basal ganglia

Neural circuits of the basal ganglia are critical for motor planning and action selection. Two parallel basal ganglia pathways have been described, and have been proposed to exert opposing influences on motor function...

..We searched for time representations in cortico-basal ganglia circuits by recording from thousands of neurons in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys ..

The dorsal striatum, which consists of the caudate and putamen, is the gateway to the basal ganglia. It receives convergent excitatory afferents from cortex and thalamus and forms the origin of the direct and indirect pathways, which are ..

..How are goal-directed actions transformed into habitual responses? Recent work combining modern behavioural assays and neurobiological analysis of the basal ganglia has begun to yield insights into the neural basis of habit formation.

The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors...

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei involved in a variety of processes including motor, cognitive and mnemonic functions...

Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades...

Experiments performed in normal animals suggest that the basal ganglia (BG) are crucial in motor program selection. BG are also involved in movement disorders...

The basal ganglia and cerebellum are major subcortical structures that influence not only movement, but putatively also cognition and affect. Both structures receive input from and send output to the cerebral cortex...

..Prevalence of either part might render expectations more positive or negative, which could contribute to the pathophysiology of mood disorders like major depression...

This study investigated the role of the basal ganglia in timing operations...

In addition to their well-known role in skeletal movements, the basal ganglia control saccadic eye movements (saccades) by means of their connection to the superior colliculus (SC)...

Dopamine (DA) depletion in the basal ganglia (BG) of Parkinson's patients gives rise to both frontal-like and implicit learning impairments...

..Emphasis has also been placed on the basal ganglia as a specialized timing system, particularly for longer intervals...

Alterations of basal ganglia physiology in parkinsonism may consist of two elements, an increase in the firing rate of neurones and a change in the pattern of synchronisation of discharges between neurones...

Detailed knowledge of the anatomy and connectivity pattern of cortico-basal ganglia circuits is essential to an understanding of abnormal cortical function and pathophysiology associated with a wide range of neurological and ..

..firing rate and bursty firing pattern, and assumes that dopamine depletion results in a hyperactivity of basal ganglia (BG) output structures...

The field of basal ganglia research is exploding on every level - from discoveries at the molecular level to those based on human brain imaging...

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We present a biologically plausible model of processing intrinsic to the basal ganglia based on the computational premise that action selection is a primary role of these central brain structures...

..Recent studies suggest an important role of the basal ganglia. Sensorimotor/cognitive activities of neurons in the basal ganglia are strongly modulated by expected reward...

..in the timing literature is that temporal processing in the milliseconds and seconds range engages the basal ganglia and is modulated by dopamine...

..Here we show that activity in the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia preceded the filtering of irrelevant information and that activity, particularly in the globus pallidus, ..

..Our findings thus reveal this region as a key node in brain circuitry that enables expected rewards to energize behavior, without the need for the subjects;awareness...

..They also highlight a specific neurocognitive mechanism that may contribute to increased risk for addiction...

Modeling of the basal ganglia has played a major role in our understanding of this elusive group of nuclei...

Adenosine A2A receptors are highly enriched in the basal ganglia system...

..Traditional views place responsibility for dystonia with dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits, yet recent evidence has pointed towards cerebellar circuits as well...

The classical notion that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are dedicated to motor control has been challenged by the accumulation of evidence revealing their involvement in non-motor, cognitive functions...

The basal ganglia are more highly interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) than with any other brain region. Regulation and relay of basal ganglia activity are two key functions of the PPN...

The clinical signs grouped under the concept of apathy are a common feature of prefrontal and basal ganglia lesions or dysfunctions and can therefore help to improve our understanding of the functional anatomy of the prefrontal-basal ..

..such learning dynamics, we made long-term recordings from multiple neurons in the sensorimotor striatum, a basal ganglia structure implicated in habit formation, in rats successively trained on a reward-based procedural task, given ..

There is a wealth of data suggesting that behavioural events are reflected in the basal ganglia through phasic changes in the discharge of individual neurones...

..behavior and decreased dopamine concentrations in the brain suggesting that the humanized Foxp2 allele affects basal ganglia. In the striatum, a part of the basal ganglia affected in humans with a speech deficit due to a nonfunctional ..

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been implicated in both motor function and dysfunction...

A large number of computational models of information processing in the basal ganglia have been developed in recent years...

..Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options...

..Psychopharmacological and patient studies suggest a crucial role of the basal ganglia in time estimation...

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The roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in motor control are much debated. Many influential hypotheses have grown from studies in which output signals of the BG were not blocked, but pathologically disturbed...

The basal ganglia play a central role in cognition and are involved in such general functions as action selection and reinforcement learning...

..At the same time, other recent reports indicate that automatic behaviors are striatum- and dopamine-independent, and might be mediated entirely within cortex. Resolving this apparent conflict should be a major goal of future research...

The thalamus is a critical component of the frontal cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits that mediate motivation and emotional drive, planning and cognition for the development and expression of goal-directed behaviors...

..authors covering the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry/pharmacology and behavioral aspects of GABA in the basal ganglia. In this chapter the various nuclei of the basal ganglia are defined and their cellular structure, connections ..

..These results are then put into a plausible neurobiological model of motor skill learning, which proposes an integrated view of the brain plasticity mediating this form of memory at different stages of the acquisition process...

..Most of these approaches hold promise as potential therapies in the treatment of these disorders...

The present review was attempted to analyze the multiple channels of basal ganglia-thalamocortical connections, and the connections of their related nuclei...

Progressive loss of the ascending dopaminergic projection in the basal ganglia is a fundamental pathological feature of Parkinson's disease...

The present investigation is the first to explore the association between childhood aerobic fitness and basal ganglia structure and function...

..addition to its involvement in motor control and in encoding reward value, increasing evidence also implicates basal ganglia dopaminergic mechanisms in responses to stress and aversive stimuli...

The current view of basal ganglia organization holds that functionally corresponding subregions of the frontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus form several parallel segregated basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits...

Classically regarded as motor structures, the basal ganglia subserve a wide range of functions, including motor, cognitive, motivational, and emotional processes...

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The frontal cortex and the basal ganglia interact via a relatively well understood and elaborate system of interconnections...

..the frontal and mesiofrontal cortex (supplementary motor area, SMA), parietal cortex, and subcortical areas (basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum)...

..of the subthalamic nucleus and the external segment of the globus pallidus in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Computer simulations and analysis of this model illuminate the roles of the coupling architecture of the ..

..that normally follow deafening can be prevented by a second insult to the nervous system--the lesion of a basal ganglia-forebrain circuit...

..Nevertheless, IFG was activated only by unexpected shifts of attention, dissociating its function from TPJ. Basal ganglia and frontal/insula regions also were activated only when reorienting was unexpected but showed strong rs-fcMRI ..

In recent years, a common approach to understanding how the basal ganglia contribute to learning and memory in humans has been to study the deficits that occur in patients with basal ganglia pathology, such as Parkinson's disease and ..

..A fuller appreciation of the circuitry interconnecting the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area should serve to advance discovery of new treatment options for these conditions...

Our knowledge on the functions of the basal ganglia has increased enormously during the last two decades. However, we still do not completely understand the primary function of the basal ganglia...

Physical activity has been shown to be neuroprotective in lesions affecting the basal ganglia. Using a treadmill exercise paradigm, we investigated the effect of exercise on neurorestoration...

The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for the coordination of several motor, cognitive, and emotional functions and become dysfunctional in several pathological states ranging from Parkinson's disease to Schizophrenia...

..parallel cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical loops involved in motor or emotional functions, the basal ganglia, and especially the striatum, are key mediators of the modulation of behavioural responses, under the control ..

..Dopamine has long been recognized to be a key neuromodulator of basal ganglia function, essential for normal motor activity...

To test current hypotheses on the contribution of the basal ganglia (BG) to motor control, we examined the effects of muscimol-induced inactivations in the skeletomotor region of the internal globus pallidus (sGPi) on visually directed ..

..of the present study was to determine the phase relationships of the slow oscillatory activity that emerges in basal ganglia nuclei in anesthetized rats after dopamine cell lesion in order to gain insight into the passage of this ..

..here is the first in which the expression of six Kv1 channel subunits have been directly compared in the rat basal ganglia. In the present study, we have found that staining patterns of the six Kv1 channel subunits overlap in some ..

Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a key basal ganglia output nucleus critical for movement control. Its GABA-containing projection neurons intermingle with nigral dopamine (DA) neuron dendrites...

..e. the basal ganglia and the amygdaloid complex, are highly conserved through evolution...

To document the impact of Parkinson's disease (PD) on communication and to further clarify the role of the basal ganglia in the processing of emotional speech prosody, this investigation compared how PD patients identify basic emotions ..

The basal ganglia (BG) are a highly organized network, where different parts are activated for specific functions and circumstances...

BACKGROUND: The nucleus accumbens is the ventral extent of the striatum, the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia. Recent hypotheses propose that the accumbens and its dopamine projection from the midbrain contribute to appetitive ..

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..Moreover, the combined neurochemical and hemodynamic imaging approach used here opens up new perspectives for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying human cognition...

..Correspondingly, current models implicate dysfunction of the motor, associative, and limbic basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits...

Dopamine (DA) exerts synaptic organization of basal ganglia circuitry through a variety of neuronal populations in the striatum...

..the interactions between serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in movement control and the pathophysiology of basal ganglia. These observations are supported by anatomical evidence demonstrating large serotonergic innervation of all ..

..In this article, how these cell subtypes are organized in the local circuitry of the striatum and their physiological roles in the basal ganglia are discussed.

Because of new data, anatomical and functional models of the basal ganglia in normal and pathological conditions (e.g. Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases) have recently come under greater scrutiny...

The subthalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia (STN) is important for normal movement as well as in movement disorders. Lesioning or deep-brain stimulation of the STN can alleviate resting tremor in Parkinson's disease...

Adenosine A2A receptors have a unique cellular and regional distribution in the basal ganglia, being particularly concentrated in areas richly innervated by dopamine such as the caudate-putamen and the globus pallidus...

..b>BASAL GANGLIA: Basal ganglia form a major centre in the complex extrapyramidal motor system, as opposed to the pyramidal ..

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Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity occurs in several parts of the basal ganglia. Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that activity-dependent plasticity underlies the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of certain types ..

..In PNFA with early mutism, volume loss was more prominent in the pars opercularis and extended into the left basal ganglia. Damage to the network of brain regions involved in both coordination and execution of speech causes mutism in ..

..Finally, individual differences in behavioral loss aversion were predicted by a measure of neural loss aversion in several regions, including the ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex...

..including anterior cingulate cortex, right dorsal premotor cortex, both cerebellar hemispheres, and right basal ganglia. The direct comparison of bimanual parallel to mirror movements between both groups revealed stronger signal ..

..Our observations led us to consider a conceptual synthesis between PLEDs and periodic complexes (PCs)...

..the patient groups, the likelihood of detecting cerebral hyperintensities in the subcortex (primarily the basal ganglia and thalamus) was significantly greater than in the cortex...

..To investigate the neural correlates of hypophonia in individuals with idiopathic PD (IPD) before and after voice treatment with the Lee Silverman Voice Treatment method (VT) using (15)O-H(2)O PET...

..We also observed activation in the cerebellum ipsilaterally and in the basal ganglia contralaterally...

..Current physiological studies and models of the basal ganglia differ as to which aspects of neuronal activity are crucial to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease...

We have examined whether degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons causes dysfunction of both the basal ganglia-thalamic and cerebello-thalamic pathways...

..within the last decade has demonstrated that there is a variety of oscillatory phenomena that occur in the basal ganglia and in associated regions of the thalamus and cortex...

..The authors measured peripheral iron indices in a large group of Tourette's syndrome and comparison subjects and explored associations of ferritin levels with regional brain volumes...

..Our method can be used to develop causal brain networks for use with structural equation modeling and dynamic causal models...

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There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...

..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...

..The pathway needed for learning song involves the basal ganglia, a set of brain regions known in mammals to be important for motor control, motor learning and a variety of ..

The centromedian and parafascicular nuclei (CM/PF) of the thalamus receive inputs from the basal ganglia, and send a massive and topographically organized projection back to the striatum...

..obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and drug addiction are linked to pathology in the cortico-basal ganglia (BG), reward circuit...

There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...

There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia (BG) participate in multiple segregated "loops" with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, prefrontal, posterior parietal and inferotemporal cortex...

The basal ganglia comprise a collection of nuclei that are primarily involved in controlling purposeful movements and appropriate behavior...

..goal of this project is to advance the understanding of movement disorders pathophysiology through studies of basal ganglia and cortical local field potentials (LFPs) in humans...

There is growing evidence that the basal ganglia participate in multiple 'loops' with a wide variety of cortical areas including regions of motor, premotor, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, cingulated, posterior parietal and inferotemporal ..

..we also do now know if our findings for rats are true for primates, and thus clinically relevant to the human basal ganglia. In Aim 1 of the current proposal, we will use in vivo intracellular methods in rats to record from individual ..

..we also do now know if our findings for rats are true for primates, and thus clinically relevant to the human basal ganglia. In Aim 1 of the current proposal, we will use in vivo intracellular methods in rats to record from individual ..

The basal ganglia is an essential component of the central circuitry controlling voluntary movement as well as sensorimotor integration, motor and non-motor learning, and a number of higher cognitive functions...

The basal ganglia is an essential component of the central circuitry controlling voluntary movement as well as sensorimotor integration, motor and non-motor learning, and a number of higher cognitive functions...

The basal ganglia and thalamus are interconnected through a series of loops that process and convey basal ganglia outflow to either frontal cortical regions via the ventral motor nuclei or back to the striatum via the caudal intralaminar ..

..The cerebral cortex-basal ganglia circuitry regulates motor habits and goal-directed behavior...

..been made to understand movement disorders in terms of alterations in a loop circuit involving the cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus...

..during adolescence will potentiate the age-related DA loss, as well as potentiate the toxicity of a typical basal ganglia neurotoxicant such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and (iii) that a sub-chronic or ..

..The pathway needed for learning song involves the basal ganglia, a set of brain regions known in mammals to be important for motor control, motor learning and a variety of ..

Diseases affecting the basal ganglia produce a variety of movement deficits, and these deficits are often totally disabling. Parkinson's disease, which affects about 1...

This project investigates the role of the basal ganglia in integrating somatic sensory information and motor commands for executing purposeful movements...

This project investigates the role of the basal ganglia in integrating somatic sensory information and motor commands for executing purposeful movements...

..Despite a strong clinico-pathological correlation between the basal ganglia and dystonia, there is little understanding of the underlying neuronal dysfunction...

..Although traditional accounts emphasize the role of reduced dopamine (DA) transmission in the basal ganglia (secondary to loss of midbrain A9 dopamine neurons) in the motoric defects of these disorders, more recent ..

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD) is the model movement disorder to explore the motor function of the basal ganglia. (Morris ME, 2005) Alterations in the output of the basal ganglia lead to reductions in muscle force output and ..

..to be a surprisingly effective approach for the control of movement disorders associated with diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease...

The hallmark of Parkinson s disease is a dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta...

The classical view is that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project to a region of the ventrolateral thalamus that ultimately influences a single cortical area, the primary motor cortex...

The classical view is that the outputs from the basal ganglia and cerebellum project to a region of the ventrolateral thalamus that ultimately influences a single cortical area, the primary motor cortex...