flowers

..Finally, we provide evidence that FT does not activate an intermediate messenger in leaves. We conclude that FT protein acts as a long-distance signal that induces Arabidopsis flowering...

..Arabidopsis research has contributed greatly to understanding these systems at a molecular level...

..Parallel themes are beginning to emerge from a molecular comparison of these two developmental transitions...

..We show that the protein encoded by Hd3a, a rice ortholog of FT, moves from the leaf to the shoot apical meristem and induces flowering in rice. These results suggest that the Hd3a protein may be the rice florigen...

..The growth restraint conferred by DELLA proteins is beneficial and promotes survival. We propose that DELLAs permit flexible and appropriate modulation of plant growth in response to changes in natural environments...

..We have thus exposed a network of genes that regulate LD flowering in rice...

..Taken together, these findings strongly suggest a causal connection between local extinctions of functionally linked plant and pollinator species...

..Thus, two distinct gating mechanisms--of the floral promoter Ehd1 and the floral repressor Ghd7--could enable manipulation of slight differences in day length to control Hd3a transcription with a critical day-length threshold...

..breeding, we performed transcriptome sequencing of cucumber flower buds of two near-isogenic lines, WI1983G, a gynoecious plant which bears only pistillate flowers, and WI1983H, a hermaphroditic plant which bears only bisexual flowers.

..These results indicate that Hd3a and RFT1 act as floral activators under SD conditions, and that RFT1 expression is partly regulated by chromatin modification...

..Given the central roles of FLC and FT in flowering-time regulation in Arabidopsis, these findings suggest that the CLF-containing PRC2-like complexes play a significant role in control of flowering in Arabidopsis...

..This article reviews the major floral regulatory pathways and discusses current and novel strategies for altering bolting and flowering behavior in crop plants...

..maxima FT, but not FT mRNA, crossed the graft union in the phloem translocation stream. Collectively, these studies are consistent with FT functioning as a component of the florigenic signaling system in the cucurbits...

..Our results shed light on the regulatory control of abscission at the molecular level and further expand our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the initial controlling stages of the process...

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Sex determination in plants leads to the development of unisexual flowers from an originally bisexual floral meristem...

b>Flowers come in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes. Despite this variety, flowers have a very stereotypical architecture, consisting of a series of sterile organs surrounding the reproductive structures...

..Our findings provide the first example of a single overdominant gene for yield and suggest that single heterozygous mutations may improve productivity in other agricultural organisms...

Developmental regulation of the floral meristem ensures that plants of the same species have similarly sized flowers with a fixed number of floral organs...

..Instead, we found a prevalence of genes involved in the regulation of the plant circadian clock. Furthermore, we identified new genomic regions lacking obvious candidate genes...

....

..We also discuss the similarities and differences in vernalization between Arabidopsis and cereals...

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..Targeted 3' processing of antisense transcripts may be a common mechanism triggering transcriptional silencing of the corresponding sense gene...

..This is particularly noticeable for inflorescences, the region of the plant that contains the flowers. The architecture of the inflorescence depends on its branching pattern and on the relative position where ..

..These data suggest that OsC6 plays a crucial role in the development of lipidic orbicules and pollen exine during anther development in rice...

..All reported barley vernalization QTLs can be explained by the two-locus VRN-H1/VRN-H2 model based on the presence/absence of VRN-H2 and a winter vs. spring HvBM5A allele...

..FT is a promoter of flowering activated by long days and by warm conditions. FLC represses FT to delay flowering until plants experience winter...

..Our results indicate that the cold tolerance phenotype of R31 is correlated with lower endogenous ABA levels and a different regulation of ABA metabolism...

..The idea of estimating indicator QTL for yield QTL and identifying potential candidate genes for yield provides an advance in methodology for complex traits...

..Genomic sequence analyses revealed that Morex possesses an intact HvFT3 gene, whereas most of this gene has been lost in Steptoe. These data strongly suggest that HvFT3 may be identical to Ppd-H2...

..Regulation of FLC expression provides a paradigm for control of the expression of other developmental genes in plants through chromatin mechanisms...

..These findings are consistent with a model in which HUB1 and HUB2 specifically interact with and direct UBC1 and UBC2 to monoubiquitinate H2B in developmental genes, and thus regulate developmental processes in plants...

..Overall, results suggest that an ancient core photoperiod pathway promoting flowering via the induction of FT has been modified by the recruitment of additional lineage specific pathways that promote or repress FT expression...

..Therefore, SOC1 is necessary to prevent premature differentiation of the floral meristem...

..The mRNA for these three genes can be detected in flowers and is absent in vegetative leaves...

..In summary, our RNA-Seq transcriptome data provide an overview of gene expression in male meiocytes and invaluable information for future functional studies...

..Flower morphology was affected in the MADS-box family gene-silenced plants as well. This in vivo experiment demonstrates an efficient way to study genes involved in the reproductive stage of plants with a long life cycle...

..Our results suggest that these major, environmentally sensitive FT QTL play an important role in spatial and temporal adaptation...

..This work is valuable for both the hybrid breeding on lotus oriented to flower color and the utilization of lotus petals as functional food materials...

..The GA pathway appears to be a key regulator of flowering in rose. We postulate that GA metabolism is involved in floral initiation and GA signalling might be responsible for the recurrent flowering character...

..Our data shown here not only confirm many previous reports but also single out some novel aspects of DELLA functions that are instructive to our future research...

..Finally, we identified a new class of noncoding RNAs associated with polysomes. Findings from our profiling lead to new hypotheses in the understanding of flower development...

The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) regulates the development and fertility of Arabidopsis flowers. The mature flowers of GA-deficient mutant plants typically exhibit reduced elongation growth of petals and stamens...

..These results demonstrated a novel functional profile of polysaccharide mobilization pathway as well as their relevant gene expression in the pseudobulb of Oncidium orchid during the flowering process...

..The mvp mutant has a null allele of VRN2, as well as of VRN1, because it was obtained from a spring einkorn wheat strain lacking VRN2. The fact that FT is not expressed in the mvp mutant supports the present model...

..We used gas chromatography coupled with multiunit neural-ensemble recording to identify key odorants from flowers of two important nectar resources, the desert plants Datura wrightii and Agave palmeri, that elicited responses ..

..Our results further imply that AP1 orchestrates floral initiation by integrating growth, patterning, and hormonal pathways...

..Our results suggest ZMM4 may play roles in both floral induction and inflorescence development...

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) use odors to identify and discriminate among flowers during foraging...

..The expression of other ZCN genes in roots, kernels, and flowers implies their involvement in diverse developmental processes.

..The sites of GA production and action within flowers, and the signalling pathways involved are beginning to be revealed.

....

..Transcript readthrough accounts for the absence of changes in DNA methylation and siRNA abundance at AtSN1 in fpa mutants, and this may explain other examples of epigenetic transitions not associated with chromatin modification...

..At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), florigen causes changes in gene expression that reprogram the SAM to form flowers instead of leaves...

..Our data suggest that FRI up-regulates FLC expression through a cotranscriptional mechanism involving direct physical interaction with the nuclear CBC with concomitant effects on FLC transcription and splicing...

..Here we describe the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between auxin and cytokinin in the control of shoot branching...

..These results have established that FT is the main, if not the only, component of the universal florigen...

..The monoubiquitination of H2B via UBC1,2 and HUB1,2 represents a novel form of histone modification that is involved in flowering time regulation...

..brizantha were tested to validate the reference genes, including the female gametophyte, where differences in the expression profile between sexual and apomictic plants must occur...

..AtNCED5, AtNCED6, AtNCED3, and AtNCED2 are expressed in flowers with very high AtNCED6::GUS activity occurring in pollen...

..Floral enhancement by systemic SFT signals is therefore one pleiotropic effect of FT orthologs...

..A primary response to floral induction is the activation of FT RNA expression in leaves. Because flowers form at a distant site, the shoot apex, these data suggest that FT primarily controls the timing of flowering...

..FT may represent a long-distance signal in flowering...

....

..In addition, a paused null allele, paused-6, is still viable, suggesting the presence of redundant tRNA export pathway(s) in Arabidopsis...

..Subsequently, CO protein induces FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression which leads to flowering. It is emerging that both CO and FT expression are intricately controlled by groups of transcription factors with overlapping functions...

..Taken together, our results provide, to our knowledge, the first demonstration for a biological function of SDG25 and reveal additional layers of complexity of overlap and nonoverlap functions of the TrxG family genes in Arabidopsis...

..This observation indicates that induction of wax accumulation in transgenic plants is probably mediated through an increase in the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the wax biosynthesis pathway...

..We show that the flowering phenotype of atx1 atxr7 double mutants is additive relative to those of single mutants. Therefore, both classes of H3K4 methylases appear to be required for proper regulation of FLC expression...

..This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms that underlie floral meristem specification in Arabidopsis thaliana and, where appropriate, discusses the conservation and divergence of these mechanisms across plant species...

..were greatly enhanced by ethylene; 1-MCP reduced all the four genes to levels much less than those in control flowers. These results show that ethylene triggers physiological responses related to flower opening in cut rose cv...

..Characterization of GASA4 shows that the promoter is active in the shoot apex region, developing flowers and developing embryos...

..Taken together, our data suggest that BLH2/SAW1 and BLH4/SAW2 establish leaf shape by repressing growth in specific subdomains of the leaf at least in part by repressing expression of one or more of the KNOX genes...

The shape of the inflorescence in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia is a raceme with individual flowers developing acropetally...

..the mechanism underlying cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), we compared the nuclear gene expression profiles of flowers of a Brassica napus CMS line with that of the fertile B...

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..AtAGP19 mRNA was abundant in stems, with moderate levels in flowers and roots and low levels in leaves...

..These results suggest that PUCHI acts downstream of auxin signaling and that this gene contributes to lateral root morphogenesis through affecting the pattern of cell divisions during the early stages of primordium development...

..The conservation of BRC1/tb1 function among distantly related angiosperm species suggests that a single ancestral mechanism of branching control integration evolved before the radiation of flowering plants...

..to reproductive growth, the shoot meristem of flowering plants acquires the inflorescence identity to generate flowers rather than vegetative tissues...

..Consequently, of the three WLHS1 homoeologs, only WLHS1-D functions in hexaploid wheat. This is a situation where three homoeologs are differentially regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms...

..Our data suggest that changes in the MIK region rather than mutations in the C-terminal domain were of crucial importance for the evolution of the functional specificity of euAP3-type proteins in stamen and petal development...

..Histological analysis and petal breakstrength measurements of bop1 bop2 flowers show no differentiation of floral AZs...

..Here, we identify a novel role for AtGRP7 as a flowering-time gene. An atgrp7-1 T-DNA mutant flowers later than wild-type plants under both long and short days, and independent RNA interference lines with reduced ..

..In addition, the effects of the mutations are mitigated by the homeostatic mechanism that acts on expression of other GA dioxygenase and GID1 receptor genes...

..Our findings suggest that SVP is another central regulator of the flowering regulatory network, and that the interaction between SVP and FLC mediated by various flowering genetic pathways governs the integration of flowering signals...

..In transgenic plants, this effect may depend both on the maintenance of a higher metabolism during stress and on the higher expression levels of certain genes involved in the anaerobic response...

..These results suggest that the ibAGP1 promoter and its transit peptide are a strong constitutive foreign gene expression system for transgenesis of dicot plants...

..Quantitative RT-PCR analyses indicated that a number of regulatory genes were derepressed in the icu2-1 mutant, including genes associated with flowering time, floral meristem, and floral organ identity...

..AtAGP18 was highly expressed in roots, flowers and stems and weakly expressed in seedlings and rosettes...

..Nevertheless, we show that PhAp2A is capable of restoring the homeotic transformations observed in flowers and seed of the ap2-1 mutant of Arabidopsis...

..In some rare cases, pollen tubes circled up the papilla cell away from the style and were arrested there. We propose that when plantacyanin levels in the stigma are increased, pollen tube guidance into the style is disrupted...

..Furthermore, the flowers of transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically overexpressing PeMADS6 showed the morphology of petaloid sepals, ..

..These results demonstrate parallels in differentiation between trichomes in cotton and Arabidopsis, and indicate that these cotton genes may be functional homologues of AtTTG1...

..We discuss the complex roles of STY and GRAM proteins in reproductive and vegetative development, performed in part in physical association but also independently...

....

..All of the results indicate that both the partial conservation and divergence of LFY function between rice and Arabidopsis...

..RBE is not expressed in ap1-1 and ptl-1 mutants, indicating that RBE acts downstream of AP1 and PTL genes. These characteristics suggest that RBE is required for the early development of the organ primordia of the second whorl...

..activated in floral primordia, is both necessary and sufficient for converting vegetative shoots into flowers. A unique feature of LEAFY compared to animal transcription factors is that it can be exported to adjacent cells, ..

..The npy1 yuc1 yuc4 triple mutants developed pin-like inflorescences and failed to form any flowers, a hallmark phenotype caused by defects in auxin pathways...

..The npy1 yuc1 yuc4 triple mutants developed pin-like inflorescences and failed to form any flowers, a hallmark phenotype caused by defects in auxin pathways...

..the genetic changes in the anthocyanin pathway responsible for the evolutionary transition from purple to white flowers in I. loxense and from purple to red flowers in I. gesnerioides...

..and CLAVATA 3 genes to begin with) and leaf developmental genes (ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1, YABBY3 and FILAMENTOUS FLOWERS)...

..to detect and respond to a very large number of odors because they depend on locating many different types of flowers to harvest carbohydrate resources in nectars...

..to detect and respond to a very large number of odors because they depend on locating many different types of flowers to harvest carbohydrate resources in nectars...

..thaliana, and the patterns to be studied are the patterns of organ identity and differentiated cell type in flowers. The choice of flowers and of Arabidopsis is for experimental convenience and speed: the plant is small, grows ..

..Young bees, which work in the hive, have no behavioral circadian rhythms while older bees, which forage on flowers, do; per mRNA levels in the brain change in association with this behavioral maturation...

..our sense of smell and taste is essential to maintain the quality of our daily life, from enjoying meals and flowers to detecting fire and spoiled food...

..mechanisms or sex determination in the model genetic organism Zea mays (maize), a species that produces unisexual flowers (called "florets") through the action of sex determination (SD) genes...

..forms in embryos and is the source of all of the above-ground parts of the plant, including stem, leaves, and flowers. This plant has been chosen because its stem cells are particularly amenable to experiment - not only is there a ..

..EPSPS RNA is expressed at high levels in mature flowers with a dramatic increase in RNA abundance as the flower opens...

..g. leaves) to produce the reproductive structures (flowers)...

..g. leaves) to produce the reproductive structures (flowers)...

..g. leaves) to produce the reproductive structures (flowers)...

..be done by studying in depth the genetics and molecular genetics of a key homeotic gene in the development of flowers of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana...

..activated in floral primordia, is both necessary and sufficient for converting vegetative shoots into flowers. A unique feature of LEAFY compared to animal transcription factors is that it can be exported to adjacent cells, ..

..of organ type specification, by each of the master regulatory genes engaged in spatial pattern formation in flowers. This in turn will provide fundamental information on a critical process in development that is shared by plants ..

..A general understanding of epigenetic regulation in a range of multi-cellular organisms should ultimately contribute to the development of strategies to treat disease states. ..

..A general understanding of epigenetic regulation in a range of multi-cellular organisms should ultimately contribute to the development of strategies to treat disease states. ..

..A general understanding of epigenetic regulation in a range of multi-cellular organisms should ultimately contribute to the development of strategies to treat disease states. ..

..The proposed research will have broader impacts thorough both education and the development of scientific resources. ..

..The proposed research will have broader impacts thorough both education and the development of scientific resources. ..

..g. leaves) to produce the reproductive structures (flowers)...

..Host factors that regulate MuDR/Mu activities will also be characterized, because transposable element activities are an evolved nartnershiD of the transDoson and its host. ..