homeless persons

Summary

Summary: Persons who have no permanent residence. The concept excludes nomadic peoples.

Top Publications

  1. ncbi Randomized trial of the effects of housing assistance on the health and risk behaviors of homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV
    Richard J Wolitski
    Division of HIV AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton RD NE E 35, Atlanta, GA, USA
    AIDS Behav 14:493-503. 2010
  2. ncbi The health impact of supportive housing for HIV-positive homeless patients: a randomized controlled trial
    David Buchanan
    John Stroger Hospital of Cook County formerly Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, and Rush University, Chicago, USA
    Am J Public Health 99:S675-80. 2009
  3. ncbi Why housing?
    Angela A Aidala
    Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:1-6. 2007
  4. ncbi Tuberculosis in London: the importance of homelessness, problem drug use and prison
    A Story
    Tuberculosis Section, Respiratory Diseases Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London NW9 5EQ, UK
    Thorax 62:667-71. 2007
  5. ncbi Health care and public service use and costs before and after provision of housing for chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems
    Mary E Larimer
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
    JAMA 301:1349-57. 2009
  6. ncbi Gender disparities in HIV health care utilization among the severely disadvantaged: can we determine the reasons?
    Nancy L Sohler
    Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education of the City College of New York, Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, New York, NY, USA
    AIDS Patient Care STDS 23:775-83. 2009
  7. ncbi Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults
    Adeline M Nyamathi
    University of California at Los Angeles, Factor Building Room 2 250, Box 95170, 2 Los Angeles, CA 90095 1702, USA
    J Gen Intern Med 17:134-43. 2002
  8. ncbi Mortality among men using homeless shelters in Toronto, Ontario
    S W Hwang
    FK Morrow Inner City Health Research Unit, St Michael s Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    JAMA 283:2152-7. 2000
  9. ncbi From contact investigation to tuberculosis screening of drug addicts and homeless persons in Rotterdam
    Gerard De Vries
    Department of Tuberculosis Control, Municipal Health Service Rotterdam, PO Box 70032, 3000 LP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    Eur J Public Health 16:133-6. 2006
  10. ncbi Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis
    Sam Tsemberis
    Pathways to Housing, Inc, New York, NY 10027, USA
    Am J Public Health 94:651-6. 2004

Research Grants

  1. Payees, Disability Payments and Dual Diagnosis
    Marc Rosen; Fiscal Year: 2006
  2. SUSTAINING ABSTINENCE IN DUALLY DIAGNOSED HOMELESS
    JESSE MILBY; Fiscal Year: 2001
  3. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
  4. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole S Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2010
  5. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
  6. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
  7. Serving Homeless Welfare Clients With ADM Problems
    Laura Schmidt; Fiscal Year: 2007
  8. Community-Based Approach to Designing an AIDS Program for HIV+ Mothers in India
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2007
  9. HBV Prevention for Homeless At-Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2004
  10. HBV Prevention for Homeless at Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2009

Detail Information

Publications240 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Randomized trial of the effects of housing assistance on the health and risk behaviors of homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV
    Richard J Wolitski
    Division of HIV AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton RD NE E 35, Atlanta, GA, USA
    AIDS Behav 14:493-503. 2010
    ..HOPWA rental assistance improves housing status and, in some cases, health outcomes of homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV/AIDS...
  2. ncbi The health impact of supportive housing for HIV-positive homeless patients: a randomized controlled trial
    David Buchanan
    John Stroger Hospital of Cook County formerly Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, and Rush University, Chicago, USA
    Am J Public Health 99:S675-80. 2009
    ..We assessed the health impact of a housing and case management program, the Chicago Housing for Health Partnership, for homeless people with HIV...
  3. ncbi Why housing?
    Angela A Aidala
    Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:1-6. 2007
    ..We introduce this supplement with a discussion of the "why" question...
  4. ncbi Tuberculosis in London: the importance of homelessness, problem drug use and prison
    A Story
    Tuberculosis Section, Respiratory Diseases Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London NW9 5EQ, UK
    Thorax 62:667-71. 2007
    ..In the UK, TB is concentrated in subgroups of the population in large urban centres. The impact of homelessness, imprisonment and problem drug use on TB control in London is reviewed...
  5. ncbi Health care and public service use and costs before and after provision of housing for chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems
    Mary E Larimer
    Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
    JAMA 301:1349-57. 2009
    ..Chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems often have multiple medical and psychiatric problems and use costly health and criminal justice services at high rates...
  6. ncbi Gender disparities in HIV health care utilization among the severely disadvantaged: can we determine the reasons?
    Nancy L Sohler
    Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education of the City College of New York, Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, New York, NY, USA
    AIDS Patient Care STDS 23:775-83. 2009
    ..Development of intervention strategies that specifically target severely disadvantaged women's HIV health care utilization is in great need...
  7. ncbi Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among homeless adults
    Adeline M Nyamathi
    University of California at Los Angeles, Factor Building Room 2 250, Box 95170, 2 Los Angeles, CA 90095 1702, USA
    J Gen Intern Med 17:134-43. 2002
    ..To describe the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a sample of homeless and impoverished adults and examine risk factors for HCV infection in the overall sample and as a function of injection drug use...
  8. ncbi Mortality among men using homeless shelters in Toronto, Ontario
    S W Hwang
    FK Morrow Inner City Health Research Unit, St Michael s Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    JAMA 283:2152-7. 2000
    b>Homeless persons in US cities have high mortality rates. However, few comparison data exist for death rates among homeless persons in other developed countries.
  9. ncbi From contact investigation to tuberculosis screening of drug addicts and homeless persons in Rotterdam
    Gerard De Vries
    Department of Tuberculosis Control, Municipal Health Service Rotterdam, PO Box 70032, 3000 LP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    Eur J Public Health 16:133-6. 2006
    ..2001 there were indications that tuberculosis (TB) was increasingly becoming a problem among drug addicts and homeless persons in Rotterdam, after a periodical screening was discontinued in 1997...
  10. ncbi Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis
    Sam Tsemberis
    Pathways to Housing, Inc, New York, NY 10027, USA
    Am J Public Health 94:651-6. 2004
    ..We examined the longitudinal effects of a Housing First program for homeless, mentally ill individuals' on those individuals' consumer choice, housing stability, substance use, treatment utilization, and psychiatric symptoms...
  11. ncbi Violence, homelessness, and HIV risk among crack-using African-American women
    Wendee M Wechsberg
    Substance Abuse Treatment Formulations and Interventions, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 2194, USA
    Subst Use Misuse 38:669-700. 2003
    ....
  12. ncbi Hepatitis C virus infection in San Francisco's HIV-infected urban poor
    Christopher S Hall
    Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
    J Gen Intern Med 19:357-65. 2004
    ..Urban poor, nonwhite individuals are less likely to receive HCV testing and subspecialty referral than their white counterparts. Antibody-negative infection may complicate screening and diagnosis in HIV-infected persons. J..
  13. ncbi Housing need, housing assistance, and connection to HIV medical care
    Angela A Aidala
    Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:101-15. 2007
    ..Findings provide strong evidence that housing needs are a significant barrier to consistent, appropriate HIV medical care, and that receipt of housing assistance has an independent, direct impact on improved medical care outcomes...
  14. ncbi Universal health insurance and health care access for homeless persons
    Stephen W Hwang
    Centre for Research on Inner City Health, St Michael s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    Am J Public Health 100:1454-61. 2010
    ..We examined the extent of unmet needs and barriers to accessing health care among homeless people within a universal health insurance system...
  15. ncbi Efficacy of a woman-focused intervention to reduce HIV risk and increase self-sufficiency among African American crack abusers
    Wendee M Wechsberg
    RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 2194, USA
    Am J Public Health 94:1165-73. 2004
    ..This study compares 3- and 6-month outcomes of a woman-focused HIV intervention for crack abusers, a revised National Institute on Drug Abuse standard intervention, and a control group...
  16. ncbi Use of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection in a public health clinic
    Philip A Lobue
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Field Services Branch, P O Box 85222, Mail Stop P511D, San Diego, CA 92186 5222, USA
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:443-7. 2003
    ..In summary, we conclude that in our clinic population isoniazid is a safe therapy for latent tuberculosis, but its effectiveness is limited by modest completion rates...
  17. ncbi Access to primary care for homeless veterans with serious mental illness or substance abuse: a follow-up evaluation of co-located primary care and homeless social services
    James McGuire
    Department of Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center NEPEC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    Adm Policy Ment Health 36:255-64. 2009
    ..Further research is needed to determine generalizability and longer term effects...
  18. ncbi Cross-jurisdictional transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Maryland and Washington, D C, 1996-2000, linked to the homeless
    Monica Lathan
    Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 8:1249-51. 2002
    ..C., homeless shelter. Molecular epidemiology defined the extent of this large, cross-jurisdictional outbreak...
  19. ncbi Working across boundaries to improve health outcomes: a case study of a housing support and outreach service for homeless people living with HIV
    Ailsa Cameron
    School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol
    Health Soc Care Community 17:388-95. 2009
    ....
  20. ncbi Shelter-based managed alcohol administration to chronically homeless people addicted to alcohol
    Tiina Podymow
    Inner City Health Project, University of Ottawa, and the Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont
    CMAJ 174:45-9. 2006
    ....
  21. ncbi Effect of a housing and case management program on emergency department visits and hospitalizations among chronically ill homeless adults: a randomized trial
    Laura S Sadowski
    Collaborative Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, 1900 W Polk St, Room 1606, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    JAMA 301:1771-8. 2009
    ..Homeless adults, especially those with chronic medical illnesses, are frequent users of costly medical services, especially emergency department and hospital services...
  22. ncbi The impact of chronic hepatitis C on health-related quality of life in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV
    Judith I Tsui
    San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:603-10. 2007
    ..These results suggest that co-infection with HCV may have an adverse effect on HRQOL among homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV...
  23. ncbi Comparison of homeless veterans with other homeless men in a large clinical outreach program
    Richard Tessler
    University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003 9278, USA
    Psychiatr Q 73:109-19. 2002
    ....
  24. ncbi Homelessness and HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users
    Stephen Metraux
    Graduate Program in Health Policy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 4495, USA
    J Urban Health 81:618-29. 2004
    ....
  25. ncbi Access to housing as a structural intervention for homeless and unstably housed people living with HIV: rationale, methods, and implementation of the housing and health study
    Daniel P Kidder
    Division of HIV AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:149-61. 2007
    ....
  26. ncbi Poverty, unstable housing, and HIV infection among women living in the United States
    Elise D Riley
    University of California at San Francisco, UCSF Box 1372, Epidemiology and Prevention Interventions Center, San Francisco, CA 94143 1372, USA
    Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 4:181-6. 2007
    ..Suggestions for service provision are offered with the understanding that providers may have limited time and expertise to meet the entire array of needs for impoverished women...
  27. ncbi Homeless people's perceptions of welcomeness and unwelcomeness in healthcare encounters
    Chuck K Wen
    Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    J Gen Intern Med 22:1011-7. 2007
    ..Homeless people face many barriers to obtaining health care, and their attitudes toward seeking health care services may be shaped in part by previous encounters with health care providers...
  28. ncbi Multidimensional social support and the health of homeless individuals
    Stephen W Hwang
    Centre for Research on Inner City Health, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    J Urban Health 86:791-803. 2009
    ..g., social capital) and their influence on the health of homeless individuals...
  29. ncbi Latent tuberculosis among persons at risk for infection with HIV, Tijuana, Mexico
    Richard S Garfein
    University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 16:757-63. 2010
    ..Therefore, we recruited injection drug users, noninjection drug users, female sex workers, and homeless persons for a study involving risk assessment, rapid HIV testing, and TB screening...
  30. ncbi Decreasing psychiatric symptoms by increasing choice in services for adults with histories of homelessness
    Ronni Michelle Greenwood
    The City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
    Am J Community Psychol 36:223-38. 2005
    ..The strong and inverse relationship between perceived choice and psychiatric symptoms supports expansion of programs that increase consumer choice, thereby enhancing mastery and decreasing psychiatric symptoms...
  31. ncbi Health care for homeless women
    Joy H Lewis
    University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
    J Gen Intern Med 18:921-8. 2003
    ..This study determines how much perceived unmet need for medical care there is among homeless women, what homeless women perceive to be barriers to health care, and how barriers and other factors are associated with unmet needs...
  32. ncbi Sexual risk among impoverished women: understanding the role of housing status
    Suzanne L Wenzel
    RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407 2138, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:9-20. 2007
    ..Findings provide further evidence that interventions should address a multifaceted context of HIV risk for impoverished women...
  33. ncbi The co-occurrence of AIDS and homelessness: results from the integration of administrative databases for AIDS surveillance and public shelter utilisation in Philadelphia
    D P Culhane
    University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
    J Epidemiol Community Health 55:515-20. 2001
    ..Administrative databases from the City of Philadelphia that track public shelter utilisation (n=44 337) and AIDS case reporting (n=7749) were merged to identify rates and risk factors for co-occurring homelessness and AIDS...
  34. ncbi A randomized controlled trial of integrated versus parallel housing services for homeless adults with severe mental illness
    Gregory J McHugo
    Department of Community and Family Medicine, New Hampshire Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
    Schizophr Bull 30:969-82. 2004
    ....
  35. ncbi The health of homeless immigrants
    S Chiu
    Centre for Research on Inner City Health, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    J Epidemiol Community Health 63:943-8. 2009
    ..This study examined the association between immigrant status and current health in a representative sample of 1189 homeless people in Toronto, Canada...
  36. ncbi Treating homeless clients with severe mental illness and substance use disorders: costs and outcomes
    Gary A Morse
    Community Alternatives, St Louis, MO, USA
    Community Ment Health J 42:377-404. 2006
    ..The average total costs associated with the IACT and Control conditions were significantly less than the average total costs for the ACTO condition...
  37. ncbi Outbreak of tuberculosis among homeless persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus
    Peter D McElroy
    Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 36:1305-12. 2003
    ..Earlier recognition of this shelter as a site of M. tuberculosis transmission could have been facilitated through innovative approaches to contact investigation and through genetic typing of isolates...
  38. ncbi Social determinants and the health of drug users: socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration
    Sandro Galea
    Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10029 5293, USA
    Public Health Rep 117:S135-45. 2002
    ..This article reviews the evidence on the adverse health consequences of low socioeconomic status, homelessness, and incarceration among drug users...
  39. ncbi The effects of housing status on health-related outcomes in people living with HIV: a systematic review of the literature
    Chad A Leaver
    Centre for Research on Inner City Health, The Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
    AIDS Behav 11:85-100. 2007
    ....
  40. ncbi HIV, homelessness, and public health: critical issues and a call for increased action
    Richard J Wolitski
    Division of HIV AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:167-71. 2007
    ..Such efforts, however, may have significant effects on the individuals and communities most affected by HIV/AIDS...
  41. ncbi Pillbox organizers are associated with improved adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression: a marginal structural model analysis
    Maya L Petersen
    Division of Biostatistics, University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 45:908-15. 2007
    ..Pillbox organizers are inexpensive and easily used; however, their effect on adherence to antiretroviral medications is unknown...
  42. ncbi Impact of mobile radiographic screening on tuberculosis among drug users and homeless persons
    Gerard De Vries
    Department of Tuberculosis Control, Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam Rijnmond, P O Box 70032, 3000 LP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:201-7. 2007
    In 2002, a mobile radiographic screening program was started in Rotterdam to respond to high rates of tuberculosis (TB) among illicit drug users and homeless persons.
  43. ncbi Health status, health care use, medication use, and medication adherence among homeless and housed people living with HIV/AIDS
    Daniel P Kidder
    Division of HIV AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Am J Public Health 97:2238-45. 2007
    ..We sought to compare health status, health care use, HIV anti-retroviral medication use, and HIV medication adherence among homeless and housed people with HIV/AIDS...
  44. ncbi Case management is associated with improved antiretroviral adherence and CD4+ cell counts in homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV infection
    M B Kushel
    Division of General Internal Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143-1372, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 43:234-42. 2006
    ..Study limitations include a lack of randomization. CONCLUSION: CM may be a successful method to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and biological outcomes among HIV-infected homeless and marginally housed adults...
  45. ncbi Provider assessment of adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy
    D R Bangsberg
    Epidemiology and Prevention Interventions Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and the Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital University of California, San Francisco UCSF 94110, USA
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 26:435-42. 2001
    ..Adherence assessment is an essential component of monitoring HIV antiretroviral therapy. Prior studies suggest that medical providers frequently estimate individual patient adherence inaccurately...
  46. ncbi Cost-effectiveness of supported housing for homeless persons with mental illness
    Robert Rosenheck
    Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Center West Haven and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
    Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:940-51. 2003
    ..In 1992, the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) established the HUD-VA Supported Housing (HUD-VASH) program...
  47. ncbi The proportion of veterans among homeless men: a decade later
    G Gamache
    Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northampton, MA 01053 9764, USA
    Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 36:481-5. 2001
    ....
  48. ncbi Impact of permanent supportive housing on the use of acute care health services by homeless adults
    Tia E Martinez
    Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
    Psychiatr Serv 57:992-9. 2006
    ..This analysis examined the impact of permanent supportive housing on the use of acute care public health services by homeless people with mental illness, substance use disorder, and other disabilities...
  49. ncbi Latent tuberculosis and active tuberculosis disease rates among the homeless, New York, New York, USA, 1992-2006
    John M McAdam
    St Vincent s Hospital, Manhattan, New York, New York 10011, USA
    Emerg Infect Dis 15:1109-11. 2009
    ..a retrospective study to examine trends in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and TB disease rates among homeless persons in shelters in New York, NY, 1992-2006...
  50. ncbi Homelessness and health
    Jeffrey Turnbull
    Ottawa Inner City Health Inc. and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
    CMAJ 177:1065-6. 2007
  51. ncbi Health and health care disparities among homeless women
    Cheryl Teruya
    Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90025, USA
    Women Health 50:719-36. 2010
    ..These findings should be considered in targeting and addressing the special needs of homeless women of different racial/ethnic groups...
  52. ncbi Finding contacts of homeless tuberculosis patients in New York City
    J Li
    Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York 10007, USA
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 7:S397-404. 2003
    ..To determine factors associated with no contacts identified for homeless patients in New York City...
  53. ncbi Incidence and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among the poor in the northern region of Poland
    J Romaszko
    Niepubliczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej NZOZ Pantamed Ltd, Olsztyn, Poland
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12:430-5. 2008
    ..Identification of such risk groups should be the basis for prevention programmes aimed at containing the spread of the disease...
  54. ncbi Effects of sustained abstinence among treated substance-abusing homeless persons on housing and employment
    Jesse B Milby
    Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH 201, 1530 3rd Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294 1170, USA
    Am J Public Health 100:913-8. 2010
    We examined whether cocaine-dependent homeless persons had stable housing and were employed 6, 12, and 18 months after they entered a randomized controlled trial comparing 2 treatments.
  55. ncbi Assertive community treatment and medication compliance in the homeless mentally ill
    L Dixon
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland at Baltimore 21201, USA
    Am J Psychiatry 154:1302-4. 1997
    ..This study describes medication compliance rates among a group of homeless mentally ill subjects who received assertive community treatment...
  56. ncbi A study on recidivism in the psychiatric emergency room
    D M Dhossche
    Department of Psychiatry, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, USA
    Ann Clin Psychiatry 10:59-67. 1998
    ..Compliance of recidivist patients poses a difficult task for case managers and community psychiatrists. More studies are needed to assess the efficacy of these interventions...
  57. ncbi Moving from fact to policy: housing is HIV prevention and health care
    Virginia Shubert
    Shubert Botein Policy Associates, NY, USA
    AIDS Behav 11:172-81. 2007
    ....
  58. ncbi Client-level measures of services integration among chronically homeless adults
    Alvin S Mares
    College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
    Community Ment Health J 44:367-76. 2008
    ..While several major studies have examined services integration at the system or interagency level, there has been far less effort to measure the integration of services at the client-level and its correlates...
  59. ncbi Developing and testing an intervention to prevent homelessness among individuals discharged from psychiatric wards to shelters and 'No Fixed Address'
    C Forchuk
    Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
    J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 15:569-75. 2008
    ..Discussions are underway to routinely implement the intervention. Systemic improvements can prevent homelessness for individuals being discharged from psychiatric wards...
  60. ncbi HIV/AIDS and homelessness, Part 2: treatment issues
    Antoine B Douaihy
    University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
    AIDS Read 15:604-6, 611-3, 618. 2005
    ..More research is needed to understand the complexities of HIV/AIDS within the homeless population and to develop treatment interventions...
  61. ncbi Change in neurocognition by housing type and substance abuse among formerly homeless seriously mentally ill persons
    Brina Caplan
    Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Commonwealth Research Center of the Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 170 Morton St, Boston, 02130, USA
    Schizophr Res 83:77-86. 2006
    ..in group housing rather than independent apartments on executive functioning, verbal memory and sustained attention among formerly homeless persons with serious mental illness and to determine whether substance abuse modifies this effect.
  62. ncbi Need and non-need factors associated with addiction treatment utilization in a cohort of homeless and housed urban poor
    Stefan G Kertesz
    Divisions of Preventive and General Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, AL 35294 4410, USA
    Med Care 44:225-33. 2006
    ..Prospective assessment of factors influencing utilization could inform policy and clinical care...
  63. ncbi Effectiveness of a peer-support community in addiction recovery: participation as intervention
    Rosemary A Boisvert
    Southwest Florida Addiction Services, Transitional Living Center, Fort Myers, FL, USA
    Occup Ther Int 15:205-20. 2008
    ..Limitations include a small sample size and lack of a randomized control group...
  64. ncbi Impact of the seeking safety program on clinical outcomes among homeless female veterans with psychiatric disorders
    Rani A Desai
    Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System 182, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
    Psychiatr Serv 59:996-1003. 2008
    ..This study examined its effectiveness when used with homeless women veterans with psychiatric or substance abuse problems at 11 Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers that had Homeless Women Veterans Programs...
  65. ncbi Providing health care services to the formerly homeless: a quasi-experimental evaluation
    Andrea L Ciaranello
    Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
    J Health Care Poor Underserved 17:441-61. 2006
    ..At 6 months, residents at the intervention sites also experienced improved blood pressure control. There was no intervention effect on residents' access to specialists or on physical functioning, mental health, or dental health...
  66. ncbi Homelessness in the state and federal prison population
    Greg A Greenberg
    VA New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, VAMC West Haven, CT, USA
    Crim Behav Ment Health 18:88-103. 2008
    ..This study sought to investigate the rates and correlates of homelessness (i.e. living on the street or in a homeless shelter), including mental illness, among US adult state and federal prison inmates (ASFPIs)...
  67. ncbi A community-based intervention to increase screening mammography among disadvantaged women at an inner-city drop-in center
    Robert K Heyding
    Leaside Health Centre and the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto, ON, M4G 4E4, Canada
    Women Health 41:21-31. 2005
    ..This approach may be useful to promote breast cancer screening among women affected by mental illness or homelessness who have contact with community-based agencies...
  68. ncbi A randomized controlled trial of two treatment programs for homeless adults with latent tuberculosis infection
    A M Nyamathi
    School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Room 2 250, Factor Building, Box 951720, Los Angeles, CA 90095 1702, USA
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 10:775-82. 2006
    ..Few studies have examined strategies for optimizing adherence to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment programs in homeless populations...
  69. ncbi [Tuberculosis and its control measures for homeless people: implementation of chest X-ray examination for three successive years]
    Toshio Takatorige
    Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2 2 Yamadaoka, Suita Shi, Osaka 565 0871 Japan
    Kekkaku 82:19-25. 2007
    ..To clarify the status of tuberculosis and its control measures for homeless people. OBJECT AN METHODS: Chest X-ray examinations were conducted for 1,309, 1,545, 1,546 homeless people, annually between 2003 and 2005...
  70. ncbi Nurses on a mission: a professional service learning experience with the inner-city homeless
    Mary Lashley
    Department of Nursing, Towson University, Maryland, USA
    Nurs Educ Perspect 28:24-6. 2007
    ..In an era of declining health care resources, such innovative partnerships serve to reduce health disparities and improve access to care while preparing students for community-based practice with at-risk and vulnerable populations...
  71. ncbi Education in a homeless shelter to improve the nutrition of young children
    Yvonne Yousey
    Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, and Children With Traumatic Brain Injury, JFK Partners University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
    Public Health Nurs 24:249-55. 2007
    ..To improve the nutritional status of homeless children by implementing an educational program for their mothers and the cafeteria staff at a homeless shelter...
  72. ncbi Long-term effectiveness of the ACCESS program in linking community mental health services to homeless persons with serious mental illness
    Aileen B Rothbard
    J Behav Health Serv Res 31:441-9. 2004
    ..Care and Effective Services and Supports) project on service utilization and continuity of care among homeless persons with serious mental illness...
  73. ncbi HIV risk, seropositivity and predictors of infection among homeless and non-homeless women sex workers in Miami, Florida, USA
    H L Surratt
    Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware, Coral Gables, FL 33134, USA
    AIDS Care 16:594-604. 2004
    ..There were no significant differences in HIV seropositivity between the homeless and non-homeless women (22.5 and 24.9%, respectively), primarily because the majority of the women in the study cycled in and out of homelessness...
  74. ncbi Day treatment with contingency management for cocaine abuse in homeless persons: 12-month follow-up
    Jesse B Milby
    Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 1170, USA
    J Consult Clin Psychol 71:619-21. 2003
    ..day treatment plus abstinence-contingent housing and work therapy with behavioral day treatment only among homeless persons who abuse crack cocaine...
  75. ncbi Active tuberculosis among homeless persons, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1998-2007
    Kamran Khan
    St Michael s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    Emerg Infect Dis 17:357-65. 2011
    While tuberculosis (TB) in Canadian cities is increasingly affecting foreign-born persons, homeless persons remain at high risk...
  76. ncbi Tackling the needs of the homeless: a controlled trial of health advocacy
    S Graham-Jones
    Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
    Health Soc Care Community 12:221-32. 2004
    ..The model of streamlined care for patients with complex psycho-social needs is shown to be a worthwhile and effective option for primary healthcare providers...
  77. ncbi Abstinent-contingent housing and treatment retention among crack-cocaine-dependent homeless persons
    J E Schumacher
    Division of Preventive Medicine, Behavioral Medicine Unit, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, 35205, USA
    J Subst Abuse Treat 19:81-8. 2000
    This study investigated Behavioral Day Treatment attendance in relation to treatment outcome among homeless persons dependent on crack-cocaine. Participants (N = 141) were 72.3% male and 82.7% African American...
  78. ncbi Slowing the revolving door: stabilization programs reduce homeless persons' substance use after detoxification
    Stefan G Kertesz
    Divisions of Preventive Medicine and General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, MT608, Birmingham, AL 35294 4410, USA
    J Subst Abuse Treat 24:197-207. 2003
    ..Among 254 persons available at 6 months, 76% reported recurrent substance use. Homeless persons not using stabilization programs experienced the highest hazard of return to substance use after ..
  79. ncbi Hospitalization of homeless persons with tuberculosis in the United States
    S M Marks
    Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Am J Public Health 90:435-8. 2000
    ..This study assessed whether homeless patients are hospitalized for tuberculosis (TB) more frequently and longer than other patients and possible reasons for this...
  80. ncbi Serving street-dwelling individuals with psychiatric disabilities: outcomes of a psychiatric rehabilitation clinical trial
    D L Shern
    New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany, USA
    Am J Public Health 90:1873-8. 2000
    ..This study tested a psychiatric rehabilitation approach for organizing and delivering services to street-dwelling persons with severe mental illness...
  81. ncbi Development of housing programs to aid in the treatment of tuberculosis in homeless individuals: a pilot study
    P A LoBue
    Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 92103 8374, USA
    Chest 115:218-23. 1999
    ....
  82. ncbi Integration of service systems for homeless persons with serious mental illness through the ACCESS program. Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports
    Joseph P Morrissey
    Cecel G Sheps Center for Health Services, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599 7590, USA
    Psychiatr Serv 53:949-57. 2002
    ..first of the two core questions around which the ACCESS (Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports) evaluation was designed: Does implementation of system-change strategies lead to better integration of service systems?..
  83. ncbi The effect of victimization on clinical outcomes of homeless persons with serious mental illness
    J A Lam
    Department of Veterans Affairs Northeast Program Evaluation Cennter, VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
    Psychiatr Serv 49:678-83. 1998
    ..The study examined the prevalence and correlates of criminal victimization and the relationship between victimization and client outcomes for homeless clients with mental illness...
  84. ncbi Comparison of ACT and standard case management for delivering integrated treatment for co-occurring disorders
    Susan M Essock
    Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1230, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029 6574, USA
    Psychiatr Serv 57:185-96. 2006
    ..Although integrated mental health and substance abuse treatment is becoming a standard clinical approach for such clients, the optimal method for delivering integrated treatment remains unclear...
  85. ncbi History of arrest, incarceration and victimization in community-based severely mentally ill
    Mary Castle White
    University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing, Department of Community Health Systems, 2 Koret Way, Box 0608, San Francisco, California 94143 0608, USA
    J Community Health 31:123-35. 2006
    ..Healthcare providers should solicit histories to include these events in order to understand and provide optimal care and case management services...
  86. ncbi How can health services effectively meet the health needs of homeless people?
    Nat M J Wright
    Leeds Community Drug Treatment Services, Leeds, UK
    Br J Gen Pract 56:286-93. 2006
    ..Despite this, they often have problems in obtaining suitable health care...
  87. ncbi Reinstitutionalization following psychiatric discharge among VA patients with serious mental illness: a national longitudinal study
    Cheryl Irmiter
    Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Outcomes, and Translation Section, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Box 5765, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
    Psychiatr Q 78:279-86. 2007
    ..Study findings may inform efforts to refine psychiatric and medical assessment for service delivery for this vulnerable population...
  88. ncbi Employment histories of homeless persons with mental illness
    Susan A Pickett-Schenk
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
    Community Ment Health J 38:199-211. 2002
    This study examined the work histories of 7,228 homeless persons with mental illness who were enrolled into the multi-site Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Supports (ACCESS) research demonstration program...
  89. ncbi Characteristics of individuals screening positive for substance use in a welfare setting: implications for welfare and substance-use disorders treatment systems
    Jon Morgenstern
    The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
    J Stud Alcohol Drugs 69:561-70. 2008
    ..This study examined barriers to employability, motivation to abstain from substances and to work, and involvement in multiple service systems among male and female welfare applicants with alcohol- and drug-use problems...
  90. ncbi Effect of Social Security payments on substance abuse in a homeless mentally ill cohort
    Marc I Rosen
    Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Health Care System, West Have, CT 06516, USA
    Health Serv Res 41:173-91. 2006
    ..To determine whether receipt of social supplemental security income (SSI) or Social Security disability income (SSDI) disability payments is associated with increased drug and alcohol use...
  91. ncbi Predictors of the working alliance in assertive community treatment
    Robert J Calsyn
    University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
    Community Ment Health J 42:161-75. 2006
    ..On the other hand, treatment variables (e.g., the amount of transportation services provided) and client change on the outcome variables explained more of the variance of the case manager's rating of the alliance...
  92. ncbi Students' comfort level in treating vulnerable populations and future willingness to treat: results prior to extramural participation
    Raymond A Kuthy
    University of Iowa College of Dentistry, N336 DSB, Iowa City, IA 52242 1010, USA
    J Dent Educ 69:1307-14. 2005
    ..This study provides insight about comfort with and perceived future willingness to treat special needs and other vulnerable patient groups...
  93. ncbi Are we really helping? The problem of dual diagnoses, homelessness, & hospital-hopping
    Barbara A Denkins
    J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 43:48-50. 2005
  94. ncbi Editorial comment: the complexities of homelessness and HIV
    Patricia C Henry
    AIDS Read 15:613. 2005
  95. ncbi HIV/AIDS and homelessness, Part 1: background and barriers to care
    Antoine B Douaihy
    University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
    AIDS Read 15:516-20, 527. 2005
    ..Existing data support the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among homeless persons and a high percentage of persons living with HIV/AIDS being either homeless or at imminent risk for ..
  96. ncbi An unanswered health disparity: tuberculosis among correctional inmates, 1993 through 2003
    Jessica R MacNeil
    Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Office of Communications, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Am J Public Health 95:1800-5. 2005
    ..2% of noninmates. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis case rates in prison systems remain higher than in the general population. Inmates with TB are less likely than noninmates to complete treatment...
  97. ncbi Revolving doors: imprisonment among the homeless and marginally housed population
    Margot B Kushel
    Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco at SF General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
    Am J Public Health 95:1747-52. 2005
    ..We studied a sample of homeless and marginally housed adults to examine whether a history of imprisonment was associated with differences in health status, drug use, and sexual behaviors among the homeless...
  98. ncbi An examination of fulfilled housing preferences and quality of life among homeless persons with mental illness and/or substance use disorders
    Maria O'Connell
    Yale Department of Psychiatry, VA Northeast Program Evaluation Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
    J Behav Health Serv Res 33:354-65. 2006
    This study examined the types of housing features considered important to a sample of homeless persons diagnosed with a mental illness and/or substance use disorder and the relationship between the degree to which important features were ..
  99. ncbi Perceived relationship between military service and homelessness among homeless veterans with mental illness
    Alvin S Mares
    Northeast Program Evaluation Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven 06516, USA
    J Nerv Ment Dis 192:715-9. 2004
    ....
  100. ncbi Dual diagnosis: an exploratory qualitative study of staff perceptions of substance misuse among the mentally ill in Northern India
    Peter A Phillips
    City University London, Department of Mental Health and Learning Disability, Philpot Street, London E1 2EA, England
    Issues Ment Health Nurs 28:1309-22. 2007
    ..Substance misuse among the mentally ill is common in Northern India. Opportunities exist for informing mental health nursing practice about "traditional" substance use...
  101. ncbi Client outcomes and the working alliance in the client-case manager relationship: a causal analysis
    Jennifer Cunningham
    University of Missouri St Louis, St Louis, MO 63121, USA
    Care Manag J 8:106-12. 2007
    ..The SEM analyses revealed little or no causal relationship between the working alliance and client outcome in this sample...

Research Grants97

  1. Payees, Disability Payments and Dual Diagnosis
    Marc Rosen; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..community agencies in 18 locations in 9 different states provided Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) to homeless persons with severe mental illness. Most of the 7229 participants had concomitant substance abuse disorders...
  2. SUSTAINING ABSTINENCE IN DUALLY DIAGNOSED HOMELESS
    JESSE MILBY; Fiscal Year: 2001
    ..abusers? It refines an ongoing innovative day treatment program for dually diagnosed, cocaine-abusing homeless persons, including work and housing interventions...
  3. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    One underserved group is the 4 million homeless persons in the US among whom cigarette smoking rate is an alarming 70% or more; these rates are 3 times higher than national average...
  4. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole S Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2010
    One underserved group is the 4 million homeless persons in the US among whom cigarette smoking rate is an alarming 70% or more;these rates are 3 times higher than national average...
  5. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    One underserved group is the 4 million homeless persons in the US among whom cigarette smoking rate is an alarming 70% or more; these rates are 3 times higher than national average...
  6. Improving Varenicline Adherence and Outcome in Homeless Smokers
    Kolawole Okuyemi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    One underserved group is the 4 million homeless persons in the US among whom cigarette smoking rate is an alarming 70% or more; these rates are 3 times higher than national average...
  7. Serving Homeless Welfare Clients With ADM Problems
    Laura Schmidt; Fiscal Year: 2007
    We are submitting this proposal in response to PA-02-150, "Services and Intervention Research with Homeless Persons Having Alcohol, Drug Abuse, or Mental (ADM) Disorders...
  8. Community-Based Approach to Designing an AIDS Program for HIV+ Mothers in India
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..These findings will lead to future funding to actually develop and test a newly designed program. ..
  9. HBV Prevention for Homeless At-Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..However, HBV vaccination programs among homeless persons, many of whom may be contending with drug and alcohol abuse, unemployment, language barriers and live in a ..
  10. HBV Prevention for Homeless at Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..b>Homeless persons least likely to complete the vaccine series were young (<40), and were men having sex with men (MSM); a ..
  11. HBV Prevention for Homeless At-Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..However, homeless persons, many of whom may be contending with drug and alcohol abuse and unemployment, and live in a disorganized ..
  12. Health Promotion Coaching/Vaccine for Homeless Parolees
    Adeline M Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Our recent data also revealed homeless persons least likely to complete a HAV/HBV vaccine series were young (<40), and were men who had been discharged ..
  13. HBV Prevention for Homeless at Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline M Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..b>Homeless persons least likely to complete the vaccine series were young (<40), and were men having sex with men (MSM);a ..
  14. Health Promotion Coaching/Vaccine for Homeless Parolees
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Our recent data also revealed homeless persons least likely to complete a HAV/HBV vaccine series were young (< 40), and were men who had been discharged ..
  15. Alcohol Use Reduction in Methadone Individuals with HCV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ....
  16. Health Promotion Coaching/Vaccine for Homeless Parolees
    Adeline M Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Our recent data also revealed homeless persons least likely to complete a HAV/HBV vaccine series were young (<40), and were men who had been discharged ..
  17. HBV Prevention for Homeless at Risk for HBV/HCV/HIV
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..b>Homeless persons least likely to complete the vaccine series were young (<40), and were men having sex with men (MSM); a ..
  18. TB/HIV RISK REDUCTION WITH HOMELESS AND DRUG ADDICTED
    Adeline Nyamathi; Fiscal Year: 2002
    ....
  19. TRANSPORTING TREATMENT FOR HOMELESS COCAINE ABUSERS
    JESSE MILBY; Fiscal Year: 2001
    DESCRIPTION: (Applicant's Abstract) Substance abuse in homeless persons is associated with multiple health risks and presents daunting challenges to agencies providing services...
  20. Examining Provider-Consumer Service Interactions
    Victoria Stanhope; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..will examine how coercion operates within the context of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) services for homeless persons with SMI...
  21. Homeless Persons' Use of Addiction Treatment Services
    Stefan Kertesz; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..D. is an academic physician in general internal medicine with five years of clinical experience caring for homeless persons addicted to drugs and alcohol, and drug abuse research training experience...
  22. HIV Prevention Among SMI in Transitional Housing
    Kathleen Sikkema; Fiscal Year: 2002
    ..will identify a community-level intervention for reducing and maintaining HIV risk reduction among formerly homeless persons with SMI or DD living in THPS...
  23. A Services Intervention for Homeless with Schizophrenia
    David Folsom; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..in psychiatry and family medicine, on his clinical experience in providing psychiatric and primary care to homeless persons with mental illnesses, and on his current research in homelessness and healthcare for people with ..