hiv 1

..The development of a safe and effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is critical to pandemic control...

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..Taken together, the multiscale approach described here has uncovered multiprotein virus-host interactions that likely act in concert to facilitate the early steps of HIV-1 infection...

..These findings reveal viral properties associated with mucosal HIV-1 transmission and a limited set of rapidly evolving adaptive mutations driven primarily, but not exclusively, by early cytotoxic T cell responses...

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..Understanding the molecular mechanisms of both Vpu-dependent and -independent mediated antagonism of BST-2 will be critical for therapeutic strategies that exploit this novel viral function...

..These data establish a mechanism for chronic immune activation in the context of a compromised gastrointestinal mucosal surface and provide new directions for therapeutic interventions that modify the consequences of acute HIV infection...

..The evolving glycan shield thus represents a new mechanism contributing to HIV-1 persistence in the face of an evolving antibody repertoire...

..This effort illustrates the power with which RNA interference and forward genetics can be used to expose the dependencies of human pathogens such as HIV, and in so doing identify potential targets for therapy...

..We investigated antiretroviral-treatment strategies in the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy (CHER) trial...

..Thus, HIV-1 Vpu suppresses the expression of the CD317 antiviral factor in human cells, and the species-specific resistance to this suppression may guide the development of small animal models of HIV infection...

..In this Review, we discuss recent studies on the kinetics and quality of early immune responses to HIV-1 and their implications for developing a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine...

..Quantitative analysis of preseroconversion replication rates of HIV is useful for projecting the yield and predictive value of assays targeting primary HIV infection...

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..consistent with this, antibodies able to block 2G12 binding to recombinant gp120 were not detected in significant quantities in 16 HIV-positive human serum samples...

..These included clusters of mutations in envelope that were targeted by NAbs, a few isolated sites that reverted to the consensus sequence, and bystander mutations in linkage with T cell-driven escape...

..Finally, we recapitulated these observations in HIV-2-infected CD4+ T-cell lines, demonstrating that tetherin antagonism and sequestration occur at physiological levels of Env expression during virus replication...

..We assessed vaccine-induced immunity and its potential contributions to infection risk...

..This study highlights both the power and shortcomings of large scale loss-of-function screens in discovering host-pathogen interactions...

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..With appropriate analysis, ultra-deep pyrosequencing is a promising method for characterizing genetic diversity and detecting minor yet clinically relevant variants in biological samples with complex genetic populations...

..The TRBP-Dicer interaction shown raises interesting questions about the potential interplay between RNAi and interferon-PKR pathways...

..Also, we propose the following configuration of BST-2 in tethering virions to the cell surface; each of the dimerized BST-2 molecules acts as a bridge between viral and cell membranes...

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..The integration assay employs a novel quantitative form of Alu-PCR that should be generally applicable to studies of integrating viruses and gene transfer vectors...

..Given the importance of the mucosal compartment in HIV-1 pathogenesis, further study to elucidate the significance of the changes observed here is critical...

..Together, the data support a model in which Vpu co-opts the beta-TrCP/SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce endosomal trafficking events that remove BST-2 from its site of action as a virion-tethering factor...

..The present study, the first GWAS of HIV-1 nonprogressors, underscores the potential for some HLA genes to control disease progression soon after infection...

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..Clinical trials are ongoing to further investigate the potential of using maraviroc for the treatment of HIV-1 infection and AIDS...

..Greater V3 diversity was observed post-selection. This previously unreported degree of V3 loop sequence diversity has implications for viral pathogenesis, vaccine design, and the optimal use of HIV-1 CCR5 antagonists...

..Our findings elucidate the structure and conformational changes of trimeric HIV-1 gp120 relevant to antibody neutralization and attachment to target cells...

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..These data provide insights into the kinetics, potency, breadth, and epitope specificity of neutralizing antibody responses in acute HIV-1 subtype C infection...

..4 kb region containing 1% of sites. These data document unexpectedly strong biases in integration site selection and suggest how selective targeting promotes aggressive HIV replication...

..A concerted effort of structure-based vaccine design will help guide the development of improved antibody-based vaccines for HIV-1...

..We discuss the similarities and differences between our shRNA findings for HIV-1 using a spreading infection assay in human Jurkat T-cells and results from other investigators who used siRNA-based screenings in HeLa or 293T cells...

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..Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), little is known about whether changes in HIV-1 mortality and morbidity rates have been sustained. We aimed to assess possible changes in these rates across Europe...

..Observational studies suggest that male circumcision may provide protection against HIV-1 infection. A randomized, controlled intervention trial was conducted in a general population of South Africa to test this hypothesis...

..These data suggest that ssRNA represents a physiological ligand for TLR7 and TLR8...

..This reveals characteristics of the envelope glycoprotein that influence HIV-1 transmission and may have implications for vaccine design...

..These findings imply that HIV-1 infects cells via endocytosis and envelope glycoprotein- and dynamin-dependent fusion with intracellular compartments...

..The updated SDRM list has 93 mutations including 34 NRTI-resistance mutations at 15 RT positions, 19 NNRTI-resistance mutations at 10 RT positions, and 40 PI-resistance mutations at 18 protease positions...

..Furthermore, we discuss the gaps in our knowledge that are relevant to future studies, which will shape strategies for effective HIV prevention...

..Identification of tetherin binding to Vpu provides a potential novel target for the development of drugs aimed at inhibiting HIV-1 replication...

..Thus, CD4 down-regulation and promotion of viral growth are two distinct functions of Nef, and the latter is mediated via SH3 binding...

..Here, I review recent progress in these three areas...

..These findings provide the first evidence for the rapid emergence of clinical resistance to a novel class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors and may be relevant to future treatment strategies involving these agents...

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..Because this solution is available for cell-surface receptors but not for most antibodies, conformational masking enables HIV-1 to maintain receptor binding and simultaneously to resist neutralization...

..Thus, HIV-1 budding and cytokinesis use a similar subset of cellular components to carry out topologically similar membrane fission events...

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..High-throughput SHAPE reveals a comprehensive view of HIV-1 RNA genome structure, and further application of this technology will make possible newly informative analysis of any RNA in a cellular transcriptome...

..They also demonstrate that lytic granule contents of memory cells are a critical determinant of cytotoxicity that must be induced for maximal per-cell killing capacity...

..10, adjusted for multiple subgroup comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: There was no overall protective effect. The efficacy trends in subgroups may provide clues for the development of effective immunization approaches...

..Differentiating individuals with early human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection from those infected for longer periods is difficult but important for estimating HIV incidence and for purposes of clinical care and prevention...

..Thus, Vpu can efficiently antagonize virion tethering in the absence of CD317 degradation...

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..This assay should be useful for detecting recent HIV-1 infection and for estimating incidence among diverse HIV-1 subtypes worldwide...

..Collectively, our results indicate that the relative ability of lentiviruses and gammaretroviruses to transduce nondividing myeloid cells is dependent upon their ability to neutralize a cellular restriction...

..This constitutive antiviral capacity of CD8(+) T cells could account for the control of viral replication in HIC...

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..To assess the antiviral efficacy and safety of switching from a protease inhibitor (PI) to nevirapine in patients with long-term HIV-1 RNA suppression on PI-containing regimens, and to assess its influence in the adherence to treatment...

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..Median increase above baseline in CD4(+) cell count was similar (q.d. group, +144 cells/mm(3); b.i.d. group, +146 cells/mm(3)), and the incidences of adverse events, disease progression, and HIV-associated conditions were comparable...

..The maintenance of resistance genotyping programs for HIV-1 failing patients is important to the management of ARV therapies and to attempt and monitor the HIV-1 subtype prevalence in Brazil...

..CONCLUSION: The lopinavir/ritonavir-efavirenz combination is associated with a high rate of virologic response and should be compared with more classic NRTI-containing regimens in randomized and controlled clinical trials...

..Efficient yet temporary suppression of viral replication was achieved by a lopinavir (LPV) treatment...

..1-74.5%). The HIV strains of patients failing HAART showed a progressive impaired replication capacity. In patients failing HAART the impaired replication capacity of HIV strains could justify the persistence of an immune recovery...

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..The present study showed that there was a high frequency of primary mutations, which offered resistance to nrti and nnrti. Monitoring patients with treatment failure is an important tool for aiding physicians in rescue therapy...

..To compare a quadruple-nucleoside with an efavirenz-containing regimen for treatment of HIV-1 infection...

..To describe the long-term efficacy over 5 years of regimens including combinations of abacavir, lamivudine and/or zidovudine in previously untreated children in the PENTA 5 trial...

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..Similar studies are needed in pediatric populations, in whom differing dynamics might translate into age-specific treatment approaches...

..As the first report on resistance mutations to HAART in Korea, our data suggest that genotyping-guided treatment as well as education for compliance are required for better care...

..We aimed to determine adherence, virological, and immunological outcomes one year after starting a first combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen...

..45 log(10), with individual patients having reductions of greater than 0.7 log(10). No bevirimat resistance mutations were detected during the course of the study...

..This study examined whether, in the context of a first-line abacavir/lamivudine highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, K65R might occur as a minority population where L74V was detected at virological failure...

..001). These findings emphasize the negative role of HAART, but not of HIV-1 infection, in determining semen alterations...

..This add-on pilot study supports the concept of double dose tenofovir to virologically overcome the decreased sensitivity of NRTI-resistant viruses. However, the safety of this regimen needs to be considered carefully...

..To improve the dosing frequency and pill burden of antiretroviral therapy, we compared two once-daily dosed regimens to a twice-daily dosed regimen...

..In an intent-to-treat study, reduction of viral load, increase in CD4 cell count, clinical benefit and adverse reactions were examined in HIV-infected children receiving first line therapy including efavirenz...

..Computerized query of the hospital information system proved to be a powerful tool for the identification of study patients in a real-world clinic environment...

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..We compared the immunological and clinical outcomes of lamivudine monotherapy and complete therapy interruption in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients harbouring lamivudine-resistant virus...

..Resistance limits the effectiveness of anti-retroviral therapy. In Chile, there is free access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy since 2001, but there is no information about the frequency of mutations associated to drug resistance...

..We incorporated the latest available information to evaluate the net benefit of using resistance testing in HIV-infected patients with virological failure...

..04; 95% CI, 1.0-1.07). Measurement of viral load after approximately 7 days provided the most accurate measure of the degree of viral suppression induced by a given drug regimen...

..However, the nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) components may also affect efficacy...

..MIV-310 (alovudine), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, potently inhibits the replication of highly mutated strains of HIV in vitro. We examined the efficacy of MIV-310 in highly pretreated patients...

..Contrary to other recent studies in Africa, viral resistance rarely emerged...

..This supports the adoption of a more pro-active approach to treatment intensification and the need for caution with structured treatment interruptions...

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..CONCLUSION: This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that the use of an alternative multidrug regimen results in stronger long-term suppression of pVL compared with clinically successful treatment with standard therapy...

..This serial accumulation of mutations is likely to exhaust future drug options..

..To describe changes in HIV-1 plasma viral load (VL) and CD4 cell counts and to assess zidovudine resistance associated with a short course of oral zidovudine during late pregnancy...

..003). CONCLUSION: Antiretroviral treatment guided prospectively by PRT led to the increased use of "active" antiretroviral agents and was associated with a significantly better virological response...

..These studies will reveal the complex RNA-protein world of P-TEFb and how HIV subverts these cellular complexes for its replication in cells. ..

..These studies will reveal the complex RNA-protein world of P-TEFb and how HIV subverts these cellular complexes for its replication in cells. ..

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..However, BEF works by a different mechanism, as a molecular chaperone. Experiments are proposed to further study the mechanism of BEF action. ..

..These results would also be valuable in developing new strategies for blocking the expression of retroviral or other disease- related genes. ..

..We believe that these alternative but complementary approaches would enrich our knowledge regarding this anti-viral defense system. The research result from these projects will lead to find a novel strategy to combat HIV-1 replication. ..

..We are using this new technology to identify novel antibodies against viral targets. This work will provide new tools to understand viral infection and how this process can be inhibited by therapeutic agents or vaccines. ..

..Therefore, the goal of this proposal is to investigate if MA use and HIV-1 infection unite to exacerbate the cognitive and motor complications associated with HIV disease and produce a heightened neuroinflammatory state. ..

..The analysis of reverse transcriptase fidelity during displacement synthesis will directly contribute to our understanding of how the virus rapidly evolves during progression to AIDS. ..

..The analysis of reverse transcriptase fidelity during displacement synthesis will directly contribute to our understanding of how the virus rapidly evolves during progression to AIDS. ..

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..These intervector comparisons should serve to identify the superior transgene combination. If successful, these studies may facilitate the development of clinical-grade anti-HIV lentiviral vectors for transduction of HSC. ..

..c) Stopped-flow fluorescence techniques will be used to investigate the kinetic mechanism of NC unwinding and annealing of tRNALys,3. ..

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