displaying neuropil-like islands and tumor cells immunoreactive for neuronal and glial antigens have recently been described...

Glioneuronal tumor with neuropil-like islands (GTNI) is a rare neoplasm harboring circumscribed loci of neuronal differentiation and diffusely infiltrating astroglial and oligodendrocytelike components...

..The current report presents a light and electron microscopic study on ANG I/II-immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats...

..These findings suggest that glutamate, via NMDA receptors, may be involved as a signaling molecule in motor, learning, visual, and olfactory systems in the cephalopod brain...

..suggesting that central complexes in both groups are homologous structures derived from a basal ancestral neuropil. This ancestral archetype of the central complex (lacking the protocerebral bridge) might be represented in the ..

..Thus the postsynaptic GABA(B)-Rs on ET cells may play an important role in shaping the activation pattern of the glomeruli during olfactory coding...

..They further suggest differences in the cortical distribution of group I mGluRs between primates and rodents...

..These findings demonstrate the importance of afferent innervation in the maturation of striatal neurons in organotypic cultures...

..These results show that there is a widespread unique serotonergic system in the CNS of Triatoma infestans and suggest that the indolamine could act as a neuromodulator or as a neurohormone...

..The current paper presents a light- and electron microscopic study on AT1-receptor-immunolabeling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats...

..In addition the alpha2-subunit may serve other functions than forming a functional heterodimer of sGC during the early phases of sensory pathway refinement...

..We discuss the possible relationship between these alterations and epilepsy, bearing in mind the possible limitations that preclude the extrapolation of the results to the whole population of epileptic patients with dysplastic neocortex...

..of this enzyme was found in the deutrocerebrum, mainly in neuropils of olfactory lobes, the lateral antennular neuropil, a laterodorsal group of cells, and in the oculomotor nerve nucleus...

..There was a clear reduction in the intensity of neuropil staining for both Pv and Cb in deprived ocular dominance columns with little or no reduction in number of labeled ..

..In addition, intense BMP4 expression was also observed in the neuropil of the gray matters where high plasticity is reported, such as the molecular layer of the cerebellum and the ..

..lobe, the axon terminals of two identified m-ACT neurons arborize in separate but close areas of the neuropil; and 3) that MB-intrinsic clawed Kenyon cells (type 5), with somata outside the calycal cups, project to the ..

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..These patterns of distribution are very different from those of other typical brain ECM proteins and suggest that this protein may play quite distinct roles in brain development and maintenance...

..Immunostained neurites were detected in the medulla and lobula of the optic lobe, the lateral protocerebral neuropil, the median bundle, the calyces and the stalk of the mushroom bodies, and the central body...

..of the ganglia while the small immunostained cells (5-25 microm diameter) were observed in groups near the neuropil. The number of large neurons giving positive Cx26-like immunostaining was small in comparison with that for ..

..Only mild structural alterations were found: a approximately 20% reduction of neuropil area in many brain regions, resulting predominantly from shortened distal dendritic branches and fewer spines, as ..

..These results indicate that neuronal activity is required but that the glutamatergic system is not essential for PN development...

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..resulting labeling pattern indicated a clearly heterogeneous expression predominantly localized to neurons and neuropil. The highest levels of Spd synthase expression were detected in the accumbens nucleus, taenia tecta, cerebellar ..

..Taken together, we suggest an important role of crustacean-SIFamidergic neurons in processing high-order, multimodal input in the crayfish brain...

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..This organization allows for control of input sensitivity while maintaining the spatial maps of glomerular activity thought to encode odorant identity...

..Thus, the ideal analysis is to derive both synaptic measures. When these measures agree, one can discount changes in extraneous factors influencing synaptic counts...

..They further suggest that GDNF may play a role in the development of intrahippocampal circuitry and in neuronal function and maintenance throughout life...

..The heterogeneous localization of the Kir2.3 and the Kir2.4 subunits with respect to these strategic structures pinpoints to these channel proteins as promising targets for future pharmacological efforts...

..In six out of the seven cases analyzed, the D-AP5-treated neuropil exhibited increased immunolabeling at PSDs and a concomitantly great increase at non-synaptic sites within spines...

..Multiple forms of Dscam RNA were detected in the developing antenna, and Dscam protein was localized to developing ORN axons. We propose a role for Dscam protein diversity in regulating ORN target specificity...

..The findings are discussed in terms of the possible role and significance of nitric oxide and endothlin-1 in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system...

..The relative amount of dendritic neuropil in the medial regions of the ganglion was approximately 2...

..The rate of loss of labeled cells was similar for all groups of neurons. Thus, these data reveal no evidence that the loss of subplate neurons is specific to any major cell type...

The accessory medulla (AMe), a small neuropil in the insect optic lobe, has been proposed to serve a circadian pacemaker function analogous to the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mammals...

..and accessory lobes (higher-order integrative areas) of decapod crustaceans terminate within both of the main neuropil regions of the lateral protocerebrum: the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body...

We studied tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons and neuropil in the olfactory bulb of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, and in the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis...

..possess a sense of smell, synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and central neurons occur in specialized neuropil structures called glomeruli...

..changes in cortical GM FA reflect changes in the distribution of axonal and dendritic neuronal processes in the neuropil. This hypothesis stems from an analytical model that we recently developed to relate diffusion anisotropy in the ..

..We hypothesize that in those areas the dystrophic neurites scattered in the neuropil and in the plaques originate in the abnormal axons and presynaptic terminals, as the result of the aberrant ..

..in vivo; (2) to examine the effects of TH on BDNF, NT-3 and RORalpha gene expression, and TH, BDNF and NT-3 on neuropil outgrowth and synaptogenesis in primary cultures of cerebellum of normal and sg mice in vitro; (3) to examine the ..

..It is hypothesized that a decrease in hippocampal neuropil, in response to diminished markers of neural growth and synaptic connection, resulting in an increase in neuronal ..

..how signaling via cholinergic pathways is related to foraging-induced increases in the volume of mushroom body neuropil using a novel experience-replacement technique; 2...

Astrocytes are an important component of the neuropil and their dysfunction has been associated with a variety of idiopathic and genetic diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and in energy deprivation ..

..how signaling via cholinergic pathways is related to foraging-induced increases in the volume of mushroom body neuropil using a novel experience-replacement technique; 2...

..and vascular amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites and neuropil threads...

..schizophrenia have noted a decrease in PFC volume that is not due to a loss of neurons, but rather a decrease in neuropil, suggesting changes in the size of cell bodies, a decrease in presynaptic elements, or a pruning of the dendritic ..

..schizophrenia have noted a decrease in PFC volume that is not due to a loss of neurons, but rather a decrease in neuropil, suggesting changes in the size of cell bodies, a decrease in presynaptic elements, or a pruning of the dendritic ..

..Experiments use a serum-free organotypic explant system to determine VEGF effects on neuropil at different perinatal developmental stages as well as primary culture assays of neurons, astroglia and isolated ..

..and vascular amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites and neuropil threads...

..disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), senile plaques (SPs) and neuropil threads (NTs) in selected telencephalic regions that are especially vulnerable to degeneration...