plankton

Summary

Summary: Community of tiny aquatic organisms, both PLANTS and ANIMALS, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

Top Publications

  1. ncbi The chemical defense ecology of marine unicellular plankton: constraints, mechanisms, and impacts
    G V Wolfe
    Shannon Pt Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes 98221, USA
    Biol Bull 198:225-44. 2000
  2. ncbi Relationships between bacterial diversity and environmental variables in a tropical marine environment, Rio de Janeiro
    Ricardo P Vieira
    Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
    Environ Microbiol 10:189-99. 2008
  3. ncbi From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels
    Morten Frederiksen
    Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hill of Brathens, Banchory AB31 4BW, UK
    J Anim Ecol 75:1259-68. 2006
  4. ncbi Plankton motility patterns and encounter rates
    André W Visser
    Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Kavalergaarden 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
    Oecologia 148:538-46. 2006
  5. ncbi Biofilm formation and phenotypic variation enhance predation-driven persistence of Vibrio cholerae
    Carsten Matz
    School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16819-24. 2005
  6. ncbi Genomic and functional adaptation in surface ocean planktonic prokaryotes
    Shibu Yooseph
    J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Nature 468:60-6. 2010
  7. ncbi Comparative metagenomics of bathypelagic plankton and bottom sediment from the Sea of Marmara
    Achim Quaiser
    Unité d Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, CNRS UMR8079, Universite Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
    ISME J 5:285-304. 2011
  8. ncbi The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: northwest Atlantic through eastern tropical Pacific
    Douglas B Rusch
    J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
    PLoS Biol 5:e77. 2007
  9. ncbi Global patterns of diversity and community structure in marine bacterioplankton
    T Pommier
    Department of Natural Science, Kalmar University, SE 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
    Mol Ecol 16:867-80. 2007
  10. ncbi Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
    M Whiteley
    Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
    Nature 413:860-4. 2001

Detail Information

Publications300 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi The chemical defense ecology of marine unicellular plankton: constraints, mechanisms, and impacts
    G V Wolfe
    Shannon Pt Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes 98221, USA
    Biol Bull 198:225-44. 2000
    ..Although the exploration of chemical interactions among planktonic microbes is in its infancy, ecological models from macroorganisms provide useful hints of the complexity likely to be found...
  2. ncbi Relationships between bacterial diversity and environmental variables in a tropical marine environment, Rio de Janeiro
    Ricardo P Vieira
    Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
    Environ Microbiol 10:189-99. 2008
    ..Furthermore, correspondence analyses showed that some taxa are related to specific abiotic, trophic and microbiological parameters in Guanabara Bay estuarine system...
  3. ncbi From plankton to top predators: bottom-up control of a marine food web across four trophic levels
    Morten Frederiksen
    Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Hill of Brathens, Banchory AB31 4BW, UK
    J Anim Ecol 75:1259-68. 2006
    ..unique long-term data sets (1973-2003) on seabird breeding productivity from the Isle of May, SE Scotland, and plankton and fish larvae from the Continuous Plankton Recorder survey...
  4. ncbi Plankton motility patterns and encounter rates
    André W Visser
    Department of Marine Ecology and Aquaculture, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Kavalergaarden 6, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
    Oecologia 148:538-46. 2006
    ....
  5. ncbi Biofilm formation and phenotypic variation enhance predation-driven persistence of Vibrio cholerae
    Carsten Matz
    School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16819-24. 2005
    ..cholerae and suggest an important contribution of protozoan predation in the selective enrichment of biofilm-forming strains in the out-of-host environment...
  6. ncbi Genomic and functional adaptation in surface ocean planktonic prokaryotes
    Shibu Yooseph
    J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
    Nature 468:60-6. 2010
    ..Their genomic features also lead us to propose that one method used to avoid predation by viruses and/or bacterivores is by means of slow growth and the maintenance of low biomass...
  7. ncbi Comparative metagenomics of bathypelagic plankton and bottom sediment from the Sea of Marmara
    Achim Quaiser
    Unité d Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, CNRS UMR8079, Universite Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France
    ISME J 5:285-304. 2011
    ..metagenomic analyses of the deep-sea, we produced metagenomic data by direct 454 pyrosequencing from bathypelagic plankton (1000  m depth) and bottom sediment of the Sea of Marmara, the gateway between the Eastern Mediterranean and ..
  8. ncbi The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: northwest Atlantic through eastern tropical Pacific
    Douglas B Rusch
    J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
    PLoS Biol 5:e77. 2007
    ..Specific functional adaptations can be identified both within individual ribotypes and across the entire community, including proteorhodopsin spectral tuning and the presence or absence of the phosphate-binding gene PstS...
  9. ncbi Global patterns of diversity and community structure in marine bacterioplankton
    T Pommier
    Department of Natural Science, Kalmar University, SE 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
    Mol Ecol 16:867-80. 2007
    ..The general processes behind those patterns are likely to be comparable across taxa and major global biomes...
  10. ncbi Gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
    M Whiteley
    Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
    Nature 413:860-4. 2001
    ..Our identification of biofilm-regulated genes points to mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antibiotics...
  11. ncbi Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea
    Gregory Beaugrand
    CNRS, UMR 8013 ELICO, Station Marine, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille BP 80, 62930 Wimereux, France
    Nature 426:661-4. 2003
    ..Here we show that, in addition to the effects of overfishing, fluctuations in plankton have resulted in long-term changes in cod recruitment in the North Sea (bottom-up control)...
  12. ncbi Nutrient and temperature limitation of bacterioplankton growth in temperate lakes
    K Vrede
    Limnology Department of Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 20, Uppsala, SE 752 36, Sweden
    Microb Ecol 49:245-56. 2005
    ..Thus, temperature and inorganic nutrients or organic compounds can limit bacterioplankton growth both alone and simultaneously. However, at low temperatures, temperature is the most important factor influencing bacterioplankton growth...
  13. ncbi Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis
    Marco R Oggioni
    Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Universita di Siena, Siena, Italy
    Mol Microbiol 61:1196-210. 2006
    ..During bacteraemic sepsis pneumococci resemble planktonic growth, while during tissue infection, such as pneumonia or meningitis, pneumococci are in a biofilm-like state...
  14. ncbi Linking the patterns of change in composition and function in bacterioplankton successions along environmental gradients
    Jérôme Comte
    Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie, Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C3P8, Canada
    Ecology 91:1466-76. 2010
    ..This in turn suggests a high level of functional redundancy that occurs both within the existing community and in the meta-community from which phylotypes are selected to occupy the new niches that are created along the transitions...
  15. ncbi Metatranscriptomics reveals unique microbial small RNAs in the ocean's water column
    Yanmei Shi
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    Nature 459:266-9. 2009
    ....
  16. ncbi Limits to gene flow in a cosmopolitan marine planktonic diatom
    Griet Casteleyn
    Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Biology Department, Ghent University, B 9000 Ghent, Belgium
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:12952-7. 2010
    ..A better understanding of the factors that control population structuring is thus essential to reveal the role of allopatric speciation in marine microorganisms...
  17. ncbi Ubiquity of Polynucleobacter necessarius ssp. asymbioticus in lentic freshwater habitats of a heterogeneous 2000 km area
    Jitka Jezberová
    Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A 5310 Mondsee, Austria
    Environ Microbiol 12:658-69. 2010
    ..asymbioticus (PnecC), a numerically and functionally important taxon in the plankton of freshwater systems...
  18. ncbi Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch
    Martin Edwards
    Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
    Nature 430:881-4. 2004
    ..Using long-term data of 66 plankton taxa during the period from 1958 to 2002, we investigated whether climate warming signals are emergent across all ..
  19. ncbi Bacterioplankton growth and nutrient use efficiencies under variable organic carbon and inorganic phosphorus ratios
    Mats Jansson
    Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Umea, SE 901 87 Umea, Sweden
    Microb Ecol 52:358-64. 2006
    ..The results indicated that BP can be limited by Pi when BNUE is at its maximum, by organic C when BGE is at its maximum, and by dual organic C and Pi limitation when BNUE and BGE have suboptimal values...
  20. ncbi Hindsight in the relative abundance, metabolic potential and genome dynamics of uncultivated marine archaea from comparative metagenomic analyses of bathypelagic plankton of different oceanic regions
    Ana Belén Martín-Cuadrado
    Division of Microbiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
    ISME J 2:865-86. 2008
    ..16S rRNA genes that were selected from four metagenomic libraries constructed from meso- and bathypelagic plankton of different oceanic regions (South Atlantic, Antarctic Polar Front, Adriatic and Ionian Sea; depths from 500 to ..
  21. ncbi Surviving mass extinction by bridging the benthic/planktic divide
    Kate F Darling
    School of GeoSciences and Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, United Kingdom
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12629-33. 2009
    ..We argue that the existence of such forms must be considered in resolving foraminiferal phylogeny...
  22. ncbi Microbial oceanography in a sea of opportunity
    Chris Bowler
    CNRS UMR8186, Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d Ulm, Paris, France
    Nature 459:180-4. 2009
    b>Plankton use solar energy to drive the nutrient cycles that make the planet habitable for larger organisms...
  23. ncbi Ecosystem consequences of species richness and composition in pond food webs
    Amy L Downing
    Department of Ecology, and Evolution, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
    Nature 416:837-41. 2002
    ....
  24. ncbi Transporter genes expressed by coastal bacterioplankton in response to dissolved organic carbon
    Rachel S Poretsky
    Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 3636, USA
    Environ Microbiol 12:616-27. 2010
    ....
  25. ncbi Flow cytometry assessment of bacterioplankton in tropical marine environments
    L Andrade
    Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brazil, , Bloco A, , , Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21944-970, Brazil
    J Microbiol Methods 55:841-50. 2003
    ..These results illustrate the utility of cytometric analyses of bacterioplankton populations in characterizing their large spatial and temporal scales of distribution in aquatic ecosystems...
  26. ncbi Effect of nutrient loading on bacterioplankton community composition in lake mesocosms
    Kaisa Haukka
    Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P O Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
    Microb Ecol 51:137-46. 2006
    ..The occurrence of Verrucomicrobia correlated with more eutrophic conditions, whereas the occurrence of Actinobacteria correlated with less eutrophic conditions...
  27. ncbi Chaos in a long-term experiment with a plankton community
    Elisa Benincà
    Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Nature 451:822-5. 2008
    ..This implies that stability is not required for the persistence of complex food webs, and that the long-term prediction of species abundances can be fundamentally impossible...
  28. ncbi Coastal bacterioplankton community diversity along a latitudinal gradient in Latin America by means of V6 tag pyrosequencing
    Fabiano L Thompson
    Departments of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    Arch Microbiol 193:105-14. 2011
    ..Conserved taxa corresponded to aprox. 52% of all sequences. This study suggests that human-contaminated environments may influence bacterioplankton diversity...
  29. ncbi Spirolide composition of micro-extracted pooled cells isolated from natural plankton assemblages and from cultures of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii
    A D Cembella
    Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia
    Nat Toxins 7:197-206. 1999
    ..active macrocyclic imines known as spirolides from pooled individual cells isolated from spirolide-rich plankton material...
  30. ncbi Proteome approaches combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed a distinctive biofilm physiology in Bordetella pertussis
    Diego Omar Serra
    Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales CINDEFI, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
    Proteomics 8:4995-5010. 2008
    ..pertussis pathogenesis. In summary, our work showed that the combination of proteomics and FT-IR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis provides a powerful tool to gain further insight into bacterial lifestyles...
  31. ncbi Geographical distribution of cryptic genetic types in the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber
    Ralf Aurahs
    Department of Micropalaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Sigwartstrasse 10, Tubingen, Germany
    Mol Ecol 18:1692-706. 2009
    ..This pattern is consistent with the concept of niche partitioning, implying decreasing level of competition between genetic types with increasing degree of genetic divergence...
  32. ncbi Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms
    Dennis J McGillicuddy
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 1541, USA
    Science 316:1021-6. 2007
    ..New observations in the northwest Atlantic reveal that, although plankton blooms occur in both cyclones and mode-water eddies, the biological responses differ...
  33. ncbi Comparative proteomic analysis of planktonic and immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: a multivariate statistical approach
    Sebastien Vilain
    Bacteria Immobilization, Biofilms and Resistance Group, UMR 6522 CNRS, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
    Anal Biochem 329:120-30. 2004
    ..These results reinforce the topical assertion that bacteria in the immobilized state display a specific physiological behavior but also question the existence of a unique IC phenotype...
  34. ncbi Microbial ecology of ocean biogeochemistry: a community perspective
    Suzanne L Strom
    Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA
    Science 320:1043-5. 2008
    ..A holistic outlook that encompasses the full array of selective pressures on individuals will help elucidate the maintenance of microbial diversity and the regulation of biogeochemical reactions by planktonic communities...
  35. ncbi Bacterial carbon processing by generalist species in the coastal ocean
    Xiaozhen Mou
    Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
    Nature 451:708-11. 2008
    ....
  36. ncbi Microbial biogeography along an estuarine salinity gradient: combined influences of bacterial growth and residence time
    Byron C Crump
    Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA
    Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1494-505. 2004
    ....
  37. ncbi Eukaryotic picoplankton communities of the Mediterranean Sea in summer assessed by molecular approaches (DGGE, TTGE, QPCR)
    Dominique Marie
    Station Biologique, , Roscoff, France
    FEMS Microbiol Ecol 55:403-15. 2006
    ..Of the three genera assessed, Bathycoccus appeared as the most abundant, forming localized maxima at depth...
  38. ncbi Low intraspecific diversity in a polynucleobacter subcluster population numerically dominating bacterioplankton of a freshwater pond
    Martin W Hahn
    Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A 5310 Mondsee, Austria
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4539-47. 2005
    ..This low intraspecific diversity is in strong contrast to the high intraspecific diversities found in marine bacterial populations...
  39. ncbi Bacterioplankton community composition along a salinity gradient of sixteen high-mountain lakes located on the Tibetan Plateau, China
    Qinglong L Wu
    Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
    Appl Environ Microbiol 72:5478-85. 2006
    ..7% (hypersaline). This observation indicated ecologically significant differences in ecophysiological adaptations among members of this narrow phylogenetic group and suggested ecological significance of microdiversity...
  40. ncbi Pirellula and OM43 are among the dominant lineages identified in an Oregon coast diatom bloom
    R M Morris
    Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
    Environ Microbiol 8:1361-70. 2006
    ..5 x 10(8) and 1.2 x 10(8) cells l(-1), respectively, and were among the dominant lineages in bloom samples...
  41. ncbi Ecotypes of planktonic actinobacteria with identical 16S rRNA genes adapted to thermal niches in temperate, subtropical, and tropical freshwater habitats
    Martin W Hahn
    Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestrasse 9, A 5310 Mondsee, Austria
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:766-73. 2005
    ..Consequently, these closely related strains represent different ecotypes adapted to different thermal niches...
  42. ncbi Virioplankton community structure along a salinity gradient in a solar saltern
    Ruth Anne Sandaa
    Department of Microbiology, University of Bergen, Jahnebakken 5, 5020 Bergen, Norway
    Extremophiles 7:347-51. 2003
    ..The diversity index was highest in the environments that lie in between the most extreme and the most common...
  43. ncbi A comparative study of the cytometric characteristics of high and low nucleic-acid bacterioplankton cells from different aquatic ecosystems
    Thierry Bouvier
    Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Lagunaires, UMR5119 CNRS UM2, Universite Montpellier 2, Case 093, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
    Environ Microbiol 9:2050-66. 2007
    ....
  44. ncbi Influence of salinity on bacterioplankton communities from the Brazilian rain forest to the coastal Atlantic Ocean
    Cynthia B Silveira
    Instituto de Bioquimica Medica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    PLoS ONE 6:e17789. 2011
    ....
  45. ncbi The inverted trophic cascade in tropical plankton communities: impacts of exotic fish in the Middle Rio Doce lake district, Minas Gerais, Brazil
    R M Pinto-Coelho
    Laboratório de Gestão Ambiental de Reservatórios, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
    Braz J Biol 68:1025-37. 2008
    ..All these changes are apparently associated with decreases in water quality. The present situation in these lakes demands new approaches to the management and conservation of these ecosystems...
  46. ncbi Oxidation of thallium by freshwater plankton communities
    Benjamin S Twining
    Marine Sciences Research Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA
    Environ Sci Technol 37:2720-6. 2003
    ..We conducted lab and field incubations with 204Tl(I) and natural plankton assemblages to study the occurrence and mechanism of Tl oxidation...
  47. ncbi Decrease in the autotrophic-to-heterotrophic biomass ratio of picoplankton in oligotrophic marine waters due to bottle enclosure
    Alejandra Calvo-Díaz
    Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Xixón Gijón, Xixón, Spain
    Appl Environ Microbiol 77:5739-46. 2011
    ..Our results suggest that short (<1 day) bottle incubations in oligotrophic waters may lead to biased estimates of the microbial metabolic balance by underestimating primary production and/or overestimating bacterial respiration...
  48. ncbi Specific detection, isolation, and characterization of selected, previously uncultured members of the freshwater bacterioplankton community
    Frederic Gich
    Bereich Mikrobiologie, , Maria-Ward-Str. 1a, , Germany
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5908-19. 2005
    ..Dot blot hybridization revealed that the strains occur in lakes of different trophic status and constitute up to 2% of the microbial community...
  49. ncbi Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton
    Dana E Hunt
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
    Science 320:1081-5. 2008
    ..Thus, environmental specialization may be an important correlate or even trigger of speciation among sympatric microbes...
  50. ncbi Fine-scale phylogenetic architecture of a complex bacterial community
    Silvia G Acinas
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    Nature 430:551-4. 2004
    ..We propose that such microdiverse clusters arise by selective sweeps and persist because competitive mechanisms are too weak to purge diversity from within them...
  51. ncbi Plankton diversity in the Bay of Fundy as measured by morphological and molecular methods
    M C Savin
    Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 115 Plant Science Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
    Microb Ecol 48:51-65. 2004
    ..and picoplankton communities, may also enhance our knowledge of the diversity among communities of larger plankton. We compared plankton identifications and community assessments based on the two types of techniques (..
  52. ncbi The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web
    Helena do A Kehrig
    Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941 902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 16:10-24. 2009
    ..The study of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better understanding of the estuarine processes ..
  53. ncbi Substrate incorporation patterns of bacterioplankton populations in stratified and mixed waters of a humic lake
    Ulrike Buck
    Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
    Environ Microbiol 11:1854-65. 2009
    ..Altogether our results suggest a constitutive preference for some substrates versus an adaptive utilization of others in the studied microbial groups...
  54. ncbi Relationship between bacterioplankton richness, respiration, and production in the Southern North Sea
    Thomas Reinthaler
    Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research NIOZ, P O Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:2260-6. 2005
    ..Our results indicate that despite the observed shifts in the community composition, the main function of the bacterioplankton, the remineralization of dissolved organic carbon to CO(2), is rather stable...
  55. ncbi Filter feeders and plankton increase particle encounter rates through flow regime control
    Stuart Humphries
    Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:7882-7. 2009
    ..of this flow regime and show that both the predicted peak concentration and the steady-state concentrations of plankton during blooms are approximately 33% of that predicted by the current models of particle encounter...
  56. ncbi Low taxon richness of bacterioplankton in high-altitude lakes of the eastern tibetan plateau, with a predominance of Bacteroidetes and Synechococcus spp
    Peng Xing
    State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, People s Republic of China
    Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7017-25. 2009
    b>Plankton samples were collected from six remote freshwater and saline lakes located at altitudes of 3,204 to 4,718 m and 1,000 km apart within an area of ca...
  57. ncbi Latitudinal distribution of prokaryotic picoplankton populations in the Atlantic Ocean
    Martha Schattenhofer
    Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, D 28359 Bremen, Germany
    Environ Microbiol 11:2078-93. 2009
    ..Other phylogenetic groups such as the Planctomycetes, marine group II Euryarchaeota and the uncultured clades SAR406, SAR324 and SAR86 rarely exceeded more than 5% of relative abundance...
  58. ncbi Effective isolation of bacterioplankton genus Polynucleobacter from freshwater environments grown on photochemically degraded dissolved organic matter
    Keiji Watanabe
    Ibaraki Kasumigaura Environmental Science Center, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
    FEMS Microbiol Ecol 67:57-68. 2009
    ..Finally, we observed the stimulation of strain KF001 activity by photochemical degradation of natural lake water. Our findings suggest a carbon flow of DOM photoproducts to Polynucleobacter in the freshwater microbial loop...
  59. ncbi Biofilm-induced modifications in the proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa planktonic cells
    Yohan Nigaud
    CNRS UMR 6270 and FR 3038, University of Rouen, France
    Biochim Biophys Acta 1804:957-66. 2010
    ..These results demonstrate that planktonic organisms are able to detect the presence of a biofilm in their close environment and to modify their gene expression in consequence...
  60. ncbi Unexpected diversity of small eukaryotes in deep-sea Antarctic plankton
    P Lopez-Garcia
    Division de Microbiologia, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
    Nature 409:603-7. 2001
    ..These may be important components of the microbial community in the deep ocean. Their phylogenetic position suggests a radiation early in the evolution of alveolates...
  61. ncbi The native bacterioplankton community in the central baltic sea is influenced by freshwater bacterial species
    L Riemann
    Department of Natural Sciences, Kalmar University, S 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
    Appl Environ Microbiol 74:503-15. 2008
    ....
  62. ncbi Development and application of real-time PCR for specific detection of Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus larvae in Scottish plankton samples
    Alastair J A McBeath
    FRS Marine Laboratory, PO Box 101, Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
    Dis Aquat Organ 73:141-50. 2006
    ..Microscopy is currently relied on for use in the routine identification of sea lice larvae in plankton samples...
  63. ncbi Genetic diversity of eukaryotic plankton assemblages in Eastern Tibetan Lakes differing by their salinity and altitude
    Qinglong L Wu
    State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, East Beijing Road 73, Nanjing 210008, People s Republic of China
    Microb Ecol 58:569-81. 2009
    Eukaryotic plankton assemblages in 11 high-mountain lakes located at altitudes of 2,817 to 5,134 m and over a total area of ca. one million square kilometers on the Eastern Tibet Plateau, spanning a salinity gradient from 0...
  64. ncbi Community structure and function in prokaryotic marine plankton
    Jed A Fuhrman
    Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089 0371, USA
    Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 81:521-7. 2002
    ..and 'fingerprinting' techniques have been used many times to study prokaryote community composition of marine plankton. There are still many opportunities for new discoveries in this area, but the results have also opened new ..
  65. ncbi Spectral analysis unmasks synchronous and compensatory dynamics in plankton communities
    David A Vasseur
    Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
    Ecology 88:2058-71. 2007
    ..In this study, we apply a scale-resolving method to long-term plankton data, to identify the specific temporal scales at which community-level variability is influenced by synchrony or ..
  66. ncbi Evolution exacerbates the paradox of the plankton
    Noam Shoresh
    Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:12365-9. 2008
    Can biodiversity evolve and persist in a uniform environment? This question is at the heart of the plankton paradox: in the natural world we observe many species sharing few resources, whereas the principle of competitive exclusion would ..
  67. ncbi The tiny eukaryote Ostreococcus provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation
    Brian Palenik
    Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 0202, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:7705-10. 2007
    ..As reported here, selenoenzymes, novel fusion proteins, and loss of some major protein families including ones associated with chromatin are likely important adaptations for achieving a small cell size...
  68. ncbi The mixotroph Ochromonas tuberculata may invade and suppress specialist phago- and phototroph plankton communities depending on nutrient conditions
    Alexis Katechakis
    Department Biology II Aquatic Ecology, Ludwigs Maximilians University, 82152, Planegg Martinsried, Germany
    Oecologia 148:692-701. 2006
    ..and field observations, we tested experimentally the hypothesis that mixotrophs may invade established plankton communities depending on the trophic status of the system, and investigated possible effects on food web ..
  69. ncbi High motility reduces grazing mortality of planktonic bacteria
    Carsten Matz
    Center for Biomedical Microbiology, BioCentrum DTU, Technical University of Denmark, DK 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:921-9. 2005
    ..Our findings suggest that motility has an important adaptive function in the survival of planktonic bacteria during protozoan grazing...
  70. ncbi Ecological specialization of mixotrophic plankton in a mixed water column
    Tineke A Troost
    Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Theoretical Biology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    Am Nat 166:E45-61. 2005
    In recent years, the population dynamics of plankton in light- or nutrient-limited environments have been studied extensively. Their evolutionary dynamics, however, have received much less attention...
  71. ncbi Archaeal and bacterial community composition of sediment and plankton from a suboxic freshwater pond
    Céline Briée
    Unité d Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Universite Paris Sud, Batiment 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
    Res Microbiol 158:213-27. 2007
    We studied the composition of archaeal and bacterial communities present in the sediment and plankton of a shallow suboxic-to-anoxic freshwater pond with high organic matter input, as an example of a kind of inland freshwater system ..
  72. ncbi Improved methodology for identification of protists and microalgae from plankton samples preserved in Lugol's iodine solution: combining microscopic analysis with single-cell PCR
    Barbara M Auinger
    Institute for Limnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Mondseestr 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
    Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2505-10. 2008
    ..In summary, our results highlight the significance of molecular variation within protist morphospecies...
  73. ncbi Suitability of flow cytometry for estimating bacterial biovolume in natural plankton samples: comparison with microscopy data
    Marisol Felip
    Unitat de Limnologia CSIC UB, Departament d Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avgd Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
    Appl Environ Microbiol 73:4508-14. 2007
    ..Our study indicates that flow cytometry can be used to properly estimate bacterioplankton biovolume, with an accuracy similar to those of more time-consuming microscopy methods...
  74. ncbi Genotypic diversity within a natural coastal bacterioplankton population
    Janelle R Thompson
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
    Science 307:1311-3. 2005
    ..Ecological considerations suggest that much genotypic and possibly phenotypic variation within natural populations should be considered neutral...
  75. ncbi Detailed profiles of 7-O-acyl esters in plankton and shellfish from the Portuguese coast
    Paulo Vale
    Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas IPIMAR, Av Brasilia, 1449 006 Lisboa, Portugal
    J Chromatogr A 1128:181-8. 2006
    ..Esters were also found in plankton, predominantly with C16:0...
  76. ncbi Clustering of Pseudomonas aeruginosa transcriptomes from planktonic cultures, developing and mature biofilms reveals distinct expression profiles
    Richard D Waite
    MRC Molecular Pathogenesis Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
    BMC Genomics 7:162. 2006
    ....
  77. ncbi Metagenomic analysis of mesopelagic Antarctic plankton reveals a novel deltaproteobacterial group
    David Moreira
    , , CNRS UMR 8079, , 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
    Microbiology 152:505-17. 2006
    ..DeepAnt-32C6 carried some predicted genes involved in metabolic pathways that suggested this organism may be anaerobic and able to ferment and to degrade complex compounds extracellularly...
  78. ncbi Substrate degradation kinetics, microbial diversity, and current efficiency of microbial fuel cells supplied with marine plankton
    Clare E Reimers
    College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
    Appl Environ Microbiol 73:7029-40. 2007
    The decomposition of marine plankton in two-chamber, seawater-filled microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has been investigated and related to resulting chemical changes, electrode potentials, current efficiencies, and microbial diversity...
  79. ncbi Proteorhodopsin lateral gene transfer between marine planktonic Bacteria and Archaea
    Niels-Ulrik Frigaard
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Division of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 48, 15 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
    Nature 439:847-50. 2006
    ....
  80. ncbi Molecular diversity and ecology of microbial plankton
    Stephen J Giovannoni
    Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
    Nature 437:343-8. 2005
    ..Theory predicts that selection should act more efficiently in large populations. But whether microbial plankton populations harbour organisms that are models of adaptive sophistication remains to be seen...
  81. ncbi Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth: comparison of gene expression in planktonic cultures and developing and mature biofilms
    Richard D Waite
    MRC Molecular Pathogenesis Research Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
    J Bacteriol 187:6571-6. 2005
    ..In addition, a number of novel genes were up-regulated in developing and confluent biofilms, including genes encoding putative solute transport proteins and transcriptional regulators, respectively...
  82. ncbi Detection and differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus in seawater and plankton of a coastal zone of the Mediterranean Sea
    Teresa L Maugeri
    Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia Marina, Universita di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
    Res Microbiol 157:194-200. 2006
    Vibrio vulnificus, a human and animal pathogen, is present in low numbers in the Mediterranean Sea. Seawater and plankton samples were collected from a marine coastal zone of the Straits of Messina in the Mediterranean Sea (Italy) in ..
  83. ncbi Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in the aquatic environment of Mathbaria, Bangladesh
    Munirul Alam
    International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
    Appl Environ Microbiol 72:2849-55. 2006
    ..The biofilm community is concluded to be an additional reservoir of cholera bacteria in the aquatic environment between seasonal epidemics of cholera in Bangladesh...
  84. ncbi Diatom/copepod interactions in plankton: the indirect chemical defense of unicellular algae
    Georg Pohnert
    Max Planck Institut für Chemische Okologie, Hans Knoll Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
    Chembiochem 6:946-59. 2005
    Numerous coexisting species can be observed in the open oceans. This includes the complex community of the plankton, which comprises all free floating organisms in the sea...
  85. ncbi Modelling protection from antimicrobial agents in biofilms through the formation of persister cells
    Mark E Roberts
    Center for Biofilm Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University - Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59717-3980, USA
    Microbiology 151:75-80. 2005
    ..This modelling study provides motivation for further investigation of the hypothetical persister cell state as an explanation for biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents...
  86. ncbi Analysis of microbial gene transcripts in environmental samples
    Rachel S Poretsky
    Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4121-6. 2005
    ....
  87. ncbi Comparative day/night metatranscriptomic analysis of microbial communities in the North Pacific subtropical gyre
    Rachel S Poretsky
    University of Georgia, Department of Marine Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    Environ Microbiol 11:1358-75. 2009
    ..Direct sequencing of these environmental transcripts has provided detailed information on metabolic and biogeochemical responses of a microbial community to solar forcing...
  88. ncbi Autochthonous eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal sediment and experimental microcolonizers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
    Purificación López-García
    Biologie Marine, Unite Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7622, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:697-702. 2003
    ..Given the large variety of divergent lineages detected within the alveolates in deep-sea plankton, hydrothermal sediments, and vents, alveolates seem to dominate the deep ocean in terms of diversity...
  89. ncbi Pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, 7-epi-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish and plankton from Portugal
    Paulo Vale
    Instituto de Investigação das Pescas e do Mar, Av Brasilia, 1449 006 Lisbon, Portugal
    Toxicon 40:979-87. 2002
    ..edule) from Aveiro lagoon illustrate how PTX2sa has a strong association with Dinophysis acuta occurrence in the plankton, as well as Dinophysis fortii. Data so far excludes D...
  90. ncbi Extraction of a weak climatic signal by an ecosystem
    Arnold H Taylor
    Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
    Nature 416:629-32. 2002
    ..Here we use a particular climatic phenomenon-the observed association between plankton populations around the UK and the position of the Gulf Stream-as a probe to demonstrate how a detailed marine ..
  91. ncbi Fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos in outdoor plankton-dominated microcosms in Thailand
    Michiel A Daam
    Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810 193, Aveiro, Portugal
    Environ Toxicol Chem 27:2530-8. 2008
    The fate and effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos were studied in plankton-dominated, freshwater microcosms in Thailand...
  92. ncbi Proteorhodopsin phototrophy in the ocean
    O Beja
    Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
    Nature 411:786-9. 2001
    ..Together, our data suggest that proteorhodopsin-based phototrophy is a globally significant oceanic microbial process...
  93. ncbi The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world
    David Moreira
    Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7622, 9, quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
    Trends Microbiol 10:31-8. 2002
    ..For both ecology and evolutionary studies, it is predicted that environmental molecular identification of eukaryotes will have a profound impact in the immediate future...
  94. ncbi Study of genetic diversity of eukaryotic picoplankton in different oceanic regions by small-subunit rRNA gene cloning and sequencing
    B Diez
    Departament de Biologia Marina, Institut de Ciencies del Mar, CSIC, E 08039 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
    Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2932-41. 2001
    ..Prasinophytes and novel stramenopile clones were very abundant in all of the libraries analyzed. These findings underscore the importance of attempts to grow the small eukaryotic plankton in pure culture.
  95. ncbi Global gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms
    Karen E Beenken
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
    J Bacteriol 186:4665-84. 2004
    ..A primary theme that emerged from the analysis of these genes is that persistence within a biofilm requires an adaptive response that limits the deleterious effects of the reduced pH associated with anaerobic growth conditions...
  96. ncbi Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity
    S Y Moon-van der Staay
    Station Biologique, , Roscoff, France
    Nature 409:607-10. 2001
    ..We also found a novel lineage, closely related to dinoflagellates and not previously described...
  97. ncbi Cell death in planktonic, photosynthetic microorganisms
    Kay D Bidle
    Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
    Nat Rev Microbiol 2:643-55. 2004
  98. ncbi A single species, Micromonas pusilla (Prasinophyceae), dominates the eukaryotic picoplankton in the Western English Channel
    Fabrice Not
    Station Biologique, UMR 7127, CNRS et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Place George Teissier, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
    Appl Environ Microbiol 70:4064-72. 2004
    ..Members of the order Prasinococcales and the species Bathycoccus prasinos (Mamiellales) displayed sporadic occurrences, while the abundances of all other Prasinophyceae groups targeted remained negligible...
  99. ncbi The molecular diversity of freshwater picoeukaryotes reveals high occurrence of putative parasitoids in the plankton
    Emilie Lefèvre
    LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes Génome and Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont Ferrand II, Aubiere, France
    PLoS ONE 3:e2324. 2008
    ..New interesting perspectives in aquatic microbial ecology are thus opened...
  100. ncbi Distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria as free living and plankton associated in a marine coastal zone
    T L Maugeri
    Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia Marina, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
    J Appl Microbiol 97:354-61. 2004
    ..abundance of faecal and nonfaecal bacteria related to human and animal health, as free living or associated with small (>64 microm) and large (>200 microm) plankton, samples were collected monthly from the coastal zone at Messina (Italy).
  101. ncbi Abiotic surface sensing and biofilm-dependent regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli
    C Prigent-Combaret
    Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Microorganismes et des Interactions Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5577, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
    J Bacteriol 181:5993-6002. 1999
    ..In this work, we show that bacteria within biofilms encounter higher-osmolarity conditions, greater oxygen limitation, and higher cell density than in the liquid phase...

Research Grants62

  1. EPIDEMIOLOGY & ECOLOGY OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN BANGLADESH
    Richard Sack; Fiscal Year: 2000
    ..We postulate that plankton living in surface waters are the reservoir for cholera vibrios, and that their growth and life cycle(s) control ..
  2. Epidemiology and Ecology of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh
    Richard Bradley Sack; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..outbreaks, including water temperature, pH, and conductivity of surface water, along with concentrations of plankton and cholera toxin- producing bacteria in surface waters...
  3. Study of transmissible forms of Vibrio cholerae
    Andrew Camilli; Fiscal Year: 2007
    Vibrio cholerae, which lives in association with plankton in brackish, temperate waters the world over, is the causative agent of endemic and epidemic cholera...
  4. STUDY OF VIBRIO INTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENICITY
    Andrew Camilli; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..El Tor infection-induced genes within the suckling mouse model of cholera, and during colonization of a natural plankton host...
  5. Beyond GFP and aequorin: Ocean-wide study of fluorescent and luminous proteins
    Mikhail Matz; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Our sampling methods include plankton towing, blue water SCUBA diving, midwater trawling and submersible/ROV operations...
  6. Beyond GFP and aequorin: Ocean-wide study of fluorescent and luminous proteins
    Mikhail Matz; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..Our sampling methods include plankton towing, blue water SCUBA diving, midwater trawling and submersible/ROV operations...
  7. VIBRIO CHOLERAE PLANKTON COLONIZATION
    Farooq Azam; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..the seventh pandemic of cholera to Latin America in 1991 has been suggested to have been correlated with marine plankton blooms triggered by a climate change event such as that initiated by El Nino...
  8. Safe environment concentrations under uncertainty
    Scott Ferson; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..g., the toxicant causes two diseases), multiple tropic levels (e.g., plankton to shellfish to humans), multiple exposure pathways (e.g...
  9. Role of BdlA in biofilm dispersion and virulence properties of P. aeruginosa
    Karin Sauer; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ....
  10. Role of PA4878 in biofilm antimicrobial resistance
    Karin Sauer; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..aeruginosa biofilms. Findings from this research may lead to novel and innovative treatment strategies to treat and eradicate biofilm infections. ..
  11. P. aeruginosa biofilm specific proteins and regulators
    Karin Sauer; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Findings from this research are intended to lead to novel and more effective approaches for the treatment of such biofilm infections. ..
  12. Conference--The Global Genome: Microbes
    EDWARD DELONG; Fiscal Year: 2002
    ..The colloquium will be convened to develop the intellectual material that will comprise an analytical and comprehensive report. ..
  13. P. Aeruginosa Biofilms and Burn Wound Infections
    Karin Sauer; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..aeruginosa pathogenesis and by identifying virulence factors that may be targeted for therapeutic intervention. ..
  14. REGULATION OF EXPRESSION OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI BMPC
    Felipe Cabello; Fiscal Year: 2001
    ..burgdorferi 297 grown under different conditions in vitro and in vivo. The latter studies will indicate whether different levels of transcription are secondary to changes in the regulatory and structural DNA sequences of the bmpC gene. ..
  15. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria in Biofilms
    Philip Stewart; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..This project will afford a rich interdisciplinary training experience for the three participating graduate students. ..
  16. Regulationof Chemoattractant Activation of Neutrophils
    ALGIRDAS JESAITIS; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..Understanding, how this complex regulation occurs should provide insight about how host defense might be enhanced or how inflammatory damage might be mitigated. ..