neuromuscular agents

Summary

Summary: Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.

Webpages

  1. publication: botulinum neurotoxin a activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin i
    www.fred.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/publication/12089155
  2. medline publication: botulinum neurotoxin a activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin i
    www.fred.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/medlinepub/12089155
  3. oculomotor muscles
    matusevicius.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:62505
  4. facial muscles
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:72188
  5. facial muscles
    buchta.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:72188
  6. a study using botulinum toxin type a in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis - related studies - clinicaltrials.gov
    www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/show/related/NCT00168402

Publications

  1. Comparison of botulinum toxin types A and B: a bilateral and double-blind randomized evaluation in the treatment of canthal rhytides
    Seth L Matarasso
    University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94102, USA
    Dermatol Surg 29:7-13; discussion 13
  2. Botulinum toxin types A and B: comparison of efficacy, duration, and dose-ranging studies for the treatment of facial rhytides and hyperhidrosis
    Paul S Yamauchi
    Clinical Research Specialists, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
    Clin Dermatol 22:34-9
  3. [Treatment with botulinum toxin in neurologic pediatrics]
    Nicole Justus
    Kinderkrankenschwester, Müchen
    Kinderkrankenschwester 26:274-6
  4. The effect of spasticity on cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials: changes of cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials after botulinum toxin type A injection
    Eun Sook Park
    Rehabilitation Department, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 120-752 Seoul, Korea
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83:1592-6
  5. Change of dynamic gastrocnemius and soleus muscle length after block of spastic calf muscle in cerebral palsy
    Moon Suk Bang
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Korea
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:760-4
  6. Clinical effects of botulinum toxin A and phenol block on gait in children with cerebral palsy
    Alice M K Wong
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83:284-91
  7. Long-term effect of botulinum toxin (A) in the management of calf spasticity in children with diplegic cerebral palsy
    Z M Hawamdeh
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
    Eura Medicophys 43:311-8
  8. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on cerebral palsy with upper limb spasticity
    Tsui Fen Yang
    Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82:284-9
  9. Botulinum toxin A injection for spasticity in diplegic-type cerebral palsy
    Ozlem El
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
    J Child Neurol 21:1009-12
  10. [Treatment of the motor cerebral palsy child with botulinum toxin A: mode of action, injection places in management]
    P Carrelet
    Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, hôpital d enfants de La Timone, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
    Arch Pediatr 9:928-33

Scientific Experts

Detail Information

Webpages6

  1. publication: botulinum neurotoxin a activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin i
    www.fred.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/publication/12089155
  2. medline publication: botulinum neurotoxin a activity is dependent upon the presence of specific gangliosides in neuroblastoma cells expressing synaptotagmin i
    www.fred.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/medlinepub/12089155
  3. oculomotor muscles
    matusevicius.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:62505
  4. facial muscles
    lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:72188
  5. facial muscles
    buchta.lib.bioinfo.pl/meid:72188
  6. a study using botulinum toxin type a in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis - related studies - clinicaltrials.gov
    www.clinicaltrial.gov/ct2/show/related/NCT00168402

Publications62

  1. Comparison of botulinum toxin types A and B: a bilateral and double-blind randomized evaluation in the treatment of canthal rhytides
    Seth L Matarasso
    University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94102, USA
    Dermatol Surg 29:7-13; discussion 13
    ....
  2. Botulinum toxin types A and B: comparison of efficacy, duration, and dose-ranging studies for the treatment of facial rhytides and hyperhidrosis
    Paul S Yamauchi
    Clinical Research Specialists, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
    Clin Dermatol 22:34-9
    ..In addition, the treatment of hyperhidrosis with type-A and type-B botulinum toxin will also be discussed...
  3. [Treatment with botulinum toxin in neurologic pediatrics]
    Nicole Justus
    Kinderkrankenschwester, Müchen
    Kinderkrankenschwester 26:274-6
  4. The effect of spasticity on cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials: changes of cortical somatosensory-evoked potentials after botulinum toxin type A injection
    Eun Sook Park
    Rehabilitation Department, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 120-752 Seoul, Korea
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83:1592-6
    ..CONCLUSION: The observed improvement of cortical SEPs with associated reduction of spasticity that occurred after the botulinum toxin type A injection indicates that spasticity itself can be considered a factor affecting cortical SEPs...
  5. Change of dynamic gastrocnemius and soleus muscle length after block of spastic calf muscle in cerebral palsy
    Moon Suk Bang
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Korea
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:760-4
    ..When the genu recurvatum is present, the soleus muscle length is more informative than gastrocnemius length...
  6. Clinical effects of botulinum toxin A and phenol block on gait in children with cerebral palsy
    Alice M K Wong
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83:284-91
    ..BTX-A injections also revealed fewer clinical side effects and were well tolerated by children with cerebral palsies...
  7. Long-term effect of botulinum toxin (A) in the management of calf spasticity in children with diplegic cerebral palsy
    Z M Hawamdeh
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
    Eura Medicophys 43:311-8
    ..CONCLUSION: This study gives support to a possible prolonged effect of intramuscular BT-A as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy to reduce spasticity and improve functional mobility in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy...
  8. Effect of botulinum toxin type A on cerebral palsy with upper limb spasticity
    Tsui Fen Yang
    Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82:284-9
    ..A reduction in caregivers' burden and improved quality of life were demonstrated through the study period...
  9. Botulinum toxin A injection for spasticity in diplegic-type cerebral palsy
    Ozlem El
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
    J Child Neurol 21:1009-12
    ..The main goal of spasticity treatment in cerebral palsy is functional improvement. In our study, most of our patients had functional improvement according to the gross motor function classification system and did not change at 6 months...
  10. [Treatment of the motor cerebral palsy child with botulinum toxin A: mode of action, injection places in management]
    P Carrelet
    Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, hôpital d enfants de La Timone, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille, France
    Arch Pediatr 9:928-33
    ..Injections have mainly a functional purpose, but sometimes they may contribute to prevent fixed contractures or pain during nursing...
  11. The role of botulinum toxin a in the management of lower limb spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy
    N Dursun
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey
    Int J Clin Pract 56:564-7
    ..The findings of this study showed btA injection to be an effective treatment for reducing spasticity and improving gait function in patients with spastic CP..
  12. [Treatment of wrinkles with botulinum toxin]
    I Lanzl
    Augenklinik der TU München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München
    Ophthalmologe 104:777-82
    ..Alternative and complementary treatments include erbium-YAG or CO2 laser, as well as augmentation and surgical plastic procedures...
  13. Comparison of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar lines: a double-blind, randomized study
    Philippa Lowe
    Cranley Clinic, London, United Kingdom
    J Am Acad Dermatol 55:975-80
    ..LIMITATIONS: Few male and non-Caucasian subjects were studied. CONCLUSION: BoNTA(1) offered more prolonged efficacy than BoNTA2 in the treatment of glabellar lines at the dose ratio of 2.5:1 (BoNTA2:BoNTA1) used in this study...
  14. Contraindications and complications with the use of botulinum toxin
    Arnold William Klein
    Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90210, USA
    Clin Dermatol 22:66-75
    ..It is important for the injecting physician to be familiar with these potential complications, even though the use of BTX has been safe and generally well tolerated, because it will lead to even greater success with the use of BTX...
  15. [A new possibility for focal treatment of spasticity with botulinum neurotoxin. The Danish Society of Neurology]
    Lise Leth Jeppesen
    Neurologisk afdeling, H:S Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 København NV
    Ugeskr Laeger 166:1117
  16. Spasticity in adults living in a developmental center
    Alyssa A Pfister
    Division of Movement Disorders, Dept. of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2100 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37212-3375, USA
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:1808-12
    ....
  17. Autologous blood injection and botulinum toxin for resistant plantar fasciitis accompanied by spasticity
    Lynne Romeiser Logan
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 85:699-703
    ..Our hypothesis is that chronic plantar fasciitis is a degenerative condition and thus is relieved when a mild inflammatory process is created that leads to healing...
  18. Botulinum toxin for spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a comprehensive evaluation
    Kristie Bjornson
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Children s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, MPW 8 3, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
    Pediatrics 120:49-58
    ..Communication is needed to ensure realistic expectations of treatment...
  19. Combining botulinum toxin and phenol to manage spasticity in children
    Judith L Gooch
    Primary Children s Medical Center, 100 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:1121-4
    ..Using this combination allowed an increased number of injections at the maximal recommended dose...
  20. The effect of botulinum toxin type A injection into the gastrocnemius muscle on sit-to-stand transfer in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy
    Eun Sook Park
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Research, Institute of Rehabilitation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
    Clin Rehabil 20:668-74
    ..CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin type A injection into spastic ankle plantarflexors led to better accomplishment of sit-to-stand transfer in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy...
  21. A dose-response relationship research on botulinum toxin type A local intramuscular injections of lower extremity spasticity in children with cerebral palsy
    Yajie Wang
    Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
    Childs Nerv Syst 24:545-7
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The study suggested that the movement function was more significantly improved with relatively higher dose of BTX-A, which was safe and effective...
  22. Botulinum toxin A in the management of focal muscle overactivity in children with cerebral palsy
    Noula Gibson
    Physiotherapy Department, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Australia
    Disabil Rehabil 29:1813-22
    ..A series of case examples are presented to highlight the role of botulinum toxin-A in the overall management of the child with focal muscle hyperactivity...
  23. Potentiation of botulinum toxin type A with oral anti-spasticity medications in the management of focal spasticity
    Alper Dai
    J Rehabil Med 39:189; author reply 189
  24. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar lines
    J Alastair Carruthers
    Vancouver Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
    J Am Acad Dermatol 46:840-9
    ..There was a low occurrence (5.4%) of mostly mild blepharoptosis in the BTX-A group. CONCLUSION: BTX-A injections are safe and effective in reducing the severity of glabellar lines...
  25. Local botulinum toxin type A injections in the treatment of spastic toes
    Areerat Suputtitada
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:770-5
    ..There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum toxin type A treatment using doses based on spasticity severity seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of spastic toes, and further study is warranted...
  26. Botulinum toxin type A for upper limb spasticity following stroke: an open-label study with individualised, flexible injection regimens
    J Slawek
    Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Movement Disorders and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical University, ul Debinki 7, 80 211, Gdansk, Poland
    Neurol Sci 26:32-9
    ..Individualised BTX-A injection regimens may be an effective, reversible and safe new treatment option for patients with spasticity. Nevertheless, functional improvement may be reached only in selected patients...
  27. The beneficial antispasticity effect of botulinum toxin type A is maintained after repeated treatment cycles
    A M O Bakheit
    Peninsula Medical School, Mount Gould Hospital, PL4 7QD, UK
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1558-61
    ..BtxA was safe in the dose used in this study and did not induce the formation of detectable levels of neutralising BtxA antibodies...
  28. Botulinum-a toxin detrusor injection as a novel approach in the treatment of bladder spasticity in children with neurogenic bladder
    H Schulte Baukloh
    Department of Urology, St Hedwig Hospital, Grosse Hamburger Strasse 5 11, 10115 Berlin, Germany
    Eur Urol 44:139-43
    ..It is a valuable treatment option in the management of neurogenic bladder. The effect lasts about six months, and then reinjection is necessary...
  29. A randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the treatment of spastic foot
    F Mancini
    Parkinson s Disease and Movement Disorders Center, IRCCS C Mondino Institute of Neurology, Via Mondino 2, I 27100, Pavia, Italy
    Neurol Sci 26:26-31
    ..In particular, the medium BTX dosages (320 UI spread over 2-5 muscles) were found to be both safe and effective in producing long-lasting improvement of spastic foot dysfunction...
  30. Treatment of pain and limited movement of the shoulder in hemiplegic patients with botulinum toxin a in the subscapular muscle
    Alain P Yelnik
    Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, GH Lariboisière F Widal, Paris, France
    Eur Neurol 50:91-3
    ..This result confirms the role of spasticity in hemiplegic shoulder pain and the beneficial effects of Botulinum toxin injection into the subscapularis muscle deserve to be confirmed in further series...
  31. Repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type a produce sustained decreases in the limitations associated with focal upper-limb poststroke spasticity for caregivers and patients
    Elie P Elovic
    Kessler Medical Rehabilitation Research and Education Center, West Orange, NJ, USA
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:799-806
    ..Further research is required to examine the effectiveness of repeated injections of BTX-A in patients with poststroke spasticity...
  32. Botulinum toxin in upper limb spasticity after acquired brain injury: a randomized trial comparing dilution techniques
    Gerard E Francisco
    Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 81:355-63
    ....
  33. Is botulinum toxin type A effective in the treatment of spastic shoulder pain in patients after stroke? A double-blind randomized clinical trial
    Ester Marco
    Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Hospital de l Esperança, Sant Josep de la Muntanya, Barcelona, Spain
    J Rehabil Med 39:440-7
    ..CONCLUSION: Patients with spastic shoulder pain treated with a botulinum toxin type A infiltration in the pectoralis major muscle of the paretic side have a higher likelihood of pain relief (between 2.43- and 3.11-fold)...
  34. Repeated botulinum toxin injections can improve mobility in patients with spinal cord lesions
    A Catz
    Spinal Department and Research Laboratory, Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Raanana, Israel
    Eura Medicophys 43:319-25
    ..Repeated injections may enhance the effect despite the concern for resistance formation. Further research is needed to support the findings and determine the optimal BTX doses and intervals between injections...
  35. Head-to-head studies of botulinum toxin A in aesthetic medicine: which evidence is good enough?
    Berthold Rzany
    J Am Acad Dermatol 56:1066-7
  36. The use of botulinum toxin for spasticity after spinal cord injury
    Christina Marciniak
    Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 87:312-7; quiz 318-20, 329
    ..CONCLUSIONS: BTX seems to be an effective treatment for focal spasticity and for reducing disability in persons with SCI. Randomized trials are needed to confirm the value of this treatment in the setting of SCI...
  37. Does botulinum toxin improve the function of the patient with spasticity after stroke?
    Eduardo Cardoso
    Division of Neurology and Epidemiology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
    Arq Neuropsiquiatr 65:592-5
    ..We conclude that proper choice of muscles and individualized doses of BT-A can improve function in selected post-stroke patients...
  38. Botulinum toxin type-A in therapy of patients with anismus
    Y Ron
    Department of Gastroenterology, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 58100, Israel
    Dis Colon Rectum 44:1821-6
    ..Our results justify the need for further double-blind placebo-controlled trials to determine the exact role of botulinum toxin type-A in anismus...
  39. Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of post-stroke spasticity
    Anthony Ward
    North Staffordshire Rehabilitation Unit, The Hayward, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
    J Rehabil Med 37:252-7
    ..CONCLUSION: In conclusion, botulinum toxin type A is a cost-effective treatment for post-stroke spasticity...
  40. Taping versus electrical stimulation after botulinum toxin type A injection for wrist and finger spasticity. A case-control study
    Stefano Carda
    Ospedale Valduce Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Via Nazario Sauro 17, 23845 Costamasnaga LC, Italy
    Clin Rehabil 19:621-6
    ..05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with adhesive taping and botulinum toxin type A achieved a greater reduction in spastic hypertonia as measured with Modified Ashworth Scale, with less time dedicated for the treatment...
  41. Use of botulinum toxin in pediatric spasticity (cerebral palsy)
    Steffen Berweck
    Children's University Hospital, Munich, Germany
    Mov Disord 19:S162-7
    ..First-hand experience with BT type B in children is presented...
  42. Botulinum toxin: a new dimension in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction
    G N Rajkumar
    Department of Urology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
    Urology 64:2-8
  43. A preliminary comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of botulinum toxin serotypes A and B in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome: a retrospective, open-label chart review
    Amy M Lang
    Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
    Clin Ther 25:2268-78
    ..The results of this comparison are consistent with the US Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling indicating that BTX-A is not interchangeable with any other botulinum toxin in terms of biological activity...
  44. Functional outcomes of intramuscular botulinum toxin type a and occupational therapy in the upper limbs of children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
    Margaret Wallen
    Department of Occupational Therapy, The Children s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:1-10
    ..CONCLUSIONS: OT enhanced individualized functional outcomes following BTX-A injections in the upper limbs of children with CP...
  45. Functional outcome of botulinum toxin injection of gastrocnemius and adductors in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsied children
    A I Ibrahim
    Unit of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
    Eura Medicophys 43:13-20
    ..92. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that, in spastic hemiplegic CP, botulinum toxin has a better effect on tone reduction and improvement of gait parameters when it is given at the gastrocnemius and adductors muscles collectively...
  46. [Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of infantile cerebral palsy. Taking into account multilevel, integrated treatment]
    G Molenaers
    Heelkunde Orthopedie, University Hospital Pellenburg, Weligerveld 1, 3212 Pellenburg, Belgium
    Orthopade 33:1119-28
    ..If started early and correctly, this integrated management approach has the potential to modify the natural history of the disorder, and to reduce the frequency of later surgery...
  47. Effects of botulinum toxin A therapy with electrical stimulation on spastic calf muscles in children with cerebral palsy
    Bo Sung Kang
    Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
    Am J Phys Med Rehabil 86:901-6
    ....
  48. Upper-limb injections of botulinum toxin-A in children with cerebral palsy: a critical review of the literature and clinical implications for occupational therapists
    Brian J Hoare
    Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
    Am J Occup Ther 58:389-97
    ..Active involvement of occupational therapists in the development and investigation of the most appropriate postinjection upper-limb training may help ensure optimal outcomes for children with cerebral palsy...
  49. Evaluation of botulinum toxin therapy of spastic equinus in paediatric patients with cerebral palsy
    Paolo Manganotti
    Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision Neurological Rehabilitation Section, Policlinico GB Rossi, Piazzale Scuro 10, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
    J Rehabil Med 39:115-20
    ....
  50. Does intramuscular botulinum toxin A injection improve upper-limb function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy?
    H Kerr Graham
    Med J Aust 178:95-6; author reply 96
  51. Does intramuscular botulinum toxin A injection improve upper-limb function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy?
    Jason Wasiak
    Centre for Clinical Effectiveness, Southern Health/Monash Institute of Public Health, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
    Med J Aust 177:158
  52. AACPDM systematic review of the effectiveness of therapy for children with cerebral palsy after botulinum toxin A injections
    Natasha Lannin
    Rehabilitation Studies Unit, University of Sydney, Australia
    Dev Med Child Neurol 48:533-9
    ..We conclude that there is insufficient evidence to either support or refute the use of therapy interventions after BTX-A injections in children with CP...
  53. Efficacy and safety of 3- and 5-injection patterns (30 and 50 U) of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) for the treatment of wrinkles in the glabella and the central forehead region
    Berthold Rzany
    Division of Evidence Based Medicine, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte, Schumannstrasse 20 23, D 10117 Berlin, Germany
    Arch Dermatol 142:320-6
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The 3 central injection sites are essential for the treatment of glabellar wrinkles. The 2 additional injection sites in the forehead region, targeting the frontalis muscle, did not significantly improve efficacy...
  54. Botulinum A exotoxin for rejuvenation of the upper third of the face
    J A Carucci
    Mohs' Micrographic and Dermatologic Surgery, Department of Dermatology, NY Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
    Facial Plast Surg 17:11-20
    ..Technical considerations including injection technique, dilution, storage, and potential complications will be discussed...
  55. Clostridium botulinum type A toxin for the treatment of upper face animation lines: an Iranian experience
    M Reza Farahvash
    Department of Plastic Surgery, Tehran University Medical School, Tehran, Iran
    J Cosmet Dermatol 6:152-8
    ..Dysport seemed to be a safe and effective alternative to Botox, giving good to excellent cosmetic results lasting at least 4 months in the majority of the patients...
  56. Botulinum toxin A in the mid and lower face and neck
    Jean Carruthers
    Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, 943 West Broadway, Suite 720, Vancouver, BC V5M 4E1, Canada
    Dermatol Clin 22:151-8
    ..In addition to its use as primary procedure, botulinum toxin is also an effective adjunct to other cosmetic procedures, enhancing and prolonging the benefits of surgery, soft tissue augmentation, and laser resurfacing...
  57. Primary and adjunctive uses of botulinum toxin type A in the periorbital region
    Richard V Balikian
    Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3400 Bainbridge Avenue, 3rd Floor, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
    Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 13:583-90, vii
    ..When the surgeon has a complete understanding of facial anatomy and muscular interactions, Botox can be used as a primary treatment of the periorbital region or as an adjunct to surgical procedures of the periorbital region...