cell nucleus

..Furthermore, functionally distinct AT- and GC-rich domains were found to exhibit different conformations, and a population-average 3D model of chromosome III could be determined. Chromosome III emerges as a contorted ring...

..These results indicate that AIF is a mitochondrial effector of apoptotic cell death...

..Notch activity affects the implementation of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptotic programs, providing a general developmental tool to influence organ formation and morphogenesis...

..This article reviews these latest advances and presents our current understanding on the mechanisms of TGF-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus...

..Our data suggest that RPA-coated ssDNA is the critical structure at sites of DNA damage that recruits the ATR-ATRIP complex and facilitates its recognition of substrates for phosphorylation and the initiation of checkpoint signaling...

..Thus, the two RNase III proteins, Drosha and Dicer, may collaborate in the stepwise processing of miRNAs, and have key roles in miRNA-mediated gene regulation in processes such as development and differentiation...

..These data support a model in which PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in a caspase-independent pathway of programmed cell death...

..These results uncover a universal size-control mechanism in metazoan...

..Export of mRNAs is unique as it is extensively coupled to transcription (in yeast) and splicing (in metazoa). Understanding the mechanisms that connect RNP formation with export is a major challenge in the field...

..These transcriptional paradigms provide a basic framework for understanding the integration of mitochondrial biogenesis and function with signaling events that dictate cell- and tissue-specific energetic properties...

..The appearance in transgenic mice of these inclusions, followed by characteristic morphological change within neuronal nuclei, is strikingly similar to nuclear abnormalities observed in biopsy material from HD patients...

..Together these findings reveal unexpected complexity in the DAF-16-dependent pathways that regulate aging...

..Understanding how the dynamic nature of the positioning of genetic material in the nuclear space and the higher-order architecture of the nucleus are integrated is therefore essential to our overall understanding of gene regulation...

....

..Multicolor 3D-SIM opens new and facile possibilities to analyze subcellular structures beyond the diffraction limit of the emitted light...

..Thus, Exp5 is key to miRNA biogenesis and may help coordinate nuclear and cytoplasmic processing steps...

..These findings reveal a remarkable flexibility in HIV-1 nuclear transport and highlight a single residue in CA as essential in regulating interactions with NUPs...

..The next few years are likely to see novel therapeutic reagents aimed at controlling Wnt signaling in order to alleviate these conditions...

..Polymorphic numts in humans link maternally inherited mitochondrial genotypes to nuclear DNA haplotypes during the past, offering new opportunities to associate nuclear markers with mitochondrial markers back in time...

....

..Together, these results show that NF-kappa B controls the expression of I kappa B alpha by means of an inducible autoregulatory pathway...

..Chromalveolates appear to have recruited genes from the two major existing algal groups to forge a highly successful, species-rich protist lineage...

..Together, these findings define an additional cellular cofactor required for miRNA biogenesis and function...

..Our results suggest a mechanism for the counterbalanced regulation of Smad2/Smad3 by TGFbeta and Ras signals in normal cells, and for the silencing of antimitogenic TGFbeta functions by hyperactive Ras in cancer cells...

....

..Finally, we constructed a three-dimensional model of the yeast genome. Our findings provide a glimpse of the interface between the form and function of a eukaryotic genome...

..We are still at a very early, yet exciting stage in our journey toward deciphering the mechanism(s) that govern(s) the permissiveness of gene expression/repression within different nuclear neighborhoods...

..2005), support a model in which Sun proteins tether nesprins in the ONM via interactions spanning the PNS. In this way, Sun proteins and nesprins form a complex that links the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (the LINC complex)...

..Recently it has been reported that a member of the histone H2A family, H2AX, becomes extensively phosphorylated within 1-3 minutes of DNA damage and forms foci at break sites...

..This review summarizes our current knowledge on eukaryotic ribosome assembly, with particular focus on the molecular role of the involved energy-consuming enzymes...

..This work provides a mechanistic framework for investigating the toxicity of TDP-43 aggregation relevant to human disease and establishes a manipulable, high-throughput model for discovering potential therapeutic strategies...

..This requires import of the preintegration complex (PIC) through the nuclear pore. Although many cellular and viral determinants have been proposed, the mechanism leading to nuclear import is not yet understood...

....

..Constitutively cytoplasmic MAL derivatives interfere with MAL redistribution and Rho-actin signaling to SRF. MAL associates with several SRF target promoters regulated via the Rho-actin pathway...

..These results clarify the nature of ubiquitination-mediated p53 regulation and suggest that distinct mechanisms regulate p53 function in accordance with the levels of Mdm2 activity...

..Here we review advances in the yeast retrograde signaling pathway and highlight its regulatory factors and regulatory mechanisms, its physiological functions, and its connection to nutrient sensing, TOR signaling, and aging...

....

..We propose that PTEN acts as a guardian of genome integrity...

..We propose that when p53 accumulates in the cytosol, it can function analogously to the BH3-only subset of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to activate Bax and trigger apoptosis...

....

..Our work suggests that the deregulated iNOS/NO pathway may partly contribute to the malignant biology of tumor cells with high levels of nuclear EGFR and STAT3...

....

..Chromatin structure is dynamic and exerts profound control over gene expression and other fundamental cellular processes. Changes in its structure can be inherited by the next generation, independent of the DNA sequence itself...

Gene transcription in the cell nucleus is a complex and highly regulated process. Transcription in eukaryotes requires three distinct RNA polymerases, each of which employs its own mechanisms for initiation, elongation, and termination...

..Our findings reveal a 3' end processing mechanism by which a single gene locus can yield both a stable nuclear-retained noncoding RNA with a short poly(A) tail-like moiety and a small tRNA-like cytoplasmic RNA...

..Here, we review the overall process of mRNP biogenesis with particular emphasis on the functional coupling of transcription with mRNP biogenesis and export and its relationship to nuclear organization...

..This review analyses our present understanding of the role of JNK in apoptotic signaling and the various mechanisms by which JNK promotes apoptosis...

..We further derive a model of germ layer formation and show that the mesendoderm forms from one-third of the embryo's cells in a single event. Our digital embryos, with 55 million nucleus entries, are provided as a resource...

..These findings thus establish both SMRT and N-CoR complexes as bona fide HDAC-containing complexes and shed new light on the molecular pathways by which N-CoR and SMRT function in transcriptional repression...

..Overexpression of Nvj1p caused the profound proliferation of NV junctions. We conclude that Vac8p and Nvj1p are necessary components of a novel interorganelle junction apparatus...

..Efficient silencer function thus seems to require either proximity to a pool of concentrated Sir proteins, that is, proximity to telomeres, or delocalization of the silencing factors...

..However, recent studies have reported that some miRNAs localize to and function in the nucleus...

..Our data are consistent with a model in which CRM1 is the nuclear export receptor for the Rev-RRE ribonucleoprotein complex and that RanGTP binds to a preformed Rev-CRM1 complex and specifies a functional interaction with the NES...

..TRN-SR has amino acid sequence similarity to several members of the importin beta/transportin family. These findings strongly suggest that TRN-SR is a nuclear import receptor for the SR protein family...

..These results suggest that NF90 inhibits influenza virus replication during the early phase of infection through direct interaction with viral NP...

..From this perspective, TECs can be viewed as potent "community organizers" within the nucleus...

..An emerging theme is that LIM proteins might function as biosensors that mediate communication between the cytosolic and the nuclear compartments...

..Pharmacologic inhibition of calcineurin activity blocks hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. These results define a novel hypertrophic signaling pathway and suggest pharmacologic approaches to prevent cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure...

....

..We provide evidence that one function of the complex identified here is to anchor hyperedited RNAs to the nuclear matrix, while allowing selectively edited mRNAs to be exported...

..These data suggest that SIR3 and SIR4 are required for both the integrity and subnuclear localization of yeast telomeres, the loss of which correlates with loss of telomere-associated gene repression...

..Nuclear genes will prove important for quantitative estimates of the depths of haplotype trees, rates of population growth and values of gene flow...

..These findings identify TTP as a component of a negative feedback loop that interferes with TNF-alpha production by destabilizing its messenger RNA. This pathway represents a potential target for anti-TNF-alpha therapies...

..Together, these findings highlight how site-specific acetylation of RelA differentially regulates distinct biological activities of the NF-kappaB transcription factor complex...

..Our data provide evidence of a physical nuclear-cytoskeletal connection that is likely to be a key mechanism in nuclear-cytoplasmic communication and regulation of nuclear position...

....

..These findings demonstrate that adaptation of the viral polymerase to the nuclear import machinery plays an important role in interspecies transmission of influenza virus...

..The presence of both NLSs and an NES suggests that HPV16 E7 shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus which is consistent with E7 having functions in both of these cell compartments...

..These data suggest that the import of H2A and H2B is mediated by a network of Kaps, in which Kap114p may play the major role...

..Thus, herein we provide first evidence that neuronal motility not only depends on cytoplasmic actin dynamics but also on the availability of actin to modulate nuclear functions such as gene transcription...

..We propose that acetylation of p65 plays a key role in IkappaBetaalpha-mediated attenuation of NF-kappaBeta transcriptional activity which is an important process that restores the latent state in post-induced cells...

..This suggests that nuclear import of Sox proteins is facilitated by several parallel import pathways...

..Profilin catalyzes the exchange of ADP for ATP, refilling the pool of ATP-actin monomers bound to profilin, ready for elongation...

..We also find an immobile fraction of GFP-MBNL1 in DM1 fibroblasts and a similar rapid exchange in endogenous CUG RNA foci. Therefore, formation of RNA foci and disruption of MBNL1-regulated splicing are separable events...

..Therefore, this pathway represents a novel mechanism for the cAMP-independent activation of PKA and the regulation of NF-kappaB activity...

..Intercompartmental DNA transfer therefore represents a significant driving force for gene and genome evolution, relocating and refashioning genes and contributing to genetic diversity...

..These cell-biological features of DNA repair illustrate an emerging role for nuclear architecture in multiple aspects of genome maintenance...

..Inhibitory SMADs have been identified that block the activation of these pathway-restricted SMADs...

..The origin of the inclusions is unknown, although elevated FMR1 mRNA levels in these pre-mutation carriers may lead to the neuropathological changes...

..Thus, our results likely reflect a role of TRN-SR2 in the cellular trafficking of phosphorylated SR proteins...

..The discovery of this organism provides a powerful model with which to study the evolution of parasitism in Apicomplexa...

..Therefore, H2A.Z-mediated localization of recently repressed genes at the nuclear periphery represents an epigenetic state that confers memory of transcriptional activation and promotes reactivation...

..We demonstrate that foreign organelle retention generates metabolic novelty ("green animals") and is explained by anastomosis of distinct branches of the tree of life driven by predation and horizontal gene transfer...

..Exogenous cmatr3 rescued the HeLa cells where human matrin 3 was suppressed by RNA interference, but cmatr3 containing deletions at either of the basic amino acid clusters or the linker could not...

..Syne-2 mutants also display severe defects in learning and memory. These results fill an important gap in our understanding of the mechanism of nuclear movement during brain development...

..Here, we discuss how nuclear anatomy supports the temporal and spatial coordination of regulatory protein recruitment for combinatorial control...

..In addition, our results demonstrate that tetraploid embryo complementation using F(1) ES cells represents a simple, efficient procedure for deriving animals with complex genetic alterations without the need for a chimeric intermediate...

..Overall, these data support an RNA gain-of-function mechanism for FXTAS neuropathology, and suggest possible target routes for treatment options...

..These studies define and validate a new NLS that could not be predicted by primary sequence analysis alone...

....

..Collectively, results demonstrate that NEAT1 functions as an essential structural determinant of paraspeckles, providing a precedent for a ncRNA as the foundation of a nuclear domain...

..The present findings provide a framework for further studies to elucidate the mechanistic principles of transcription by a viral RNA polymerase and have implications for the regulation of Pol II activities in infected cells...

..were the concerted origins of the endomembrane system and cytoskeleton, subsequently recruited to form the cell nucleus and coevolving mitotic apparatus, with numerous genetic eukaryotic novelties inevitable consequences of this ..

..Nonetheless, this study indicates that other components are utilized along with the cPPT-CTS for an efficient entry of viral DNA into the nucleus...

..The technique can be used to visualize and quantify territory positions relative to each other and to nuclear landmarks, and should advance studies of nuclear architecture and function...

..Thus, embryonic cells from nucleocytoplasmic hybrids that arrest before gastrulation could survive beyond the somitogenesis stage depending on the cytoplasmic environment in the recipient embryos...

..We propose that MASTL enhances cyclin B1-Cdk1-dependent mitotic phosphorylation events, directing mitotic entry, anaphase and cytokinesis in human cells...

..In infected cells depleted of SRp20, newly transcribed Bromouridine-labeled RNA also accumulated in the nucleus. We conclude that SRp20 and 9G8 contribute to HSV-1 RNA export...

....

..These findings identify TRAMP as an exosome-independent enhancer of Rrp6 activity...

..Certain diseases, such as cancer and some neurodegenerative disorders, may alter Cajal body and Gem activity. ..

..Selection for EMS induced suppressors of him-14 will be performed. These suppressor mutants will be analyzed for defects in meiosis. ..

..radiotherapy, as well as questions regarding basic biochemistry of p53-mediated copper trafficking to the cell nucleus. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 h;+ (17.8%);- (38...

..radiotherapy, as well as questions regarding basic biochemistry of p53-mediated copper trafficking to the cell nucleus. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 h; + (17.8%); - (38...

..NK3R expressed by VP magnocellular neurons were shown to be translocated from the cell membrane to the cell nucleus by confocal microscopy, immuno-electron microscopy and Western blot...

..the episomal viral DNA, the so-called covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, persists in the infected cell nucleus even after years of antiviral treatment...

..the episomal viral DNA, the so-called covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, persists in the infected cell nucleus even after years of antiviral treatment...

..Na,K-ATPases are also present in cell nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of cultured lens epithelial cells and in the cell nucleus and ER of rat liver...

..Finally, the hypothesis that vagino-cervical stimulation activates certain neurons via noradrenergic receptors will be tested...

..In the Snc the most abundant are the HMW non-released isoforms of FGF-2 that localize almost exclusively in the cell nucleus. Functions of nuclear FGF-2 and the significance of its depletion in Snc neurons in PD patients remain unknown...

..Although ectopic Par-4 and the SAC domain have long been thought to effect apoptosis by acting within the cell nucleus to inhibit NF-kappaB, our recent transient transfection studies unexpectedly displayed apoptosis in neighboring ..

..Although ectopic Par-4 and the SAC domain have long been thought to effect apoptosis by acting within the cell nucleus to inhibit NF-kappaB, our recent transient transfection studies unexpectedly displayed apoptosis in neighboring ..

..Although ectopic Par-4 and the SAC domain have long been thought to effect apoptosis by acting within the cell nucleus to inhibit NF-kappaB, our recent transient transfection studies unexpectedly displayed apoptosis in neighboring ..

..The long term objective of this project is to understand the regulation of splicing and alternative splicing, thus recognizing how defects in these important processes affect human diseases. ..

..The capsid, which contains the virus DNA, is assembled in the infected cell nucleus. A DNA-free capsid shell is first formed and later packaged with DNA...

DNA within the eukaryotic cell nucleus is assembled with histones and other proteins to form a complicated, multifaceted complex known as chromatin...

DNA within the eukaryotic cell nucleus is assembled with histones and other proteins to form a complicated, multifaceted complex known as chromatin...

..The capsid, which contains the virus DMA, is assembled in the infected cell nucleus. A DNA-free capsid shell is first formed and later packaged with DNA...

..1% in pigs) for which causes are only little understood. Incomplete or abnormal remodeling of the donor cell nucleus following transfer, resulting in imprinting failures and abnormal gene expression throughout development, are ..

..abstract_text> ..

The long-term aim of our research is to understand the functional organization of the animal cell nucleus. Specifically, we will focus on the non-chromosomal components of the nucleus, collectively referred to as nuclear bodies...

..Aim 2 will also involve the estimation of absorbed doses to the cell nucleus from Cu-64-TETA-Y3-TATE and Cu-64-CB-TE2A-Y3-TATE...

..goals of this research are to define 1) the mechanisms by which herpes simplex virus (HSV) remodels the host cell nucleus to optimize its replication and 2) the functions and mechanisms of action of the HSV infected cell protein 8 (..

..The nuclear matrix is the structural scaffolding of the cell nucleus and plays a central role in the regulation of important cellular processes...

..The fourth specific aim is to analyze the molecular structure of these two genes and to determine the nature of their protein products. The final specific aim is to analyze the cellular behavior of the two proteins. ..

..The proposed studies of emerin and BAF in cellular responses to DNA damage are relevant to cancer and human aging. ..

..The proposed studies of emerin and BAF in cellular responses to DNA damage are relevant to cancer and human aging. ..

..processes are initiated and controlled by a communication pathway from stimulus, to cell surface receptor, to cell nucleus, to mRNA, to cytokine signaling agents and higher tissue response...

..transcription and the mechanisms of assembly and maturation of viral replication compartments in the infected cell nucleus. In this application our specific aims are to: 1...

..We will then determine which steps in the assembly of functional replication origins are interrupted by these disruptions in nuclear structure. ..

Within the eukaryotic cell nucleus, DNA is associated with core histones to form nucleosomes; which are further assembled with ancillary proteins into a multi-faceted complex known as chromatin...