basidiomycota

....

..Some genes involved in virulence in other rust fungi have been found to be specifically expressed in haustoria. Therefore, the objective of this study was to generate a cDNA library to characterize genes expressed in haustoria of Pst...

..Recently, whole genome sequence data has allowed the prediction of secretomes, facilitating the identification of putative effectors...

..Here, we analyzed sequences of two pheromone receptors in the Microbotryum fungal species complex (Basidiomycota), which has only two alternate mating types...

..Because P. indica can be easily propagated in the absence of a host plant, we conclude that the fungus could be exploited to increase disease resistance and yield in crop plants...

..indica. These findings suggest that antioxidants might play a role in both inherited and endophyte-mediated plant tolerance to salinity...

..Molecular divergence between samples in RPB1 argues against panmixis, and indicates that populations have been isolated for long periods...

..This study indicates that dispersal bias plays a more important role than generally admitted to explain the Southern Hemisphere distribution of many taxa, at least for saprobic fungi...

..Structural and functional aspects of the interaction deserve further studies...

..The observations of higher rates of sexual spore production in genotypes originating from Tianshui are the very first elements suggestive of the existence of a sexual cycle in this species...

..indica. Thus, Ca2+ is likely to be an early signalling component in the mutualistic interaction between P. indica and Arabidopsis or tobacco...

..As we were primarily interested in the relative ages of the plants and fungi, we did not attempt to calibrate the molecular clock using the very limited fossil record of Agaricomycetes...

....

..indica, and jasmonic acid-responsive vegetative storage protein expression was primed and thus elevated in response to powdery mildew, suggesting that P. indica confers resistance reminiscent of induced systemic resistance (ISR)...

..Recently, it has been published that the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin requires only one enzyme, astaxanthin synthase or CrtS, encoded by crtS gene. This enzyme belongs to the cytochrome P450 protein family...

....

..indica-induced growth promotion. Finally, a comparative analysis of the phytohormone mutants allows the conclusion that the response to P. indica is independent of the architecture and size of the roots...

..indica-colonized seedlings, indicating that this response might also contribute to better survival on soil...

..The results show that the restriction of fungal growth by ethylene signalling components is required for the beneficial interaction between the two symbionts...

..Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted...

..Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal...

....

The Agaricomycetidae is one of the most morphologically diverse clades of Basidiomycota that includes the well known Agaricales and Boletales, which are dominated by pileate-stipitate forms, and the more obscure Atheliales, which is a ..

..indica. These observations suggest that PiPT is actively involved in the phosphate transportation and, in turn, P. indica helps improve the nutritional status of the host plant...

..A null model of morphological evolution, in which there is no asymmetry in transformation rates, was rejected. These results suggest that there is a 'driven' trend towards the evolution of complex forms in homobasidiomycetes...

..identifying it as the Rpg1 gene. Rpg1 encodes a receptor kinase-like protein with two tandem protein kinase domains, a novel structure for a plant disease-resistance gene. Thus, it may represent a new class of plant resistance genes...

..triticina ESTs to U. maydis gene sequences. The U. maydis heterologous expression system allows functional analysis of rust genes, currently frustrated by the lack of efficient transformation and selection procedures...

A phylogeny of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota is presented based on a survey of 160 taxa and five nuclear genes. Two genes, rpb2, and tef1, are presented in detail...

..Whereas heterobasidiomycetes display a bi-allelic structure for this locus with recognition between one receptor and the opposite pheromone, homobasidiomycetes contain multiple specificities for pheromone receptors and pheromones...

..We propose that the growth-promoting effect initiated by P. indica is accompanied by a co-regulated stimulation of enzymes involved in nitrate and starch metabolisms...

..Addition of an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal inhibited AvrM-induced necrosis, suggesting that both AvrM and AvrP4 can reenter the plant cell after secretion in the absence of the pathogen...

..Isolation, characterization and identification of Phaffia sp. ZJB 00010, and improvement of astaxanthin production with low-energy ion beam implantation...

..Qualified support was given to the hypothesis that rusts can reveal taxonomic relationships between their hosts, at genus, family, and ordinal levels...

..This first in situ demonstration of a true multihost ability in an ECM species is discussed in terms of ecology and evolutionary biology...

..We performed ancestral state reconstruction with BayesMultiState, which suggested that the ancestor of the Boletales was a resupinate or polyporoid saprotrophic fungus, producing a brown-rot...

..indica interaction. Thus, pii-2, and presumably also At5g16590, two proteins present in plasma membrane microdomains, appear to be involved in P. indica-induced growth promotion and enhanced seed production in Arabidopsis thaliana...

..The ability to amplify a key fungal gene involved in plant litter decomposition has the potential to unlock the identity and dynamics of the cellulolytic fungal community in situ...

..These consensus structures are illustrated for the clades /Calvatia, /Handkea-Echinatum, /Vascellum, /Morganella, and /Plumbea-Paludosa (Bovista)...

..Intercontinental conspecificity is low in general. The name L. deliciosus is wrongfully applied in North and Central America and only two species seem to occur in both Asia and Europe...

..This is the first documentation of a successful transfer and characterization of cryptic alien introgression from Ae. geniculata conferring resistance to both leaf rust and stripe rust in wheat...

..We propose that PYK10 restricts root colonization by P. indica, which results in the repression of defence responses and the upregulation of responses leading to a mutualistic interaction between the two symbiotic partners...

..puteana caused by (i) cryptic speciation; (ii) the interplay between natural migration and distribution patterns and probably more recent human mediated dispersal events; and (iii) hybridization and introgression...

..Recycling of cell wall material within single mycelia and between fungal individuals during succession may lead to retention of N within woody debris...

....

..Besides, the mice serum interleukin-12 levels increased significantly by AC-PS treatment. Considering all these results, it is suggested that AC-PS elicit its anti-tumor effect by promoting a Th1-dominant state and killer activities...

The Agaricales is the largest and most diverse order of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, with over 100 natural groups recognized in recent Fungal Tree of Life studies...

..Research is underway to resolve which of the genes are required for conferring resistance to race TTKSK. Regardless, the simple inheritance should make Q21861 a valuable source of TTKSK resistance in barley breeding programs...

..These results suggest that despite production of copious basidiospores capable of long distance dispersal, some homobasidiomycete fungi may be susceptible to genetic isolation due to habitat fragmentation...

..The aim of this study was to develop an EST database of wheat infected by Pst in order to determine transcription profiles of genes involved in compatible wheat-Pst interaction...

..The results showed that the flanking markers were reliable for assisting selection of breeding lines carrying the resistance gene. A linked stripe rust resistance gene, previously identified as YrZak, in cultivar Zak was designated Yr44...

..rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii. Parsimony analysis grouped two species previously thought to be in the Basidiomycota, S. denigrans and S...

..indica in Chinese cabbage leaves during the establishment of drought tolerance. P. indica-colonized Chinese cabbage provides a good model system to study root-to-shoot communication...

..This technology can be easily scaled-up to an industrial application for the production of this xanthophyll widely demanded nowadays...

..The ancestor of these species thus possibly arose via hybridization between distant ancestral lineages, although further studies should address alternative hypotheses, such as chance events during lineage sorting...

..The molecular mechanism underpinning partial resistance in these QTL-NILs is unknown...

..The aim was to develop an evolutionary framework on host specificity and diversification of Basidiomycetes in this highly specialized plant-fungus symbiosis...

..2 protein in drought-stressed insertion lines indicated that MDAR2 and DHAR5 are crucial for producing sufficient ascorbate to maintain the interaction between Piriformospora indica and Arabidopsis in a mutualistic state...

..The results satisfy a new model whereby R-genes are part of the basal system and repair disabled defenses to reinstate strong resistance...

..Pgt may redirect the actin cytoskeleton by inducing modifications of ADF2. The redirection of actin could possibly enable the pathogen to develop a haustoria-plant cell cytoskeleton interface for acquisition of nutrients...

..Efforts to reduce Ae. speltoides chromatin in T2BL-2SL*2SS are currently in progress...

..himantioides species complex. Some of the lineages seem adapted to various substrates, but PS5 is able to decay a wide array of angiosperms and gymnosperms, which may have facilitated the spread of this lineage throughout the world...

..Using a linearized cloning plasmid, stable integration into the genome was achieved as demonstrated by PCR and sequencing analysis...

..sikokiana through the hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungi. To our knowledge, this is the second study to suggest the involvement of Ceratobasidiaceae fungi in tripartite symbiosis with achlorophyllous orchids and photosynthetic host plants...

..Our results demonstrate that there can be a narrow checkpoint for mycorrhizal range during seedling growth relative to the more promiscuous germination and mature stages of these plants' life cycle...

..gilbertsonii and unidentified isolates from the Caribbean ("Gilbertsonii clade"). Although there is strong support for groups within the core Laetiporus clade, relationships among these groups remain poorly resolved...

..Also based on DNA sequence data, O. farinolens, recently described from Spain, is shown to be a synonym of C. giovanellae...

....

..However, the geographically most widespread clade with many representatives from both hemispheres is here referred to as P. pertenuis, a taxon that was previously considered a synonym to P. praetermissa...

..3778(T)=CBS 10826(T)), Derxomyces qinlingensis (AS 2.2446(T)=CBS 10818(T)), Derxomyces simaoensis (AS 2.3571(T)=CBS 10822(T)), Derxomyces wuzhishanensis (AS 2.3760(T)=CBS 10825(T)) and Derxomyces yunnanensis (AS 2.3562(T)=CBS 10821(T))...

..alsinearum and T. melandrii are proposed. The anamorph of Thecaphora saponariae is reported for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Sorosporium silenes-inflatae. Evolutionary aspects are discussed...

..rhodozyma (CBS 5905(T), UCD 67-210(T)) was derived as a mating-deficient basidiospore from the parent teleomorphic strain CBS 9090...

..This clade has potential use in germination and propagation of orchids. Results confirmed that a single orchid species can be associated with several mycorrhizal fungi with different functional consequences for the plant...

..2559(T) = CBS 10119(T)), Dioszegia butyracea sp. nov. (type strain: CB 261(T) = AS 2.2600(T) = CBS 10122(T)) and Dioszegia xingshanensis sp. nov. (type strain: HB 1.4(T) = AS 2.2481(T) = CBS 10120(T)) in the present study...

..The differences between the two groups and the similarity within them suggest the authority to separate the species into varieties...

..Amplification was successfully obtained using the designed primers in Pisolithus tinctorius (EM-1293). The size of the amplicon was 200 bp...

..Hence, this method allows detection of the P. horiana in any part of its latent stage and will also serve as a tool for studying the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen...

..Our studies also led to the clarification of the life cycle of Sporidiobolus pararoseus. We confirm that the teliospores of this species germinate by forming short branches of hyphae, instead of basidia...

..Lecythophora sp., and one Pezizales species. Due to high interannual differences in the EM fungal community, no significant seasonal changes could be detected. The importance of fungal mycobionts in alpine habitats is discussed...

..Differences between irregularly shaped surface thin hyphae and skeletal ones are highlighted. We stress the relevance of rhizomorphal structures in the discrimination of resupinate thelephoroid fungi...

....

..An identification key to the species of Fomitiporia recorded in China is provided. Fomitiporia tibetica is transferred to Pseudoinonotus...

..Such unidentified sequences belonging to the widely distributed ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Inocybe (Basidiomycota) were retrieved from GenBank and divided into species that were identified in a phylogenetic context using a ..

..obscurosporus, II to P. involutus s. str., and III to P. validus. The phylogenetic species had an overlapping geographical distribution. Species I and II differed partly in habitat and host preferences...

..Comparisons of disease symptoms and conidiogenesis indicate this species is synonymous with 'S. destructor'. The species is formally described here as Q. coyrecup sp. nov...

..Phylogenetic analyses of large subunit rDNA and BLAST searches using the ITS region confirm the placement of B. castanella as a unique generic lineage in the Boletaceae...

..Specific PCR primers were constructed to discriminate fruit bodies, mycelium, and mycorrhizal roots of P. niger and P. confluens from each other and from other stipitate hydnoids...

....

..The largest distribution of the iAch1 HE, shared by several cob and cox1 mitochondrial genes from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota phyla, suggests a higher target flexibility of this HE, perhaps related to the presence ..

..The information on intron positions in the EF-1alpha gene had potential usefulness in the phylogenetic inference between closely related species...

..The name Bensingtonia pseudonaganoensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain: AS 2.2601T = CBS 10121T)...

..The study shows that the spore-trapping approach has a great potential for targeting and studying anonymous fungi...

..A similar distinction also was observed based on sequence data of the ITS region such that combined results allowed for the segregation of a new species within the genus Crinipellis...

..edulis was confirmed by ITS rDNA sequence comparison between mycorrhizas and sporocarps. The singularity of this symbiotic association, as well as its ecological and practical implications, are discussed...

..longicaudum, and Thelephora terrestris). Wilcoxina mikolae and Phialophora finlandia were the most frequent fungi. Analysis of variance revealed that ascomycetes abundance was higher in nurseries that used organic fertilizer...

..S. delphinii strains have types r-1 and r-3. We discuss the implications of the common presence of ITS type r-1 for the taxonomy and evolution of this species complex...

..natalensis mounds puzzling. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the genetic population structure of a single lineage of Termitomyces...

..Sequence differences also indicated that C. perniciosa from T. cacao in Bahia is less variable (98%) when compared to the pathogen on T. cacao in Amazonas (97-98%), perhaps reflecting a recent introduction to T. cacao in Bahia...

..The cantharelloid clade contains several mycorrhizal genera, but no symbiotic associations have previously been demonstrated for Sistotrema...

..represented by strain CB 64T(= AS 2.2299T = CBS 9727T), formed nearly symmetrical ballistoconidia and was closely related with Sporobolomyces vermiculatus and Sporobolomyces gracilis in the Gracilis clade of the Erythrobasidium lineage...

The order Tilletiales (Ustilaginomycetes, Basidiomycota) includes six genera (Conidiosporomyces, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria and Tilletia) and approximately 150 species...

..epitea complex, appeared to be distinct. The molecular data also suggest that the differences in certain characteristics, such as the thickness of teliospore walls and host specificity, may have evolved relatively recently...

..In fact, no desaturase or acetylenase enzymes from entire phylum Basidiomycota, which include a very large proportion of acetylene-producing organisms and most fungi involved in wood decay, ..

..plant pathogens (such as smuts or rusts) and economically important food sources (mushrooms) within the Basidiomycota, interest in the sequence data will extend from the medical community to the agricultural industry. Because C...

..Resulting data will be disseminated via GenBank, publications in leading scientific journals and as an inexpensive commercial detection system. ..

....

..abstract_text> ..

..In the course of these investigations, new molecular reactivity will be developed that will substantially shorten current routes to polycyclic natural products and drug candidates. ..

..abstract_text> ..

....

..This work should provide new insight into the assembly of a critical iron prosthetic group in vivo and evidence that this process can be a target for intervention in a viral infection. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..In the course of these investigations, new molecular reactivity will be developed that will substantially shorten current routes to polycyclic natural _roducts and drug candidates. ..

..This proposal will develop appropriate fungal biocatalysts and strategies for PAH bioremediation. ..

..An understanding of how cells suppress this chemistry would make a significant contribution to our eventual elucidation of the molecular basis for the multitude of human pathologies often attributed in part to mismanaged ionic iron. ..

..These questions have broad relevance for understanding patterns of variation in host genes involved in pathogen recognition, as well as in the pathogen genes that are their targets. ..

....

..An understanding of how cells suppress this chemistry would make a significant contribution to our eventual elucidation of the molecular basis for the multitude of human pathologies often attributed in part to mismanaged ionic iron. ..

....

....

..Students involved in this work will benefit by gaining extremely valuable laboratory experience, and by making important contributions to our understanding of the biology of Stachybotrys. ..

..An understanding of how cells suppress this chemistry would make a significant contribution to our eventual elucidation of the molecular basis for the multitude of human pathologies often attributed in part to mismanaged ionic iron. ..

..iv) Finally, to investigate mechanisms by which a known hypovirus symptom determinant, p29, alters host phenotype. ..

..abstract_text> ..

....

..The resulting information will help NORA's objectives by providing practical methods for microbial exposure assessment and database for developing intervention strategies related to MWF exposures. ..

..Specific targets include the cognition-enhancing alkaloid huperzine A, morphine, the parent compound of the morphine alkaloids, and N-deacetyllappaconitine, representative of the Delphinium diterpenoid alkaloids. ..

..chrysosporium constructed for this purpose, and/or in vitro assays using expressed enzymes. Optimized P450 conditions and strains will be tested in bench top models of bioremediation. ..

..Determine the role of genetic factors in the transmission of a pathogen to a new host, c. Determine the role of pathogen specialization in persistence on new hosts. ..

..Thus, elucidation of the function and modulation of Mac1p in yeast will be broadly relevant to eukaryotic copper and iron metabolism in general. ..

..Most of the reagents needed to begin this work have been prepared. The details of copper metallobiochemistry which emerge from these studies will provide a paradigm for possible mechanisms of Cu-handling in higher eukaryotes...