neural pathways

Summary

Summary: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.

Top Publications

  1. ncbi Functional connectivity of the insula in the resting brain
    Franco Cauda
    CCS fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
    Neuroimage 55:8-23. 2011
  2. ncbi Functional grouping and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
    Hedy Kober
    Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
    Neuroimage 42:998-1031. 2008
  3. ncbi A dual-networks architecture of top-down control
    Nico U F Dosenbach
    Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
    Trends Cogn Sci 12:99-105. 2008
  4. ncbi Dynamic adjustments in prefrontal, hippocampal, and inferior temporal interactions with increasing visual working memory load
    Jesse Rissman
    Henry H Wheeler, Jr Brain Imaging Center, Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
    Cereb Cortex 18:1618-29. 2008
  5. ncbi Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters
    Tobias Egner
    Functional MRI Research Center, Columbia University, Neurological Institute, Box 108, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Cereb Cortex 18:1475-84. 2008
  6. ncbi A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs
    Sophie Achard
    Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 26:63-72. 2006
  7. ncbi Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging
    K J Friston
    Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, United Kingdom
    Neuroimage 6:218-29. 1997
  8. ncbi Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography
    Gaolang Gong
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    Cereb Cortex 19:524-36. 2009
  9. ncbi The small world of the cerebral cortex
    Olaf Sporns
    Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
    Neuroinformatics 2:145-62. 2004
  10. ncbi Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks
    William W Seeley
    Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Neuron 62:42-52. 2009

Research Grants

  1. NEURAL PATHWAYS FOR METABOLIC CONTROL OF INGESTION
    S Ritter; Fiscal Year: 1999
  2. Central Sympathetic Regulation of Thermogenesis in Fever
    Shaun F Morrison; Fiscal Year: 2010
  3. Chemical Anatomy and Synaptology of Vestibulo-Sympathetic Pathways
    GAY HOLSTEIN; Fiscal Year: 2009
  4. Bladder, Urethra and Anal Sphincter Reinnervation
    MICHAEL RAYMOND contact RUGGIERI; Fiscal Year: 2010
  5. Neurobiology of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
    Walter H Kaye; Fiscal Year: 2010
  6. Factors that Initiate Arrhythamias in Long QT Syndrome
    Guy Salama; Fiscal Year: 2006
  7. Central Sympathetic Regulation of Thermogenesis in Fever
    Shaun F Morrison; Fiscal Year: 2010
  8. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action in SCI
    Mehdi M Mirbagheri; Fiscal Year: 2010
  9. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action in SCI
    MEHDI MIRBAGHERI; Fiscal Year: 2009
  10. GASTRIC ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE CELL IN ULCER DISEASE
    George Sachs; Fiscal Year: 2005

Detail Information

Publications231 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Functional connectivity of the insula in the resting brain
    Franco Cauda
    CCS fMRI, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
    Neuroimage 55:8-23. 2011
    ..These results are in agreement with connectivity studies in primates, and support the use of resting state functional analysis to investigate connectivity in the living human brain...
  2. ncbi Functional grouping and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
    Hedy Kober
    Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
    Neuroimage 42:998-1031. 2008
    ....
  3. ncbi A dual-networks architecture of top-down control
    Nico U F Dosenbach
    Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
    Trends Cogn Sci 12:99-105. 2008
    ..The control systems of the brain seem to embody the principles of complex systems, encouraging resilient performance...
  4. ncbi Dynamic adjustments in prefrontal, hippocampal, and inferior temporal interactions with increasing visual working memory load
    Jesse Rissman
    Henry H Wheeler, Jr Brain Imaging Center, Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
    Cereb Cortex 18:1618-29. 2008
    ....
  5. ncbi Dissociable neural systems resolve conflict from emotional versus nonemotional distracters
    Tobias Egner
    Functional MRI Research Center, Columbia University, Neurological Institute, Box 108, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
    Cereb Cortex 18:1475-84. 2008
    ..These data suggest that the neuroanatomical networks recruited to overcome conflict vary systematically with the nature of the conflict, but that they may share a common conflict-detection mechanism...
  6. ncbi A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs
    Sophie Achard
    Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 26:63-72. 2006
    ..Because the major hubs of this network are critical for cognition, its slow dynamics could provide a physiological substrate for segregated and distributed information processing...
  7. ncbi Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging
    K J Friston
    Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, United Kingdom
    Neuroimage 6:218-29. 1997
    ..We focus on interactions among extrastriate, inferotemporal, and posterior parietal regions during visual processing, under different attentional and perceptual conditions...
  8. ncbi Mapping anatomical connectivity patterns of human cerebral cortex using in vivo diffusion tensor imaging tractography
    Gaolang Gong
    Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1098 Research Transition Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
    Cereb Cortex 19:524-36. 2009
    ..Our results are compatible with previous structural and functional brain networks studies and provide insight into the organizational principles of human brain anatomical networks that underlie functional states...
  9. ncbi The small world of the cerebral cortex
    Olaf Sporns
    Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
    Neuroinformatics 2:145-62. 2004
    ..We discuss the significance of these universal organizational features of cortex in light of functional brain anatomy. Supplementary materials are at www.indiana.edu/~cortex/lab.htm...
  10. ncbi Neurodegenerative diseases target large-scale human brain networks
    William W Seeley
    Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Neuron 62:42-52. 2009
    ..Future studies may clarify how these complex systems are assembled during development and undermined by disease...
  11. ncbi Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?
    T E J Behrens
    Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain FMRIB, Oxford, UK
    Neuroimage 34:144-55. 2007
    ..We show that multi-fibre tractography offers significant advantages in sensitivity when tracking non-dominant fibre populations, but does not dramatically change tractography results for the dominant pathways...
  12. ncbi Ventral and dorsal pathways for language
    Dorothee Saur
    Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:18035-40. 2008
    ....
  13. ncbi Comparing dynamic causal models
    W D Penny
    Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
    Neuroimage 22:1157-72. 2004
    ..The combined use of Bayes factors and DCM thus allows one to evaluate competing scientific theories about the architecture of large-scale neural networks and the neuronal interactions that mediate perception and cognition...
  14. ncbi Studying the human brain anatomical network via diffusion-weighted MRI and Graph Theory
    Yasser Iturria-Medina
    Neuroimaging Department, Cuban Neuroscience Center, Avenue 25, Esq 158, 15202, PO Box 6412, Cubanacan, Playa, Havana, Cuba
    Neuroimage 40:1064-76. 2008
    ..These results are in agreement with previous anatomical studies in the cat and macaque cerebral cortex...
  15. ncbi Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity
    Matthew K Belmonte
    Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2AH, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 24:9228-31. 2004
  16. ncbi The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks
    Michael D Fox
    Departments of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
    J Neurophysiol 101:3270-83. 2009
    ....
  17. ncbi Association fibre pathways of the brain: parallel observations from diffusion spectrum imaging and autoradiography
    Jeremy D Schmahmann
    Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02114, USA
    Brain 130:630-53. 2007
    ..By replicating the major features of these tracts identified by histological techniques in monkey, we show that DSI has the potential to cast new light on the organization of the human brain in the normal state and in clinical disorders...
  18. ncbi Network structure of cerebral cortex shapes functional connectivity on multiple time scales
    Christopher J Honey
    Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:10240-5. 2007
    ....
  19. ncbi Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer's disease
    Randy L Buckner
    Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
    J Neurosci 29:1860-73. 2009
    ....
  20. ncbi Connectivity-Based Parcellation of Broca's Area
    A Anwander
    Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
    Cereb Cortex 17:816-25. 2007
    ..For the first time, there is a possibility to investigate the anatomical subdivision of Broca's area noninvasively in the individual living human subject...
  21. ncbi Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study
    Nikos Makris
    Harvard Medical School Department of Neurology, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
    Cereb Cortex 15:854-69. 2005
    ..Since DT-MRI allows the precise definition of only the stem portion of each fiber pathway, the origin and termination of the subdivisions of SLF are extrapolated from the available data in experimental material from non-human primates...
  22. ncbi Perisylvian language networks of the human brain
    Marco Catani
    Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King s College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom
    Ann Neurol 57:8-16. 2005
    ..The anatomical findings are also relevant to the evolution of language, provide a framework for Lichtheim's symptom-based neurological model of aphasia, and constrain, anatomically, contemporary connectionist accounts of language...
  23. ncbi A method for functional network connectivity among spatially independent resting-state components in schizophrenia
    Madiha J Jafri
    Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
    Neuroimage 39:1666-81. 2008
    ..Significant differences between patient and control connectivity in different networks were revealed possibly reflecting deficiencies in cortical processing in patients...
  24. ncbi Non-invasive mapping of connections between human thalamus and cortex using diffusion imaging
    T E J Behrens
    Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
    Nat Neurosci 6:750-7. 2003
    ..Our results provide the first quantitative demonstration of reliable inference of anatomical connectivity between human gray matter structures using diffusion data and the first connectivity-based segmentation of gray matter...
  25. ncbi A quantitative map of the circuit of cat primary visual cortex
    Tom Binzegger
    Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich, and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
    J Neurosci 24:8441-53. 2004
    ....
  26. ncbi Phase lag index: assessment of functional connectivity from multi channel EEG and MEG with diminished bias from common sources
    Cornelis J Stam
    Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Hum Brain Mapp 28:1178-93. 2007
    ....
  27. ncbi The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
    Suzanne N Haber
    Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
    J Chem Neuroanat 26:317-30. 2003
    ..Information is channeled from limbic, to cognitive, to motor circuits. Action decision-making processes are thus influenced by motivation and cognitive inputs, allowing the animal to respond appropriate to environmental cues...
  28. ncbi Neuronal circuits of the neocortex
    Rodney J Douglas
    Institute of Neuroinformatics, University ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
    Annu Rev Neurosci 27:419-51. 2004
    ....
  29. ncbi DTI tractography of the human brain's language pathways
    Matthew F Glasser
    Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
    Cereb Cortex 18:2471-82. 2008
    ..Smaller right hemisphere MTG terminations overlapped with right lateralized prosodic activations. We combine our findings with a recent model of brain language processing to explain 6 aphasia syndromes...
  30. ncbi The subcellular organization of neocortical excitatory connections
    Leopoldo Petreanu
    Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA
    Nature 457:1142-5. 2009
    ..Our experiments reveal high specificity in the subcellular organization of excitatory circuits...
  31. ncbi Reproducibility of quantitative tractography methods applied to cerebral white matter
    Setsu Wakana
    F M Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Neuroimage 36:630-44. 2007
    ..Hemispheric asymmetry was observed for the size of white matter tracts projecting to the temporal lobe. This protocol provides guidelines for reproducible DTI-based tract-specific quantification...
  32. ncbi Virtual in vivo interactive dissection of white matter fasciculi in the human brain
    Marco Catani
    Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
    Neuroimage 17:77-94. 2002
    ....
  33. ncbi Neuronal diversity and temporal dynamics: the unity of hippocampal circuit operations
    Thomas Klausberger
    MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK
    Science 321:53-7. 2008
    ..The spatiotemporal specializations in cortical circuits reveal that cellular diversity and temporal dynamics coemerged during evolution, providing a basis for cognitive behavior...
  34. ncbi Connectivity-based parcellation of human cingulate cortex and its relation to functional specialization
    Matthias Beckmann
    Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 29:1175-90. 2009
    ..Regional functional specialization was found to be related to regional differences in probabilistic anatomical connectivity...
  35. ncbi Identification and classification of hubs in brain networks
    Olaf Sporns
    Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 2:e1049. 2007
    ....
  36. ncbi Cortical midline structures and the self
    Georg Northoff
    Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
    Trends Cogn Sci 8:102-7. 2004
    ..All of these subfunctions are related to distinct regions within the CMS. This relationship between self-referential processing and CMS might provide novel insight into the neural correlates underlying the constitution of the self...
  37. ncbi Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human Basal Ganglia
    Bogdan Draganski
    Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 28:7143-52. 2008
    ..We believe that this method can be used to examine pathophysiological concepts in a number of basal ganglia-related disorders...
  38. ncbi The precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex plays a pivotal role in the default mode network: Evidence from a partial correlation network analysis
    Peter Fransson
    MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Brain Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
    Neuroimage 42:1178-84. 2008
    ..The suggested pivotal role of the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex in the default mode network is discussed...
  39. ncbi The evolution of the arcuate fasciculus revealed with comparative DTI
    James K Rilling
    Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 207 Anthropology Building, 1557 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
    Nat Neurosci 11:426-8. 2008
    ..This human specialization may be relevant to the evolution of language...
  40. ncbi Natural frequencies of human corticothalamic circuits
    Mario Rosanova
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
    J Neurosci 29:7679-85. 2009
    ..The natural frequency can be directly measured in virtually any area of the cerebral cortex and may represent a straightforward and flexible way to probe the state of human thalamocortical circuits at the patient's bedside...
  41. ncbi Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans
    Adam R Aron
    Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
    Nat Neurosci 6:115-6. 2003
  42. ncbi Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey
    M Petrides
    Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A B4 Canada
    Eur J Neurosci 16:291-310. 2002
    ..e. the auditory association cortex) and the multimodal cortex in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus...
  43. ncbi Brain anatomical network and intelligence
    Yonghui Li
    LIAMA Center for Computational Medicine, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
    PLoS Comput Biol 5:e1000395. 2009
    ..Our findings suggest that the efficiency of brain structural organization may be an important biological basis for intelligence...
  44. ncbi Whole-brain anatomical networks: does the choice of nodes matter?
    Andrew Zalesky
    Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
    Neuroimage 50:970-83. 2010
    ..9 vs. sigma(4000)=53.6+/-2.2). These findings indicate that any comparison of network parameters across studies must be made with reference to the spatial scale of the nodal parcellation...
  45. ncbi Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing
    Susan Bookheimer
    Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 90095, USA
    Annu Rev Neurosci 25:151-88. 2002
    ..Together, these lines of research broaden our understanding of how the brain stores, retrieves, and makes sense of semantic information, and they challenge some commonly held notions of functional modularity in the language system...
  46. ncbi Resolving emotional conflict: a role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala
    Amit Etkin
    Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Medical Center, Neurological Institute Box 108, 710 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
    Neuron 51:871-82. 2006
    ..These data suggest that emotional conflict is resolved through top-down inhibition of amygdalar activity by the rostral cingulate cortex...
  47. ncbi Cerebellar cortical organization: a one-map hypothesis
    Richard Apps
    Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
    Nat Rev Neurosci 10:670-81. 2009
    ..Here we consider the possibility that this complexity hides the fact that the cerebellar cortex contains only one map, which has been charted in various ways...
  48. ncbi The development of cortical connections
    David J Price
    Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
    Eur J Neurosci 23:910-20. 2006
    ....
  49. ncbi Identifying neural drivers with functional MRI: an electrophysiological validation
    Olivier David
    INSERM, U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
    PLoS Biol 6:2683-97. 2008
    ..As such, it has important implications for future studies on brain connectivity using functional neuroimaging...
  50. ncbi Altered resting state networks in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study
    Serge A R B Rombouts
    Department of Physics and Medical Technology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Hum Brain Mapp 26:231-9. 2005
    ..These findings suggest that altered activity in the default mode network may act as an early marker for AD pathology...
  51. ncbi The identification of interacting networks in the brain using fMRI: Model selection, causality and deconvolution
    Alard Roebroeck
    Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Postbus 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
    Neuroimage 58:296-302. 2011
    ..However, it is crucially dependent upon assumptions that need to be verified...
  52. ncbi Slits are chemorepellents endogenous to hypothalamus and steer thalamocortical axons into ventral telencephalon
    Janet E Braisted
    Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
    Cereb Cortex 19:i144-51. 2009
    ..Thus, Slits are chemorepellents for TCAs endogenous to hypothalamus and steer TCAs from diencephalon into ventral telencephalon, a critical pathfinding event defective in Slit and Robo2 mutant mice...
  53. ncbi Molecular mapping of the neural pathways linking leptin to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis
    Gwendolyn W Louis
    Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
    Endocrinology 152:2302-10. 2011
    ..Taken together, these findings suggest that leptin communicates with the neuroendocrine reproductive axis via multiple populations of LepRb neurons that lie afferent to both Kiss1 and GnRH neurons...
  54. ncbi Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala
    A J McDonald
    Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia 29208, USA
    Prog Neurobiol 55:257-332. 1998
    ....
  55. ncbi Estrogen masculinizes neural pathways and sex-specific behaviors
    Melody V Wu
    Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
    Cell 139:61-72. 2009
    ..Our results suggest that aromatization of testosterone into estrogen is important for the development and activation of neural circuits that control male territorial behaviors...
  56. ncbi Dissociating the human language pathways with high angular resolution diffusion fiber tractography
    Stephen Frey
    Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    J Neurosci 28:11435-44. 2008
    ..Thus, monkey and human evidence suggests that the connections of areas 44 and 45 are much more differentiated than had previously been thought and provide the basis for studies searching for their differential contribution in function...
  57. ncbi The application of graph theoretical analysis to complex networks in the brain
    Jaap C Reijneveld
    Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, P O Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Clin Neurophysiol 118:2317-31. 2007
    ....
  58. ncbi Default-mode activity during a passive sensory task: uncoupled from deactivation but impacting activation
    Michael D Greicius
    Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94301 5719, USA
    J Cogn Neurosci 16:1484-92. 2004
    ....
  59. ncbi Defining functional areas in individual human brains using resting functional connectivity MRI
    Alexander L Cohen
    Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
    Neuroimage 41:45-57. 2008
    ..Our approach reliably produces maps of bounded regions appropriate in size and number for putative functional areas. These findings will hopefully stimulate further methodological refinements and validations...
  60. ncbi Consciousness and complexity
    G Tononi
    Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John J Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
    Science 282:1846-51. 1998
    ..Applying measures of neural integration and complexity, together with an analysis of extensive neurological data, leads to a testable proposal-the dynamic core hypothesis-about the properties of the neural substrate of consciousness...
  61. ncbi Excitatory signal flow and connectivity in a cortical column: focus on barrel cortex
    Joachim Lubke
    Research Centre Julich, Institute of Neurosciences and Biophysics INB 3, Leo Brandt Str, 52425 Julich, Germany
    Brain Struct Funct 212:3-17. 2007
    ..This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the study of individual microcircuits and their functional relevance within the framework of a cortical column, with emphasis on excitatory signal flow...
  62. ncbi Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis
    J P Aggleton
    School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF1 3YG, Wales
    Behav Brain Sci 22:425-44; discussion 444-89. 1999
    ..In the large majority of amnesic cases both the hippocampal-anterior thalamic and the perirhinal-medial dorsal thalamic systems are compromised, leading to severe deficits in both recall and recognition...
  63. ncbi Perisomatic feedback inhibition underlies cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the rat hippocampus in vitro
    Edward O Mann
    University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
    Neuron 45:105-17. 2005
    ..AMPA receptor-mediated recurrent excitation was necessary for the synchronization of interneuronal discharge, which strongly supports a synaptic feedback model for the generation of hippocampal gamma oscillations...
  64. ncbi A simple view of the brain through a frequency-specific functional connectivity measure
    R Salvador
    Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, SJD SSM, Dr Antoni Pujadas, 42 Sant Boi de Llobregat 08830, Barcelona, Spain
    Neuroimage 39:279-89. 2008
    ..Finally, potentially confounding effects of head movement and regional volume on MI are identified and addressed...
  65. ncbi A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system
    D C Van Essen
    Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
    Nature 385:313-8. 1997
    ..By keeping the aggregate length of axonal and dendritic wiring low, tension should contribute to the compactness of neural circuitry throughout the adult brain...
  66. ncbi Area specificity and topography of thalamocortical projections are controlled by ephrin/Eph genes
    Audrey Dufour
    IRIBHM, University of Brussels U L B, 808 Route de Lennik, B 1070 Brussels, Belgium
    Neuron 39:453-65. 2003
    ....
  67. ncbi Early forebrain wiring: genetic dissection using conditional Celsr3 mutant mice
    Libing Zhou
    Developmental Neurobiology, Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgique
    Science 320:946-9. 2008
    ..These observations provide in vivo evidence that Celsr3-mediated interactions between axons and guidepost cells govern axonal tract formation in mammals...
  68. ncbi Activity and connectivity of brain mood regulating circuit in depression: a functional magnetic resonance study
    Amit Anand
    Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
    Biol Psychiatry 57:1079-88. 2005
    ..In this study, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), we investigated differences in cortico-limbic activity and connectivity between depressed patients and healthy controls...
  69. ncbi The arcuate fasciculus and the disconnection theme in language and aphasia: history and current state
    Marco Catani
    Natbrainlab, Section of Brain Maturation, King s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
    Cortex 44:953-61. 2008
    ....
  70. ncbi Synaptic basis for intense thalamocortical activation of feedforward inhibitory cells in neocortex
    Scott J Cruikshank
    Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Box G LN, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
    Nat Neurosci 10:462-8. 2007
    ..These results demonstrate the importance of selective synaptic targeting and precise timing in the initial stages of neocortical processing...
  71. ncbi Impaired small-world efficiency in structural cortical networks in multiple sclerosis associated with white matter lesion load
    Yong He
    State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
    Brain 132:3366-79. 2009
    ....
  72. ncbi Extensive cortical rewiring after brain injury
    Numa Dancause
    Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
    J Neurosci 25:10167-79. 2005
    ..Our results reveal an extraordinary anatomical rewiring capacity in the adult CNS after injury that may potentially play a role in recovery...
  73. ncbi The anatomical connections of the macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex. A review
    C Cavada
    Departamento de Morfologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    Cereb Cortex 10:220-42. 2000
    ....
  74. ncbi Nonlinear connectivity by Granger causality
    Daniele Marinazzo
    Laboratory of Neurophysics and Physiology, CNRS UMR 8119, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France
    Neuroimage 58:330-8. 2011
    ..We review them and focus on a recently proposed flexible approach has been recently proposed, consisting in the kernel version of Granger causality. We show the application of the proposed approach on EEG signals and fMRI data...
  75. ncbi Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?
    Daphne Bavelier
    Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
    Nat Rev Neurosci 3:443-52. 2002
    ....
  76. ncbi Ome sweet ome: what can the genome tell us about the connectome?
    Jeff W Lichtman
    Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
    Curr Opin Neurobiol 18:346-53. 2008
    ..Remarkably similar objections were voiced when the Human Genome Project, now widely viewed as a success, was first proposed. We revisit that controversy to ask if it holds any lessons for proposals to map the connectome...
  77. ncbi Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data
    Stephen M Smith
    Oxford University Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain FMRIB, Dept Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, UK
    Neuroimage 31:1487-505. 2006
    ..TBSS aims to improve the sensitivity, objectivity and interpretability of analysis of multi-subject diffusion imaging studies. We describe TBSS in detail and present example TBSS results from several diffusion imaging studies...
  78. ncbi Cytoarchitecture and probabilistic maps of the human posterior insular cortex
    Florian Kurth
    C and O Vogt Institute of Brain Research, University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
    Cereb Cortex 20:1448-61. 2010
    ..These maps can be used to identify the anatomical correlates of functional activations observed in neuroimaging studies and to understand the microstructural correlates of the functional segregation of the human posterior insula...
  79. ncbi Neural substrates of motor memory consolidation depend on practice structure
    Shailesh S Kantak
    Motor Behavior and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy at the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
    Nat Neurosci 13:923-5. 2010
    ..We conclude that neural substrates of motor-memory consolidation are modulated by practice structure...
  80. ncbi Genetics and cell biology of building specific synaptic connectivity
    Kang Shen
    Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
    Annu Rev Neurosci 33:473-507. 2010
    ..This molecular complexity balances the need for central circuits to be assembled with high accuracy during development while retaining plasticity for local and dynamic regulation...
  81. ncbi Dynamics of sparsely connected networks of excitatory and inhibitory spiking neurons
    N Brunel
    LPS, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
    J Comput Neurosci 8:183-208. 2000
    ..In the slow oscillatory state, the network frequency depends mostly on the membrane time constant. Finite size effects in the asynchronous state are also discussed...
  82. ncbi White matter tracts associated with set-shifting in healthy aging
    Michele E Perry
    Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
    Neuropsychologia 47:2835-42. 2009
    ..Automated tractography methods can enhance our understanding of the fiber systems involved in performance of specific cognitive tasks and of the functional consequences of age-related changes in those systems...
  83. ncbi Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
    David M Amodio
    Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York 10003, USA
    Nat Rev Neurosci 7:268-77. 2006
    ....
  84. ncbi Alterations in frontal lobe tracts and corpus callosum in young children with autism spectrum disorder
    Ajay Kumar
    Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
    Cereb Cortex 20:2103-13. 2010
    ..Volume of bilateral UF and right AF and fiber density of left UF were positively associated with autistic features...
  85. ncbi Auditory selective attention to speech modulates activity in the visual word form area
    Yuliya N Yoncheva
    Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
    Cereb Cortex 20:622-32. 2010
    ....
  86. ncbi Functional connectivity bias of the orbitofrontal cortex in drug-free patients with major depression
    Thomas Frodl
    Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
    Biol Psychiatry 67:161-7. 2010
    ..The aim of this study was to compare the functional connectivity of the OFC during emotion processing in patients with major depression and healthy control subjects...
  87. ncbi Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
    Peter H Rudebeck
    Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
    Nat Neurosci 9:1161-8. 2006
    ..Although the existence of two systems is not predicted by economic accounts of decision making, our results suggest that delay and effort may exert distinct influences on decision making...
  88. ncbi The prefrontal cortex: categories, concepts and cognition
    Earl K Miller
    Center for Learning and Memory, RIKEN MIT Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
    Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357:1123-36. 2002
    ..In short, the prefrontal cortex seems to underlie our internal representations of the 'rules of the game'. This may provide the necessary foundation for the complex behaviour of primates, in whom this structure is most elaborate...
  89. ncbi Serotonin modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry: therapeutic implication for Parkinson's disease and other motor disorders
    Vincenzo Di Matteo
    Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria, Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
    Prog Brain Res 172:423-63. 2008
    ..Nevertheless, these studies have led to a great increase in the attention given to the neurotransmitters of the basal ganglia and their connections...
  90. ncbi Microstructural organization of the cingulum tract and the level of default mode functional connectivity
    Martijn van den Heuvel
    Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
    J Neurosci 28:10844-51. 2008
    ..Our results suggest a direct relationship between the structural and functional connectivity measures of the default mode network and contribute to the understanding of default mode network connectivity...
  91. ncbi Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus
    Henriette van Praag
    Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
    Nature 415:1030-4. 2002
    ..Our findings demonstrate that newly generated cells mature into functional neurons in the adult mammalian brain...
  92. ncbi Combinatorial amygdalar inputs to hippocampal domains and hypothalamic behavior systems
    G D Petrovich
    Department of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
    Brain Res Brain Res Rev 38:247-89. 2001
    ....
  93. ncbi Cortico-limbic-striatal circuits subserving different forms of cost-benefit decision making
    Stan B Floresco
    University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
    Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 8:375-89. 2008
    ..The fact that similar neural circuits are recruited to solve these types of problems in both humans and animals suggests that animal models of decision making will prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms mediating these processes...
  94. ncbi Neurogenin2 specifies the connectivity of thalamic neurons by controlling axon responsiveness to intermediate target cues
    Julie Seibt
    INSERM U371, 18 Avenue Doyen Lepine, 69675 Bron, France
    Neuron 39:439-52. 2003
    ..Our results thus demonstrate that in parallel to their well-documented proneural function, bHLH transcription factors also contribute to the specification of neuronal connectivity in the mammalian brain...
  95. ncbi Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices
    H Barbas
    Department of Health Sciences, Boston University and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    Brain Res Bull 52:319-30. 2000
    ....
  96. ncbi Dissociable substrates for body motion and physical experience in the human action observation network
    Emily S Cross
    School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
    Eur J Neurosci 30:1383-92. 2009
    ..Our findings suggest that the AON comprises separate and dissociable components for motor planning and observing other people's actions...
  97. ncbi Hierarchical organization of human cortical networks in health and schizophrenia
    Danielle S Bassett
    Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
    J Neurosci 28:9239-48. 2008
    ....
  98. ncbi When less is more: TPJ and default network deactivation during encoding predicts working memory performance
    Alan Anticevic
    Department of Psychology, Campus Box 1125, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
    Neuroimage 49:2638-48. 2010
    ..In addition, the functional connectivity results suggest that TPJ, while not part of the DMN during the resting state, may flexibly "couple" with this network depending on task demands...
  99. ncbi Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes
    Michael Goard
    Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
    Nat Neurosci 12:1444-9. 2009
    ..Thus, the basal forebrain neuromodulatory circuit, which is known to be activated during aroused and attentive states, acts through both local and distributed mechanisms to improve sensory coding...
  100. ncbi Specialization in the default mode: Task-induced brain deactivations dissociate between visual working memory and attention
    Jutta S Mayer
    Department of Psychiatry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
    Hum Brain Mapp 31:126-39. 2010
    ..The DMN can thus be subdivided into a set of brain regions that deactivate indiscriminately in response to cognitive demand ("the core DMN") and a part whose deactivation depends on the specific task...
  101. ncbi Conditions for propagating synchronous spiking and asynchronous firing rates in a cortical network model
    Arvind Kumar
    Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology III, Albert Ludwigs University, D 79104 Freiburg, Germany
    J Neurosci 28:5268-80. 2008
    ..This opens the possibility of computational mechanisms using transient synchrony among the activities in multiple FFNs...

Research Grants97

  1. NEURAL PATHWAYS FOR METABOLIC CONTROL OF INGESTION
    S Ritter; Fiscal Year: 1999
    ..feeding response and fos expression to glucoprivic and lipoprivic agents in rats in which aspects of these neural pathways have been lesioned...
  2. Central Sympathetic Regulation of Thermogenesis in Fever
    Shaun F Morrison; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..PGE2 binding to EP3 inhibitory receptors on neurons in the POA increases core body temperature by activating neural pathways to four principal thermoregulatory effectors: increased heat production from brown adipose tissue (BAT) ..
  3. Chemical Anatomy and Synaptology of Vestibulo-Sympathetic Pathways
    GAY HOLSTEIN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..However, the chemical anatomy, connectivity and synaptology of the neural pathways underlying this integration remain largely unknown...
  4. Bladder, Urethra and Anal Sphincter Reinnervation
    MICHAEL RAYMOND contact RUGGIERI; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..These patients require new neural pathways to regain control of bladder function...
  5. Neurobiology of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
    Walter H Kaye; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..In order to accelerate understanding of structure and perfusion of limbic and cognitive neural pathways in AN and BN, this revised application adds the following advanced imaging tools: 1) Morphometry with proton ..
  6. Factors that Initiate Arrhythamias in Long QT Syndrome
    Guy Salama; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..Pharmacological agents will then be per'fused to block specific neural pathways to identify the underlying neuronal mechanisms...
  7. Central Sympathetic Regulation of Thermogenesis in Fever
    Shaun F Morrison; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..PGE2 binding to EP3 inhibitory receptors on neurons in the POA increases core body temperature by activating neural pathways to four principal thermoregulatory effectors: increased heat production from brown adipose tissue (BAT) ..
  8. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action in SCI
    Mehdi M Mirbagheri; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..develop accurate, quantitative models, capable of distinguishing changes in muscular system from changes in neural pathways in neurological disorders such as SCI...
  9. Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action in SCI
    MEHDI MIRBAGHERI; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..develop accurate, quantitative models, capable of distinguishing changes in muscular system from changes in neural pathways in neurological disorders such as SCI...
  10. GASTRIC ENTEROCHROMAFFIN-LIKE CELL IN ULCER DISEASE
    George Sachs; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..Studies of regulation of secretion have used various models. Intact animal studies have defined some neural pathways and endocrine and paracrine effectors...
  11. NEURAL PATHWAYS UNDERLYING EMOTIONAL CONDITIONING
    Joseph E LeDoux; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..The neural pathways involved include transmission of CS information from the auditory system to the lateral amygdala (LA), where ..
  12. Cholecystokinin - Role in postprandial gastric motility
    Helen E Raybould; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which nutrients are sensed in the gut, the neural pathways activated, and how these may be altered by long term changes in diet leading to increased food intake and ..
  13. Development of Leptin-Sensitive Hypothalamic Pathways
    Richard Simerly; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..on ARH projections, and that developmental perturbations in leptin signaling cause permanent changes in neural pathways that transmit leptin signals in mature animals...
  14. Chemical Anatomy and Synaptology of Vestibulo-Sympathetic Pathways
    Gay R Holstein; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..However, the chemical anatomy, connectivity and synaptology of the neural pathways underlying this integration remain largely unknown...
  15. VESTIBULAR INFLUENCES ON THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Bill J Yates; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..This result indicates the existence of neural pathways that independently control sympathetic outflow to the forelimb and hindlimb...
  16. Olfactory Circuits for Reproduction and Reward
    James A Cherry; Fiscal Year: 2011
    ..However, failure to identify the neural pathways through which such signals access reproductive circuits has impeded our understanding of how human "..
  17. Olfactory Circuits for Reproduction and Reward
    James A Cherry; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..However, failure to identify the neural pathways through which such signals access reproductive circuits has impeded our understanding of how human "..
  18. Neurochemistry/physiology of proopiomelanocortin neurons
    Malcolm Low; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..These neural pathways are candidate targets for the development of new pharmacotherapies aimed at reversing the obesity epidemic ..
  19. Neurochemistry/physiology of proopiomelanocortin neurons
    MALCOLM JAMES LOW; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..These neural pathways are candidate targets for the development of new pharmacotherapies aimed at reversing the obesity epidemic ..
  20. Neurochemistry/physiology of proopiomelanocortin neurons
    MALCOLM JAMES LOW; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..These neural pathways are candidate targets for the development of new pharmacotherapies aimed at reversing the obesity epidemic ..
  21. Central Sympathetic Regulation of Thermogenesis in Fever
    Shaun Morrison; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..would be aided by an understanding of the functional organization and neurotransmitters within the neural pathways that are activated by endogenous pyrogens...
  22. Neurogenetic Model of Social Behavior Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorders
    Michael Platt; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..variation in key genes impairs these behaviors in humans and rhesus in similar ways; and the same underlying neural pathways mediate the extraction of social information from the environment, translation of that information into ..
  23. Complex pitch perception in very-early implanted children
    Rosalie Uchanski; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..deafened adult Cl user, electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve is subsequently processed by auditory neural pathways that had developed normally; pathways that, for example, once preserved a good tonotopic map at the auditory ..
  24. MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT--INHIBITORY NEURAL REGULATION
    DONOVAN YEATES; Fiscal Year: 2003
    DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): We have discovered novel inhibitory neural pathways which interact with excitatory neural reflexes to regulate tracheobronchial mucociliary function...
  25. Role of the lateral hypothalamic area in leptin action
    Martin G Myers; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..entitled, Role of the lateral hypothalamic area in leptin action, we will analyze novel leptin-regulated neural pathways in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) that likely contribute to body energy homeostasis...
  26. Neural basis of learned food aversion and nausea
    CHARLES HORN; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Little is known about the neural pathways and mechanism for detecting toxins...
  27. NEURAL CONTROL OF LARGE INTESTINAL MUCOSA
    Helen Cooke; Fiscal Year: 1993
    ..b>Neural pathways will be identified by pharmacological analysis, release of 3H- acetylcholine and VIP, intracellular ..
  28. CNS Counterregulatory Mechanisms
    Lauren Jacobson; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..Elucidating neural pathways underlying the regulation of counterregulatory responses, and of epinephrine in particular, will aid in ..
  29. Stress and CRF Signaling in Alzheimer?s Disease Pathogenesis
    PAUL E contact SAWCHENKO; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..of CRF ligand-containing inputs to hippocampus, and then test experimentally the involvement of implicated neural pathways. Third, we will characterize the effects of repeated exposure to emotional stress on tau-P and A production, ..
  30. GUT PEPTIDES IN INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
    JOHN GRIDER; Fiscal Year: 2003
    ..The experimental approach exploits novel preparations that enable identification of the neural pathways: (1) compartmented intestinal segments to measure release of sensory (CGRP), modulatory neural pathways: (1) ..
  31. ROLE OF GUT PEPTIDES IN INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
    JOHN GRIDER; Fiscal Year: 1993
    The aim of this proposal is to characterize the neural pathways that regulate the intestinal peristaltic reflex in humans and animals, in particular, to identify the peptide transmitters that control the sensory, modulatory and motor ..