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Genomes and Genes | vesiculovirusSummarySummary: A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE that infects a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. The type species is VESICULAR STOMATITIS-INDIANA VIRUS. Top Publications
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Publications
Chandipura virus: an emerging human pathogen?Marc Van Ranst
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, BE 3000, Belgium
Lancet 364:821-2. 2004
A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003, associated with Chandipura virusB L Rao
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
Lancet 364:869-74. 2004....
Complete genome sequences of Chandipura and Isfahan vesiculovirusesA C Marriott
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Arch Virol 150:671-80. 2005Chandipura virus (CHPV) and Isfahan virus (ISFV) are two members of the genus Vesiculovirus from Asia. Both are arthropod-transmitted and are able to infect humans, but neither causes vesicular stomatitis in livestock...
Immune synapses formed with measles virus-infected dendritic cells are unstable and fail to sustain T cell activationYoanna Shishkova
University of Wurzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Street 7, D 97078 Wurzburg, Germany
Cell Microbiol 9:1974-86. 2007....
Reviewing Chandipura: a vesiculovirus in human epidemicsSoumen Basak
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Signaling Systems Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
Biosci Rep 27:275-98. 2007Chandipura virus, a member of the rhabdoviridae family and vesiculovirus genera, has recently emerged as human pathogen that is associated with a number of outbreaks in different parts of India...
Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5Hiroki Kato
Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premiere International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565 0871, Japan
J Exp Med 205:1601-10. 2008..Collectively, RIG-I detects dsRNAs without a 5'-triphosphate end, and RIG-I and MDA5 selectively recognize short and long dsRNAs, respectively...
Interaction of vesicular stomatitis virus P and N proteins: identification of two overlapping domains at the N terminus of P that are involved in N0-P complex formation and encapsidation of viral genome RNAMingzhou Chen
Department of Molecular Genetics, Section of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Virol 81:13478-85. 2007..Taking these results together, we conclude that the N-terminal 11 to 30 aa are required for N(0)-P complex formation but the N-terminal 210 aa are required for genome RNA encapsidation...
Molecular architecture of the vesicular stomatitis virus RNA polymeraseAmal A Rahmeh
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:20075-80. 2010..Because the arrangement of conserved regions involved in catalysis is homologous, the structural insights obtained for VSV L likely extend to all NNS RNA viruses...
Role of intermolecular interactions of vesicular stomatitis virus nucleoprotein in RNA encapsidationXin Zhang
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
J Virol 82:674-82. 2008..These results suggest that the intermolecular contacts among the N molecules are required for encapsidation of the viral RNA...
Host cell factors and functions involved in vesicular stomatitis virus entryHrefna Kristin Johannsdottir
Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
J Virol 83:440-53. 2009..Dynamin-2 was recruited to plasma membrane-confined virus particles. Thus, VSV can induce productive internalization by exploiting a specific combination of the clathrin-associated proteins and cellular functions...
Vesicular stomatitis virus enters cells through vesicles incompletely coated with clathrin that depend upon actin for internalizationDavid K Cureton
Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
PLoS Pathog 5:e1000394. 2009..This work provides new mechanistic insights into the process of virus internalization as well as uptake of unconventional cargo by the clathrin-dependent endocytic machinery...
Assessment of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine by use of the mouse model of Ebola virus hemorrhagic feverSteven M Jones
Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
J Infect Dis 196:S404-12. 2007..In the present study, we used the mouse model for Ebola hemorrhagic fever to assess the safety and efficacy of a vaccine based on a live attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) glycoprotein...
Glycoprotein-dependent acidification of vesicular stomatitis virus enhances release of matrix proteinChad E Mire
Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
J Virol 83:12139-50. 2009..From these data we propose that low-pH conformational changes in G protein promote acidification of the virus interior, which facilitates the release of M from ribonucleoprotein particles during uncoating...
Single-amino-acid alterations in a highly conserved central region of vesicular stomatitis virus N protein differentially affect the viral nucleocapsid template functionsDebasis Nayak
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 0900, USA
J Virol 83:5525-34. 2009..These results suggest that the structure of the N protein and the resulting N-RNA complex, in part, regulate the viral template functions in transcription and replication...
Initiation of encapsidation as evidenced by deoxycholate-treated Nucleocapsid protein in the Chandipura virus life cycleRaja Bhattacharya
Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta 700 019, India
Virology 349:197-211. 2006..Based on our observations, we propose a model to explain encapsidation that involves two discrete biochemically separable steps, initiation and elongation...
Chandipura virus encephalitis outbreak among children in Nagpur division, Maharashtra, 2007Yogesh K Gurav
National Institute of Virology ICMR, Pune, India
Indian J Med Res 132:395-9. 2010..An outbreak of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) among children from Nagpur division, Maharashtra was investigated to confirm the aetiology and to describe clinico-epidemiological features...
Access to RNA encapsidated in the nucleocapsid of vesicular stomatitis virusTodd J Green
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
J Virol 85:2714-22. 2011..Polyribonucleotides were reencapsidated into the empty NLP, and the crystal structures were determined. The crystal structures revealed variable degrees of association of the N protein with a specific RNA sequence...
The N(0)-binding region of the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein is globally disordered but contains transient α-helicesCédric Leyrat
Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, UMI 3265 UJF EMBL CNRS, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
Protein Sci 20:542-56. 2011..Our results are interpreted in the context of a scenario whereby VSV P(NTR) constitutes a molecular recognition element undergoing a disorder-to-order transition upon binding to its partner when forming the N(0)-P complex...
Structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus N⁰-P complexCédric Leyrat
UMI 3265 UJF EMBL CNRS Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions, Grenoble, France
PLoS Pathog 7:e1002248. 2011..The structure of this complex also suggests a mechanism for the initiation of viral RNA synthesis...
Rho GTPases modulate entry of Ebola virus and vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped vectorsKathrina Quinn
Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
J Virol 83:10176-86. 2009..In total, our studies implicate RhoB and RhoC in enhanced productive entry of some pseudovirions and suggest the involvement of actin-mediated macropinocytosis as a mechanism of uptake of EBOV GP and VSVG pseudotyped viral particles...
The ESCRT-I subunit TSG101 controls endosome-to-cytosol release of viral RNAPierre Philippe Luyet
Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
Traffic 9:2279-90. 2008..We conclude that Tsg101, through selective interactions with its partners including Hrs and Alix, may link receptor sorting and lysosome targeting to the back-fusion process involved in viral capsid release...
A conserved motif in region v of the large polymerase proteins of nonsegmented negative-sense RNA viruses that is essential for mRNA cappingJianrong Li
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Virol 82:775-84. 2008....
In vitro antiviral activity of dehydroepiandrosterone and its synthetic derivatives against vesicular stomatitis virusCarina Romanutti
Laboratorio de Virologia, Departamento de Quimica Biologica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellon 2, Piso 4, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Vet J 182:327-35. 2009..Analysis of RNA and protein synthesis indicated that DHEA adversely affected positive strand RNA synthesis and viral mature particle formation...
Management of accidental exposure to Ebola virus in the biosafety level 4 laboratory, Hamburg, GermanyStephan Gunther
Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
J Infect Dis 204:S785-90. 2011..Otherwise, the person remained healthy, and ZEBOV RNA, except for the glycoprotein gene expressed in the vaccine, was never detected in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells during the 3-week observation period...
Elucidation of functional domains of Chandipura virus Nucleocapsid protein involved in oligomerization and RNA binding: implication in viral genome encapsidationArindam Mondal
Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Virology 407:33-42. 2010Chandipura virus, a member of the vesiculovirus genera, has been recently recognized as an emerging human pathogen...
Chandipura virus growth kinetics in vertebrate cell lines, insect cell lines & embryonated eggsR S Jadi
Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology ICMR, Pune, India
Indian J Med Res 132:155-9. 2010..Since not much information on Chandipura virus is available, an attempt was made to study the growth kinetics of the virus in certain vertebrate, invertebrate cell lines and embryonated chicken eggs...
Fusion-active glycoprotein G mediates the cytotoxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus M mutants lacking host shut-off activityMarkus Hoffmann
Institut fur Virologie, Stiftung Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
J Gen Virol 91:2782-93. 2010..These findings indicate that the host shut-off activity of the M protein dominates VSV cytotoxicty, whilst the fusion-active G protein is mainly responsible for the cytotoxicity remaining with M-mutant VSV...
Conserved characteristics of the rhabdovirus nucleoproteinMing Luo
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Virus Res 129:246-51. 2007..This may explain how the RNP can adopt different conformations from being packed as a superhelix in the virion to a relaxed linear structure once being delivered into the cytoplasm...
The HR motif in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein of Chandipura virus is required for unconventional mRNA-capping activityTomoaki Ogino
Department of Molecular Genetics, Section of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Gen Virol 91:1311-4. 2010..These results suggest that the rhabdoviral L proteins universally use the active-site HR motif for the PRNTase reaction at the step of the enzyme-pRNA intermediate formation...
Characterization of the complete genome sequence of pike fry rhabdovirusHong Lian Chen
College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, 430070, Wuhan, People s Republic of China
Arch Virol 154:1489-94. 2009..3 to 91.4%. Phylogenetic analysis of the five proteins showed that PFRV clusters with SVCV and is closely related to the mammalian vesiculoviruses, 903/87, STRV and SCRV...
BrainStem encephalitis associated with chandipura in Andhra Pradesh outbreakS Narasimha Rao
Government Institute of Child Health, Niloufer Hospital, Red Hills, Hyderabad 500004, India
J Trop Pediatr 54:25-30. 2008..Evidence of Chandipura virus was detected in these cases as the etiological agent...
P-protein of Chandipura virus is an N-protein-specific chaperone that acts at the nucleation stageAmitabha Majumdar
Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India
Biochemistry 43:2863-70. 2004..The P-protein is thus an N-protein-specific chaperone which inhibits the nucleation phase of N-protein aggregation, thus keeping a pool of encapsidation-competent N-protein for viral maturation...
Vesicular stomatitis virus oncolysis is potentiated by impairing mTORC1-dependent type I IFN productionTommy Alain
Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:1576-81. 2010..These results demonstrate that reducing type I IFNs through inhibition of mTORC1 is an effective strategy to augment the therapeutic activity of VSV(DeltaM51)...
Vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA capping machinery requires specific cis-acting signals in the RNAJennifer T Wang
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Virol 81:11499-506. 2007..These studies provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the mRNA capping apparatus of VSV evolved an RNA capping machinery that functions in a sequence-specific manner...
Histidine-mediated RNA transfer to GDP for unique mRNA capping by vesicular stomatitis virus RNA polymeraseTomoaki Ogino
Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:3463-8. 2010....
S-adenosyl homocysteine-induced hyperpolyadenylation of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA requires the methyltransferase activity of L proteinSummer E Galloway
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
J Virol 82:12280-90. 2008..Further, the data presented here show that the wild-type L protein hyperpolyadenylates a percentage of VSV mRNAs in infected cells as well as in vitro...
Evolutionary genomics of host adaptation in vesicular stomatitis virusSusanna K Remold
Department of Biology, University of Louisville, USA
Mol Biol Evol 25:1138-47. 2008..We discuss the degree to which current genetic architecture is expected to constrain future evolution of complex traits, such as host use by RNA viruses...
A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus replicon vaccine protects chickens from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H7N1)Nazeer H Kalhoro
Institut fur Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Stiftung Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bunteweg 17, D 30559 Hannover, Germany
Vaccine 27:1174-83. 2009..We propose that VSV replicons have the potential to be developed to high-quality vaccines for protection of poultry against different subtypes of avian influenza viruses...
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector mediates postexposure protection against Sudan Ebola hemorrhagic fever in nonhuman primatesThomas W Geisbert
National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
J Virol 82:5664-8. 2008..This is the first demonstration of complete postexposure protection against an Ebola virus in nonhuman primates and provides further evidence that postexposure vaccination may have utility in treating exposures to filoviruses...
G, N, and P gene-based analysis of Chandipura viruses, IndiaVidya Avinash Arankalle
National Institute of Virology, 20 A Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
Emerg Infect Dis 11:123-6. 2005..Sequence analyses of G, N, and P genes showed 95.6%-97.6% nucleotide identity with the 1965 isolate (G gene, 7-11 amino acid changes); N and P genes were highly conserved...
Recombinant glycoprotein based vaccine for Chandipura virus infectionC H Venkateswarlu
Hepatitis Division, National Institute of Virology, Microbiological Containment Complex, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune 411021, India
Vaccine 27:2845-50. 2009..There was 60% T cell proliferation observed against rGp in immunized mice. The study shows that rGp induces both arms of immune response and represents an ideal vaccine candidate for further evaluations...
Chandipura virus: a major cause of acute encephalitis in children in North Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaBabasaheb V Tandale
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
J Med Virol 80:118-24. 2008..05) than in contacts (75/77, 97.4%) and non-contacts (302/321, 94.1%) more than 15 years respectively. CHPV appears to be the major cause of acute viral encephalitis in children in endemic areas during early monsoon months...
Ribose 2'-O methylation of the vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA cap precedes and facilitates subsequent guanine-N-7 methylation by the large polymerase proteinAmal A Rahmeh
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Virol 83:11043-50. 2009..We propose a model of regulation of the activity of the C terminus of L protein in 2'-O and G-N-7 methylation of the cap structure...
Vesicular stomatitis virus inhibits mitotic progression and triggers cell deathPapia Chakraborty
Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
EMBO Rep 10:1154-60. 2009..VSV is an oncolytic (anti-tumour) agent as it preferentially replicates and kills tumour cells. As tumour cells have a high mitotic index, VSV-mediated mitotic cell death probably contributes to its oncolytic activity...
Requirement for cyclophilin A for the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotypeSantanu Bose
Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room NN 10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Gen Virol 84:1687-99. 2003..The different requirements for CypA by two serologically different viruses belonging to the same family has highlighted the utilization of specific host factors during their evolutionary lineages...
Cryo-EM model of the bullet-shaped vesicular stomatitis virusPeng Ge
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 7364, USA
Science 327:689-93. 2010..Together, our data suggest a mechanism of VSV assembly in which the nucleocapsid spirals from the tip to become the helical trunk, both subsequently framed and rigidified by the M layer...
Inhibition of the IFN-beta response in hepatocellular carcinoma by alternative spliced isoform of IFN regulatory factor-3Sabrina Marozin
II Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Mol Ther 16:1789-97. 2008..This work may provide a potential molecular basis for selecting HCC patients for oncolytic VSV therapy in future clinical trials...
Cytokine levels in Chandipura virus associated encephalopathy in childrenAnuradha Tripathy
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
Scand J Infect Dis 37:590-3. 2005..1+/-472.5 vs 113.4.+/-148.3, p = 0.01, 486.2+/-145.7 vs 113.8+/-82.4, p = 0.003). Cytokine levels were not significantly different in Groups A and B...
Akt plays a critical role in replication of nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA virusesMinghao Sun
Center of Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA
J Virol 82:105-14. 2008..The finding that Akt plays a critical role in replication of NNSV will lead to a better understanding of how these viruses replicate, as well as novel strategies to treat infectious diseases caused by NNSVs...
An outbreak of Chandipura virus encephalitis in the eastern districts of Gujarat state, IndiaMandeep S Chadha
National Institute of Virology 20 A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:566-70. 2005..The etiologic agent was Chandipura virus, which has become an important encephalitis-causing virus in India...
Opposing effects of inhibiting cap addition and cap methylation on polyadenylation during vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA synthesisJianrong Li
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
J Virol 83:1930-40. 2009..This work reveals that inhibiting cap addition and cap methylation have opposing effects on polyadenylation during VSV mRNA synthesis and provides evidence in support of a link between correct 5' cap formation and 3' polyadenylation...
Generation of antiviral major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted T cells in the absence of CD8 coreceptorsNicolas P Andrews
Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
J Virol 82:4697-705. 2008..These findings provide a possible explanation for the resistance of CD8-deficient mice to PyV-induced tumors and have implications for the maintenance of virus-specific MHC-I-restricted T cells during persistent infection...
Efficient production of canine interferon-alpha in silkworm Bombyx mori by use of a BmNPV/Bac-to-Bac expression systemZhao Na
College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Huajiachi Campus, Hangzhou, 310029, China
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 78:221-6. 2008..The method established in this study provides an efficient way to produce a large amount of CaIFN-alpha and paves the way for further utilization of this protein as a therapeutic agent or vaccine adjuvant in dogs...
Characterization of the full-length genomic sequences of vesicular stomatitis Cocal and Alagoas virusesSteven J Pauszek
Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Orient Point, Long Island, P O Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944 0848, USA
Arch Virol 153:1353-7. 2008..Phylogenetic analyses consistently grouped COCV, VSAV and VSIV in a monophyletic group distinct from VSNJV, supporting the classification of these viruses within the Indiana serogroup...
Formation of guanosine(5')tetraphospho(5')adenosine cap structure by an unconventional mRNA capping enzyme of vesicular stomatitis virusTomoaki Ogino
Department of Molecular Genetics, Section of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Virol 82:7729-34. 2008..Interestingly, GppppA-capped and polyadenylated full-length mRNAs were also found to be synthesized by an in vitro transcription system with the native VSV RNP...
TLR Ligand-Induced Type I IFNs Affect ThymopoiesisMarie Laurence Baron
Laboratoire d Immunologie, Immunologie Humaine, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l Universite de Montreal, Hopital Saint Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
J Immunol 180:7134-46. 2008..Because TLR ligands are widely used as vaccine adjuvants, their immunomodulatory actions mediated mainly by IFN-alpha suggested by our results should be taken in consideration...
TRADD protein is an essential component of the RIG-like helicase antiviral pathwayMarie Cecile Michallet
Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
Immunity 28:651-61. 2008..Thus, TRADD is not only an essential component of proinflammatory TNFRI signaling, but is also required for RLH-Cardif-dependent antiviral immune responses...
Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to spring viraemia of carp virusZhong Yuan Chen
State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Vet Immunol Immunopathol 123:266-76. 2008..At 28h after inoculation with the virus (0.01PFU/cell), 10.12% of infected cells could be distinguished from the uninfected cells. These mAbs will be useful in diagnostic test development and pathogenesis studies for fish rhabdovirus...
Simultaneous detection of three fish rhabdoviruses using multiplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR assayZongxiao Liu
College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China Show how Bio tech Institute, Beihai 536000, PR China
J Virol Methods 149:103-9. 2008..This assay has the potential to be used for both research applications and diagnosis...
Detection of spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) in koi carp, Cyprinus carpio LR B Shivappa
College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
J Fish Dis 31:249-58. 2008..The isothermal temperature requirements, high specificity and sensitivity, and short incubation time of the RT-LAMP assay make it an excellent choice as a field diagnostic test for SVCV...
Incidence of neutralizing antibodies to Chandipura virus in domestic animals from Karimnagar and Warangal Districts of Andhra Pradesh, IndiaM V Joshi
National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
Acta Virol 49:69-71. 2005....
Experimental transmission of Chandipura virus by Phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae)Mangala S Mavale
National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
Am J Trop Med Hyg 76:307-9. 2007..The susceptibility of P. argentipes to CHPV and its potential to transmit the virus by bite has importance in epidemiology of CHPV...
Venereal transmission of Chandipura virus by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli)M S Mavale
Entomology Department, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India
Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:1151-2. 2006..The infection rate was found to be 12.5% in uninfected females when mated with infected males. The occurrence of venereal transmission of this virus may have epidemiologic importance in the natural cycle of CHPV...
Isolation of a vesicular virus belonging to the family rhabdoviridae from the aqueous humor of a patient with bilateral corneal endotheliitisHajib N Madhavan
Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
Cornea 21:333-5. 2002..CONCLUSION: This is the first report of bilateral endotheliitis caused by a vesicular virus and confirmed by virus isolation from the aqueous humor of the affected eye...
Sequences of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA in the region coding for leader RNA, N protein mRNA, and their junctionD J Rowlands
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76:4793-7. 1979..Other features of the RNA sequences of the two viruses are compared to each other and to published data...
Assessment of commercial test kits for identification of spring viraemia of carp virusP F Dixon
CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
Dis Aquat Organ 67:25-9. 2005..However, the IFAT was too specific and detected SVCV isolates from only 1 of the 4 SVCV subgroups. Reliance on these test kits alone could result in misidentification of this OIE notifiable disease...
Cloning and expression of the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein gene in Escherichia coli: analysis of phosphorylation status versus transcriptional activityS Barik
Department of Molecular Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195
J Virol 65:1719-26. 1991..However, the P protein was phosphorylated in vitro by the kinase activities associated with L and the N-RNA template...
[Deadly encephalitis epidemic in India caused by the Chandipura virus]Dieter Hassler
Dtsch Med Wochenschr 128:1817. 2003
Emerging vesiculo-type virus infections of freshwater fishes in EuropeA M Betts
Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
Dis Aquat Organ 57:201-12. 2003..particles appeared to be compact, with spikes visible at the surface, a morphology similar to that of the vesiculovirus group of rhabdoviruses...
Diagnosis of Brazilian vesiculoviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionDaniela Wey Bonutti
Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, , , Av. Bandeirantes 3900, , SP, Brasil
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100:193-6. 2005..The RNA extracts of viral and clinical samples were submitted to a RT-PCR using Vesiculovirus G primers that amplify part of the glycoprotein gene...
Detection of chandipura virus from sand flies in the genus Sergentomyia (Diptera: Phlebotomidae) at Karimnagar District, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaG Geevarghese
National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
J Med Entomol 42:495-6. 2005..Fifteen pools, each containing two specimens, were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. One pool of Sergentomyia from Kolanur village in Karimnagar District was positive for CHPV...
Contact transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey in pigsD E Stallknecht
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
Am J Vet Res 62:516-20. 2001..Long-term maintenance of VSV-NJ via contact transmission alone appears unlikely. Pigs represent an efficient large-animal system for further study of VSV-NJ pathogenesis and transmission...
First detection and confirmation of spring viraemia of carp virus in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario, CanadaK A Garver
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
J Fish Dis 30:665-71. 2007..9% nucleotide identity). This is the first report of the detection of SVCV in Canada...
Genotyping spring viraemia of carp virus and other piscine vesiculo-like viruses using reverse hybridisationA M Sheppard
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
Dis Aquat Organ 76:163-8. 2007..The assay offers a practical solution for diagnostic laboratories that currently lack a sequencing capability to confirm the nature of PCR products generated in suspected SVCV cases...
Characterization of complete genome sequence of the spring viremia of carp virus isolated from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in ChinaY Teng
State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, P R China
Arch Virol 152:1457-65. 2007..This is the first report of a complete genome sequence of SVCV isolated from cultured carp in China. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that SVCV A-1 is closely related to the members of the genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae.
In vitro effects of recombinant zebrafish IFN on spring viremia of carp virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virusLi Wang
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
J Interferon Cytokine Res 26:256-9. 2006..The results indicate that rDreIFN has higher activity against SVCV and IHNV on epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) than on grass carp (C. idellus) ovary (CO) cell lines and no activity against VSV on chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF)...
Combined VSV oncolytic virus and chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinomaChih Kwang Sung
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
Laryngoscope 118:237-42. 2008..Here we evaluate the potential to combine a potent chemotherapeutic agent for SCC (cisplatin) with rVSV-F and rVSV-IL12 to improve efficacy...
Polymerase errors accumulating during natural evolution of the glycoprotein gene of vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana serotype isolatesP A Bilsel
Cell and Molecular Biology Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno 89557
J Virol 64:4873-83. 1990..Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence differences among VSV IND type 1 viruses revealed numerous substitutions within defined antigenic epitopes, suggesting that immune selection may play a role in the evolution of these viruses...
Vertical and venereal transmission of Chandipura virus (Rhabdoviridae) by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)M S Mavale
National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Drive Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
J Med Entomol 42:909-11. 2005..9 and 1.4%, respectively. The venereal infection rate of CHPV among inseminated females was 32.7%. Our study indicates the possible occurrence of vertical and venereal transmission of CHPV in insect vectors...
The evolving epidemiology of viral encephalitisJames J Sejvar
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases and Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
Curr Opin Neurol 19:350-7. 2006....
20-HETE-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in ischemic kidney epithelial cellsVani Nilakantan
Department of Transplant Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294:F562-70. 2008....
Disruption of Pichia pastoris PMR1 gene decreases its folding capacity on human serum albumin and interferon-alpha2b fusion proteinHong Liang Zhao
Department of Microorganism Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, People s Republic of China
Yeast 25:279-86. 2008..To be secreted homogeneously from Pppmr1 and to be stable in aqueous solution, the linker of the fusion protein should be extended to 10 amino acid residues...
Identification of MAVS splicing variants that interfere with RIGI/MAVS pathway signalingSonya P Lad
Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Mol Immunol 45:2277-87. 2008..MAVS 1b interacts with RIP1 and FADD and exhibits anti-viral activity against VSV infection. This study uncovers MAVS splicing variants of diverse biological function...
Productive entry of type C foot-and-mouth disease virus into susceptible cultured cells requires clathrin and is dependent on the presence of plasma membrane cholesterolMiguel A Martín Acebes
Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC UAM, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
Virology 369:105-18. 2007....
The glycoprotein genes and gene junctions of the fish rhabdoviruses spring viremia of carp virus and hirame rhabdovirus: analysis of relationships with other rhabdovirusesH V Bjorklund
National Biological Service, Northwest Biological Science Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
Virus Res 42:65-80. 1996..In phylogenetic analyses SVCV was grouped consistently with VSIV, VSNJV and CHPV in the Vesiculovirus genus of Rhabdoviridae...
Phylogenetic relationships of seven previously unclassified viruses within the family Rhabdoviridae using partial nucleoprotein gene sequencesI V Kuzmin
Rabies Union, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS G 33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
J Gen Virol 87:2323-31. 2006..genera revealed contrasting patterns of evolution, where dN/dS values follow the pattern Ephemerovirus > Vesiculovirus > Lyssavirus. The magnitude of this ratio corresponds well with the number of negatively selected codons...
Characterization of the Tupaia rhabdovirus genome reveals a long open reading frame overlapping with P and a novel gene encoding a small hydrophobic proteinChristoph Springfeld
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Molecular Medicine Program, Guggenheim 1838, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
J Virol 79:6781-90. 2005..Members of the genus Lyssavirus cause the invariably fatal disease rabies, and a member of the genus Vesiculovirus, Chandipura virus, has recently been associated with acute encephalitis in children...
Fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolutionB Hoffmann
Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 292:81-117. 2005..Rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: Ephemerovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, Nucleorhabdovirus, Lyssavirus, Vesiculovirus, and Novirhabdovirus...
Deduced structural model for animal rhabdovirus glycoproteinsP J Walker
CSIRO Tropical Agriculture, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
J Gen Virol 80:1211-20. 1999The G protein sequences of fourteen animal rhabdoviruses, representing all four recognized genera (Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus and Novirhabdovirus) and the ungrouped sigma virus, were aligned using CLUSTAL W and adjusted to ..
Genetic comparison of the rhabdoviruses from animals and plantsZ F Fu
Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, 501 D W Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30606, USA
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 292:1-24. 2005..160 viral species in the Rhabdovidae family, most of which can be grouped into one of the six genera including Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, Novirhabdovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, and Nucleorhabdovirus...
Genomics and structure/function studies of Rhabdoviridae proteins involved in replication and transcriptionR Assenberg
Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
Antiviral Res 87:149-61. 2010..The VIZIER programme, an EU-funded FP6 program, has characterized viruses that belong to the Vesiculovirus, Ephemerovirus and Lyssavirus genera of the Rhabdoviridae family to perform ground-breaking research on the ..
Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a reviewJ Depaquit
Universite de Reims Champagne Ardenne, AFSSA, JE 2533 USC VECPAR, Reims, France
Euro Surveill 15:19507. 2010..These sandfly-borne viruses are mainly the Phlebovirus, the Vesiculovirus and the Orbivirus...
Molecular characterisation of the nucleocapsid protein gene, glycoprotein gene and gene junctions of rhabdovirus 903/87, a novel fish pathogenic rhabdovirusT Johansson
Institute of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6 A 2, FIN 20520, Turku, Finland
Virus Res 80:11-22. 2001..903/87 were compared at amino acid level with other rhabdoviruses they showed the highest homology with the Vesiculovirus genus...
Rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-associationStephen C Graham
Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
PLoS Pathog 4:e1000251. 2008..We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genus: Lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no ..
Mechanical transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to domestic swine (Sus scrofa)Paul F Smith
Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
J Med Entomol 46:1537-40. 2009..been suggested as mechanical vectors of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey Virus (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus, VSNJV) in livestock populations during epidemic outbreaks in the western United States...
Distribution and variation of NV genes in fish rhabdovirusesG Kurath
Northwest Biological Science Center, National Biological Service, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
J Gen Virol 78:113-7. 1997..Most importantly, spring viraemia of carp virus, the only vesiculovirus-like fish rhabdovirus examined, did not have an NV gene at its genomic RNA G-L junction...
Genomic sequence of mandarin fish rhabdovirus with an unusual small non-transcriptional ORFJian Jun Tao
Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Virus Res 132:86-96. 2008..SCRV clustered with spring vireamia of carp virus (SVCV) and was most closely related to viruses in the genus Vesiculovirus. In addition, an overlapping open reading frame (ORF) predicted to encode a protein similar to vesicular ..
Cocal-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors resist inactivation by human serum and efficiently transduce primate hematopoietic repopulating cellsGrant D Trobridge
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 1024, USA
Mol Ther 18:725-33. 2010..We generated a novel cocal vesiculovirus envelope glycoprotein plasmid and compared the properties of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with cocal, VSV-G, ..
Isolation and characterization of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirusQi Ya Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
Dis Aquat Organ 74:95-105. 2007..The data suggest that SMRV is likely a novel fish rhabdovirus, although it is closely related to rhabdoviruses in the genus Vesiculovirus.
Reviewing host proteins of Rhabdoviridae: possible leads for lesser studied virusesA Guleria
Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector 62, Noida 201 307, India
J Biosci 36:929-37. 2011..The comparative data can be used for studying emerging viruses such as Chandipura virus (CHPV) and the lesser studied viruses such as Piry virus (PIRYV) and Isfahan virus (ISFV) of the Rhabdoviridae family...
Protein transfer into human cells by VSV-G-induced nanovesiclesPhilippe Emmanuel Mangeot
Universite de Lyon, INSERM, U851, Lyon, France
Mol Ther 19:1656-66. 2011..Besides this, gesicles is a versatile tool highly valuable for the nongenetic delivery of functions such as transcription factors or genome engineering agents...
Research Grants
- QUALITATIVE NATURE OF ANTIBODIES TO HCV GLYCOPROTEIN SUBUNIT VACCINE IN HUMANSRanjit Ray; Fiscal Year: 2007..Our proposed complimentary experimental approaches in this vaccinated cohort will help in developing successful vaccine strategies for the intervention of the first crucial step of the HCV life cycle. ..
- IMMUNE RESPONSES TO VSV/HIV/SIV HYBRIDS IN MACAQUESJohn Rose; Fiscal Year: 2002..the viruses to be constructed will have envelopes from either of the two VSV serotypes or from a second vesiculovirus. The use of the different envelopes will allow boosting without neutralization of the vector itself. Dr...
- GABA-EXCITATORY TRANSMITTER IN DEVELOPING HYPOTHALAMUSAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2002..Thus, what we learn from our experiments on hypothalamic neurons should have general applicability to other CNS neurons. ..
- DETERMINANTS OF AXON LENGTH FOLLOWING INJURYAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2002..We will use their transgenic mouse to study the attributes of olfactory ensheathing cells in enhancing axonal recovery after cord injury. ..
- NPY DEPRESSION OF HIPPOCAMPAL EPILEPSYAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2002..NPY is potentially of great interest because its primary action in the normal hippocampus appears to be one of depressing hyperexcited neurons, without a substantial effect on normal neurotransmission. ..
- GABA: EXCITATORY TRANSMITTER IN DEVELOPING HYPOTHALAMUSAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2007..GABA's excitatory actions during development are widespread throughout the brain. Thus, what we learn from our experiments on hypothalamic neurons should have general applicability to other CNS neurons. ..
- Hypocretin NeuronsAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2006..Together, these experiments will provide a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying hypocretin actions and neuronal communication to and from hypocretin neurons. ..
- Hypocretin NeuronsAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2007..Understanding the role of the endogenous opioid in hypocretin cells should also facilitate the understanding and treatment of narcolepsy. ..
- Cytomegalovirus in the BrainAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2005..Virus mediated changes in intracellular ion levels, ion currents, transmitter responses, and membrane properties will be compared in CMV infected and control cells. ..
- Oncolytic Virus Targets Brain TumorsAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2007..The primary goal of these studies is to test the efficacy and safety of variant oncolytic VSVs as the first step as a potential treatment for currently incurable human brain tumors. ..
- Cytomegalovirus in the BrainAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2007..These experiments will help us understand the mechanisms associated with CMV-induced neurological dysfunction, and how to combat the virus within the brain with minimal complications. ..
- Response properties of hypothalamic MCH neuronsAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2009..Studies of the cellular physiology of MCH neurons should provide a better understanding of the role of this system in regulating energy homeostasis and obesity. ..
- Oncolytic Virus Targets Brain TumorsAnthony N van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2010..The primary goal of these studies is to test the efficacy and safety of variant oncolytic VSVs as the first step as a potential treatment for currently incurable human brain tumors. ..
- Cytomegalovirus in the BrainAnthony N van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2010..These experiments will help us understand the mechanisms associated with CMV-induced neurological dysfunction, and how to combat the virus within the brain with minimal complications. ..
- Response properties of hypothalamic MCH neuronsAnthony N van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2010....
- Hypocretin NeuronsAnthony N van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2010..Understanding the role of the endogenous opioid in hypocretin cells should also facilitate the understanding and treatment of narcolepsy. ..
- Cytomegalovirus in the BrainAnthony van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2009..These experiments will help us understand the mechanisms associated with CMV-induced neurological dysfunction, and how to combat the virus within the brain with minimal complications. ..
- Arcuate nucleus glutamatergic neurons modulate energy homeostasisAnthony N van den Pol; Fiscal Year: 2010..Similar to other neurons of the arcuate nucleus that serve multiple homeostatic functions, the function of the excitatory arcuate glutamate neuron may include other roles in addition to that of energy homeostasis. ..
- The role of autophagy in innate anti-viral immunity in DrosophilaSara Cherry; Fiscal Year: 2010..The identification of new host factors amenable to inhibition may lead to targets for much-needed antiviral therapeutics. ..
- The role of autophagy in innate anti-viral immunity in DrosophilaSara Cherry; Fiscal Year: 2007..The identification of new host factors amenable to inhibition may lead to targets for much-needed antiviral therapeutics. ..
- Mechanisms of Liver Disease Progression by Hepatitis C VirusRanjit Ray; Fiscal Year: 2010..We plan to understand the molecular determinants involved in HCV mediated liver disease progression, which will open avenues for novel therapeutic approach. ..
- Fusion Inhibitors of Influenza VirusMing Luo; Fiscal Year: 2010..Experiments are designed to study the mechanism of inhibition by these compounds. The outcome will help the design of novel fusion inhibitors that may become potential antiviral drugs of influenza viruses. ..
- VSV-based Therapeutic Papilloma VaccineJanet Brandsma; Fiscal Year: 2007..The data provided by this investigation are likely to aid in the development a highly effective HPV vaccine to protect women against cervical cancer. ..
- Assembly of the negative stranded RNA virus coreMing Luo; Fiscal Year: 2010..M was copurified with the P-N-RNA complex. Crystallization and cryoEM studies of this complex are in progress. The result will show how M may interact with the N-RNA complex, and perhaps with P as well. ..
- QUALITATIVE NATURE OF ANTIBODIES TO HCV GLYCOPROTEIN SUBUNIT VACCINE IN HUMANSRanjit Ray; Fiscal Year: 2009..Our proposed complimentary experimental approaches in this vaccinated cohort will help in developing successful vaccine strategies for the intervention of the first crucial step of the HCV life cycle. ..
- HCV ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENTRanjit Ray; Fiscal Year: 2003....
- Papillomavirus E2 as a cervical/anal cancer drug targetJanet Brandsma; Fiscal Year: 2005..Vectors containing a conditional wild-type CRPV E2 transgene will be used to determine the effects of E2 overexpression. ..
- Functional Activities of HCV Core ProteinRanjit Ray; Fiscal Year: 2005....
- RNA Interference for the Treatment of Ebola and Marburg Hemorrhagic FeverIan MacLachlan; Fiscal Year: 2010....
- Assembly of the negative stranded RNA virus coreMing Luo; Fiscal Year: 2009..M was copurified with the P-N- RNA complex. Crystallization and cryoEM studies of this complex are in progress. The result will show how M may interact with the N-RNA complex, and perhaps with P as well. ..
- Assembly of the negative stranded RNA virus coreMing Luo; Fiscal Year: 2007..M was copurified with the P-N-RNA complex. Crystallization and cryoEM studies of this complex are in progress. The result will show how M may interact with the N-RNA complex, and perhaps with P as well. ..
- ANALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS GENE PRODUCTSGAIL WERTZ; Fiscal Year: 1992..8. Examine the function of the RS nonstructural proteins 1B and 1C, and the 1A and 22K proteins. 9. Examine the role of the nonstructural proteins and the 1A and 22K proteins in infection and in cell mediated immune responses...
