cerebral cortex

..This review focuses on oscillations in the cerebral cortex that occur during cognition, in alert behaving conditions...

..MRI contrast generation based on neuronal currents depends on the dendritic architecture and we obtained high-resolution optical images of cortical tissue to discuss the spatial structure of the magnetic field in grey matter...

..The neural network including the prefrontal cortex could play an important role to generate the EEG rhythm...

..We propose that the efferent GABAergic signal of ZI neurons patterned by the cortical activity can play a critical role in synchronizing thalamocortical and brainstem rhythms...

..It highlights a potential relationship between anatomical changes in a frontal-temporal anatomical circuit and functional alterations in the prefrontal cortex...

..This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect...

Structurally segregated and functionally specialized regions of the human cerebral cortex are interconnected by a dense network of cortico-cortical axonal pathways...

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Several properties of the cerebral cortex, including its columnar and laminar organization, as well as the topographic organization of cortical areas, can only be properly understood in the context of the intrinsic two-dimensional ..

..New findings suggest a fundamental role for the AIC (and the von Economo neurons it contains) in awareness, and thus it needs to be considered as a potential neural correlate of consciousness...

..Because the major hubs of this network are critical for cognition, its slow dynamics could provide a physiological substrate for segregated and distributed information processing...

..to construct a macroscale anatomical network capturing the underlying common connectivity pattern of human cerebral cortex in a large sample of subjects (80 young adults) and further quantitatively analyzed its topological ..

In the cerebral cortex, the activity levels of neuronal populations are continuously fluctuating...

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..To identify regions of high connectivity in the human cerebral cortex, we applied a computationally efficient approach to map the degree of intrinsic functional connectivity ..

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..Downregulation of intracortical inhibition induced by damage to the cochlea or to auditory projection pathways highlights neural processes that underlie the sensation of phantom sound...

..Our findings provide a new, system-wide understanding of the patterns of brain activity that are associated with brief attentional lapses, which informs both theoretical and clinical models of goal-directed behavior...

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..the validity and reliability of an automated labeling system that we have developed for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on magnetic resonance images into gyral based regions of interest (ROIs)...

While much information is available on the structural connectivity of the cerebral cortex, especially in the primate, the main organizational principles of the connection patterns linking brain areas, columns and individual cells have ..

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..Examples are given from two different training sets generated using different neuroanatomical conventions, illustrating the flexibility of the algorithm. The technique is shown to be comparable in accuracy to manual labeling...

This report describes a new electronic atlas of human cerebral cortex that provides a substrate for a wide variety of brain-mapping analyses...

..Thus, caspase-12 mediates an ER-specific apoptosis pathway and may contribute to amyloid-beta neurotoxicity...

..This study provided an initial step toward establishing a three-dimensional probabilistic anatomical platform that enables intra- and intermodal comparisons of NIRS and TMS brain imaging data...

..division and migration are crucial to transform the neuroepithelium of the embryonic forebrain into the adult cerebral cortex. Using time-lapse imaging of clonal cells in rat cortex over several generations, we show here that neurons ..

..In addition, the MMN enables one to establish the brain processes underlying the initiation of attention switch to, conscious perception of, sound change in an unattended stimulus stream...

..Using spatially and temporally unsmoothed data, this cortex-based analysis revealed comparable results but with a set of spatially more confined group clusters and more differential group region of interest time courses...

..Defined phenotypes in larger samples of children and well-characterized brain tissue will be necessary for clarification of the neuroanatomy of autism...

..Recent studies have expanded the role of the insula as a somatosensory area, emphasizing its multifaceted, sensory role. The idea of the insula as limbic integration cortex has been affirmed and its role in Alzheimer's disease suggested...

..The final focus of this article is on perceptual learning as measured with the MMN and the implications for empirical studies of coupling among cortical areas using evoked sensory responses...

..The function of this process of simulation would be not only to shape the motor system in anticipation to execution, but also to provide the self with information on the feasibility and the meaning of potential actions...

..These two independent networks appear to operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing via dissociable mechanisms...

Understanding the organization of the cerebral cortex remains a central focus of neuroscience. Cortical maps have relied almost exclusively on the examination of postmortem tissue to construct structural, architectonic maps...

..Our findings highlight distinct contributions of cognitive uncertainty and autonomic arousal to anticipatory neural activity in prefrontal cortex...

Neuroanatomy places critical constraints on the functional connectivity of the cerebral cortex. To analyze these constraints we have examined the relationship between structural features of networks (expressed as graphs) and the patterns ..

..As such, our findings indicate that our understanding of the neural basis of reward anticipation under uncertainty needs to be expanded to include risk prediction...

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..The presented exploratory approach of mapping influences between a region of interest and the rest of the brain can form a useful complement to existing models of effective connectivity...

..Our findings demonstrate that spatially distinct interneuronal inputs can induce postsynaptic voltage responses with different amplitudes and polarities as governed by the subcellular distributions of plasmalemmal chloride transporters...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that insula activation serves as a critical neural substrate to instantiate aversive somatic markers that guide risk-taking decision-making behavior...

..However, some property-based regions seem to show a categorical organization, thus providing evidence consistent with category-based, domain-specific formulations as well...

..The predictions of the resulting model are in excellent agreement with experimental data and close to the intrinsic neuronal reproducibility to repeated stimuli...

Recent evidence supports the hypothesis of a functional dichotomy of perisomatic inhibition in the cerebral cortex: the parvalbumin- and cholecystokinin-containing basket cells that are specialized to control rhythm (as a clockwork) and &..

..Our findings demonstrate that under certain circumstances GABA will have an excitatory role in synaptic integration in the cortex...

..Both direct and cortico-limbic pathways converge on the same anterior cingulate cortical and subcortical structures whose function may be to establish emotional valence and response priorities...

..Finally, it appears that brain areas which subserve speech (frontal operculum) and premotor functions (Rolandic operculum) coincidently support the processing of intonation contour in spoken sentence comprehension...

..Notably, perceived thermal intensity was well correlated with activation in the right (ipsilateral) anterior insular and orbitofrontal cortices...

..the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, downstream unimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic zones of the cerebral cortex. Connections from one zone to another are reciprocal and allow higher synaptic levels to exert a feedback (..

..All of these subfunctions are related to distinct regions within the CMS. This relationship between self-referential processing and CMS might provide novel insight into the neural correlates underlying the constitution of the self...

..membrane transporters (GATs) influence the action of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human cerebral cortex. In this study, the cellular expression of GAT-1, the main cortical GABA transporter, was investigated in the ..

..e. 'uncertain' trials), the evoked signal changes were as great as in P3 trials, indicating that the amygdala is involved in coding 'uncertainty', as has been suggested previously in relation to classical conditioning...

..Furthermore, the relative contribution of rate and pattern to aberrant information coding is intimately related to the state of activation of the cerebral cortex.

..describe and illustrate an integrated trio of software programs for carrying out surface-based analyses of cerebral cortex. The first component of this trio, SureFit (Surface Reconstruction by Filtering and Intensity Transformations)..

..This informs the understanding of the development of connectivity of the brain networks...

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The cerebral cortex develops through the coordinated generation of dozens of neuronal subtypes, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear...

..quot; We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy...

..Overall, our results suggest that humans and macaques share a similar brain architecture for visual object processing...

..These findings may reveal broader and stage-specific physiological roles of Wnt signaling during neural development...

..Our measurements suggest that sensory experience drives the formation and elimination of synapses and that these changes might underlie adaptive remodelling of neural circuits...

..Pyramidal neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex can be classified into two major classes: corticocortical projection neurons, which are concentrated in the ..

..Recent studies in rodents have begun to indicate the remarkable complexity of the neural substrates underlying this seemingly simple aspect of declarative memory...

..As such, it has important implications for future studies on brain connectivity using functional neuroimaging...

We have established a population average surface-based atlas of human cerebral cortex at term gestation and used it to compare infant and adult cortical shape characteristics...

..It is hoped that improved understanding of the heterogeneous defects and selective brain regions involved will ultimately lead to more effective treatments for spike-wave seizures...

..Craving-related changes in fMRI signal were identified in the hippocampus, insula, and caudate, three areas reported to be involved in drug craving. Thus, this work supports the common substrate hypothesis for food and drug cravings...

..Sixteen of 18 studies showed responses, with maximum activation involving the lesion in 61.5%, but often limited to a small fraction of that lesion, suggesting intrinsic epileptogenicity in small areas of the PMG cortex...

..These results extend previous findings that DCS receives input from diverse cortical areas and thalamic nuclei which are themselves interconnected...

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..In addition, they lend support to the idea that common neural substrates are involved in representing one's own and others' affective states...

..MCE(FD) provides simultaneous localization of sources and was found to give a good overview of the data. With DICS, it was possible to separate close-by sources that were not retrieved by the other two methods...

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..The two streams might on one hand involve sensory discrimination via SI and SII and on the other hand integration of sensory feedback for further motor processing via MI, lateral PM area, and caudal CMA...

..several types of brain imaging device are available to provide images of the functional activity of the cerebral cortex based on hemodynamic, metabolic, or electromagnetic measurements...

..The results suggest that EEG-fMRI studies might help elucidate the mechanisms of epileptic discharges in humans...

..This pilot study is the first to reveal alterations in the processing of positive emotions in PTSD possibly reflecting a neuronal correlate of the symptom of emotional numbness in PTSD...

..Specifically, Bayesian model comparison confirms the validity of DCM in relation to a well-characterised and comprehensive neuronal model...

..Analysis of long-range connectivity might clarify and expand the view provided by traditional neurophysiological and hemodynamic activation studies. Here, we use silent reading as the example process...

..We employed a case-control design in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for combat exposure to address the preexisting versus acquired origin of brain morphometric abnormalities in PTSD...

..We tested the hypothesis that obsessions or compulsions might be associated with particular features of neuronal activity in the CN of OCD patients...

..The disappearance of the subplate was regional, involuting most rapidly in the parietal lobe and remaining prominent in the anterior temporal lobe up to 35 weeks. x..

..nucleus (TRN) can potentially exert strong control over transmission of information through thalamus to the cerebral cortex. Anatomical studies have shown that the reticulo-thalamic connections are spatially organized in the visual, ..

..Its output is a detailed XML file containing measurements that may be used for diverse quantitative hypothesis-driven and exploratory studies of the central nervous system...

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..Its social role is to serve as the origin of the motivation for cooperative and prosocial behavior, as well as help for effective social communication...

..These developments allow a closer alignment of pre-clinical and clinical analysis techniques...

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..Using synthetic and real data, we show that this approach furnishes accurate and robust conditional estimates of coupling among sources and their orientations...

..The application of depth weighting to auditory and somatosensory experimental data illustrated the beneficial effect of depth weighting on the accuracy of spatiotemporal mapping of neuronal sources...

..Rather, they evoked activation at a more anterior location on the precentral operculum. These results demonstrate a functionally and anatomically distinct processing of somatosensory and visceral afferents in the human cerebral cortex.

..Adolescent and adult rats show differential sensitivity to many of the effects of ethanol...

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..In combination with thresholding based on the Gaussian random field theory, these ROIs can then be applied to test anatomically specified hypotheses in functional neuroimaging studies...

..Our overall conclusion is that the GLM measure is the best all-round approach for detecting nested oscillation...

..In summary, the cerebral perfusion patterns of mTLE suggest interictal hypofunction and ictal activation of the cortico-thalamo-hippocampal-insular network and ictal hypoperfusion of the anterior frontal cortex...

We investigated the neural basis of auditory object processing in the cerebral cortex by combining neural modeling and functional neuroimaging...

..We and others have argued that abnormal activity in BG loops with the cerebral cortex could lead not only to motor disorders, but also to the behavioral symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric ..

..We and others have argued that abnormal activity in BG loops with the cerebral cortex could lead not only to motor disorders, but also to non-motor symptoms like those associated with Obsessive-..

..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...

..thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in the cerebral cortex of C57BL/6 mice, (2) define whether estrogens and/or progestins alter the expression of oxidative stress ..

Proper formation of the cerebral cortex depends on an orderly production of a large number of neurons during embryonic development...

..We and others have argued that abnormal activity in BG loops with the cerebral cortex could lead not only to motor disorders, but also to the behavioral symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric ..

..Based on preliminary observations of changes in both WM and cerebral cortex FA in neonatally enucleated ferrets, we hypothesize that changes in WM FA arise from abnormalities of myelin/..

..throughout the complex circuitry of the mouse brain, to make detailed measurements of "mini" gap junctions in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of both mouse and human brain, and to identify the neuronal subtypes linked by "mini" gap ..

..Two of the major telencephalic regions controlling these processes are the cerebral cortex and the striatum (also known as the caudate-putamen)...

Correlation of Functional and Structural Units in Cerebral Cortex This proposal is an expansion of our earlier NIH R21 project that explored the spatial relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals and the ..

Correlation of Functional and Structural Units in Cerebral Cortex This proposal is an expansion of our earlier NIH R21 project that explored the spatial relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals and the ..

Stroke and traumatic brain injury often involve the cerebral cortex and are leading causes of functional disability collectively affecting greater than 2 million people per year in the United States...

..In contrast, the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive input from multiple areas of the cerebral cortex located in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes...

..In contrast, the basal ganglia and cerebellum receive input from multiple areas of the cerebral cortex located in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes...

..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...

..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...

The size of the cerebral cortex increases during mammalian evolution, underlying an increased complexity of cognitive operations and specialization of functions...

..provide a baseline for future testing of molecules with therapeutic potential for promoting plasticity in the cerebral cortex. Such molecules may be used to compensate for insults or deterioration at multiple levels of the visual ..

..provide a baseline for future testing of molecules with therapeutic potential for promoting plasticity in the cerebral cortex. Such molecules may be used to compensate for insults or deterioration at multiple levels of the visual ..

..This proposal investigates how growth factors of the FGF family establish the primary structure of the cerebral cortex by controlling the genesis of cortical projection neurons from SVZ precursors...

..addiction may be considerably increased if we know how neurotransmitter levels vary in select regions of cerebral cortex. In particular, it is believed that using addictive drug alters attentional processing mediated by ..

Proper formation of the cerebral cortex depends on an orderly production of a large number of neurons during embryonic development...

Polarized radial glial cells provide a template for the formation of cerebral cortex. Initially, they function as a source of new neurons and provide a permissive and instructive scaffold for neuronal migration...

..During the previous funding period, we identified a population of cells in the cerebral cortex that express the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNos) within which the transcription factor Fos is expressed ..

..Much of this information pertains to the cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex, the dominant structures of the human brain...

The broad goal of this research is to identify the mechanisms that generate the area map of the mammalian cerebral cortex. Using the innovative method of in utero electroporation in living mouse embryos we have found evidence that the ..

..the growth and maintenance, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitor cells in the mammalian cerebral cortex. During development, neurons of the cerebral cortex arise from neural progenitor cells in the neuroepithelium,..

..Proper development of the cerebral cortex is essential for normal cognitive function, and requires the precise completion of a series of developmental ..

..focus on the role of Fibroblast Growth Factors (Fgf) receptors on the morphogenesis and function of the cerebral cortex, and particularly frontal regions, whose development is disrupted in schizophrenia...