mycobacterium paratuberculosis

..Purpose-specific tests are required to appropriately interpret and use test results for management of paratuberculosis, and relevant covariates, such as age, should be included when possible...

..of several methods of bacteriologic culture of pooled bovine fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and evaluate homogeneity in number of M paratuberculosis in pooled fecal samples...

..with high 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml) and low (10(1) to 10(2) CFU/ml) inocula of three different Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strains...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the sensitivity of bacteriologic culture of pooled fecal samples in detecting Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, compared with bacteriologic culture of individual fecal samples in dairy cattle herds...

..No reporter signal was detected during TaqMan assays performed with 100 pg of template DNA from the non-Map organisms...

..IS900 TaqMan could be a useful tool for determining viable cell counts by measuring changes in cell numbers over the incubation period...

..0% were observed for positive and negative controls included on 193 plates over a 10-month period and there was a high level of intraassay repeatability with 12.0% of the duplicate samples having CV of >15.0%...

..Results were quantitated by using a standard curve derived from a plasmid containing IS900. A minimum quantity of 1.7 x 10(-4) pg of DNA, correlating to 1 to 8 CFU, was detected...

A simple method for the enumeration of viable Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cells was developed and evaluated using the MGIT 960 culture system. For each of 12 M...

..To compare the two different diagnostic assays for the detection of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, the aetiological agent of paratuberculosis...

..expression profiles and antigenicities of both culture filtrates (CF) and cellular extracts (CE) of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), one-dimensional ..

..Survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption will need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease...

..Taken together, the results of our studies suggest that MLSSR sequencing enables facile and reproducible high-resolution subtyping of M. paratuberculosis isolates for molecular epidemiologic and population genetic analyses...

..The effect of prior exposure to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the adjuvant effect of rIL-12 on vaccine efficacy were also tested...

b>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT) is the etiological agent of paratuberculosis. The disease is prevalent throughout the world, and exacts a heavy financial toll...

..approved dairy processing establishments throughout the United Kingdom were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by immunomagnetic PCR (to detect all cells living and dead) and culture (to detect viable cells)...

..paratuberculosis isolates from different host species and provide evidence for the host specificity of some M. paratuberculosis strains as well as sharing of strains between wild and domesticated animal species...

..The combination of the two PCR assays has proven to be useful for the identification of Map but validation on a large range of clinical samples still needs to be done...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Collectively, these studies suggest that a genomics approach will help in identifying novel M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes as candidate diagnostic sequences...

..Special emphasis will be on the available diagnostic methods, their use and limitations...

Raw cows' milk naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was pasteurized with an APV HXP commercial-scale pasteurizer (capacity 2,000 liters/h) on 12 separate occasions...

..n = 389) and commercially pasteurized (n = 357) liquid-milk supplies to determine the incidence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The pasteurization time-temperature conditions were recorded for all pasteurized samples...

..This lack of difference indicates that the most common M. a. paratuberculosis isolates in Norway may infect both cattle and goats...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate the utility of genomic data to identify potential diagnostic sequences...

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..Strong amplifications were obtained with several PCR primers described for detection of IS900. This finding shows the need of alternative PCR systems based on other genes than IS900 to confirm the presence of M. paratuberculosis...

..The finding of the organism colonizing a proportion of people without Crohn's disease is consistent with what occurs in other conditions caused by a primary bacterial pathogen in susceptible hosts...

..One hundred dairy herds were tested for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis at 6-month intervals by pooled faecal culture (five individual animal samples per pool) with solid ..

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis was verified by amplicon sequencing. The rate of detection of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in individuals with CD is highly significant and implicates this chronic enteric pathogen in disease causation...

..MLVA typing subdivided the most predominant RFLP type, R01, into six subtypes and thus provides a promising molecular subtyping approach to study the diversity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

b>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT), the agent of paratuberculosis is a slow growing mycobacteria that causes important economic losses mainly due to lower weight gains and drastic decrease in milk production...

..Hence, both raw and pasteurised cows' milk are potential vehicles of transmission of M. paratuberculosis to humans...

..All isolates were genotyped as Type II strains, except two isolates that resembled the intermediate group referred as Type III...

b>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mptb) is the causative agent of Johne's disease of ruminant animals including cattle, goats, and sheep...

..In addition, the experimental evidence defining MAP as the cause of Johne's disease and the issues and controversies surrounding its potential pathogenic role in humans are discussed...

There is renewed enthusiasm for exploring the possibility that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis may be causative in Crohn's disease (CD). We aimed to determine whether CD subjects are more likely to be M...

..Stimulation of PBMCs from clinically infected cows with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis tended to decrease expression of 83 genes (fold change, >1.5)...

..Finally, the potential application of this multiplex PCR system in milk analysis is demonstrated through analysis of raw milk samples artificially contaminated with MAP...

..avium paratuberculosis in 20 ml artificially contaminated semi-skimmed milk. The assay will be a useful addition to the range of diagnostic tools available for the study of M. avium paratuberculosis...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cows, as well as pooled samples from a dairy herd with a confirmed history of paratuberculosis...

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..SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The high sensitivity of the applied method allows reliable testing of bovine semen used for artificial insemination to prevent the spread of Johne's disease, caused by MAP...

..These results show that there are genetic differences between Map isolates related to geographic and host factors that have a potential use in the epidemiological tracing of new paratuberculosis isolates...

..The majority of these animals had not been in direct or indirect contact with sheep flocks infected with M. a. paratuberculosis. This fact should be taken into account when implementing paratuberculosis control programs...

..Furthermore, the entire procedure (extraction and PCR) was performed in less than 3 h and was successfully adapted to quantify M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in spiked milk from heavily and mildly contaminated samples...

Our objective was to estimate the effect of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on milk, fat, and protein yield deviations, pregnancy rate, lactation somatic cell score, and projected total months in milk (productive life)...

..It then focuses on the potential mechanisms Map might employ to survive and disseminate in the environment, including interaction with protozoa and insects, dormancy, biofilm formation and aerosolization...

..Control cultures were negative. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has the potential for long-term persistence in environmental protists...

..9% (5 of 101) in mesenteric lymph nodes, 0.9% (1 of 101) in ileum tissue, and 3.6% (3 of 84) in milk. Meanwhile, for 2.9% (3 of 101) of the culled cows, MAP DNA was detected in samples of diaphragmatic muscles...

Campylobacter jejuni and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease...

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..Further, the results of our analyses reveal a relatively higher degree of genetic heterogeneity among M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from human and ovine sources...

..Organisms from feces or contaminated soil grew more slowly than those from cultures or tissues, and separate equations were developed for enumeration from these sources...

Acid resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was examined as a function of growth conditions (i.e., in vitro growth medium and pH). M...

b>Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. The disease is prevalent in cattle worldwide, and exacts a heavy financial toll...

..Additionally, this study confirms that mycobacteria-specific antibody is detectable early in the course of experimental Johne's disease, even preceding the development of specific cell-mediated responses...

..Antibody was not detected in either beef or bison calves during the 6 mo infection period. These results indicate that the host response to strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may differ between ruminant species...

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..Application of these new tools in addressing foodborne related issues of M. paratuberculosis is discussed...

..We found that non-vertebrates, wild ruminants or non-ruminant wildlife can be vectors and potentially become a risk factor in the spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection...

Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection, is a worldwide problem for the dairy industry and has a possible involvement in Crohn's disease in humans...

..Thus, our data demonstrate that transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms are responsible for a differential IRG1 gene expression in murine macrophages treated with LPS, MAP, and M. smegmatis...

..However, diagnostic tests showed that none of the animals in the case herds was infected with M a paratuberculosis...

..More subclinically infected animals need to be tested and confirmed infected before estimates of sensitivity and specificity can be made...

..Twelve dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were fitted with rumen cannulas in late gestation and assigned to treatment groups: control, n = 6; or ..

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..320. PPA-ELISA can be useful as a collective herd test and can be recommended as a screening test for identification of infected herds and foci of Johne's disease...

..When this study is compared with a similar study performed in Austria 1999, a significant increase of positive cattle and farms could be seen in Austria...

..This allowed a more informative ranking of the herds where low ranking and high ranking herds were easier to identify...

..Surprisingly, the hygiene level in the calving area was not found to affect the odds of infection...

..Therefore, Bayesian analysis was the preferred method for Map that lacks a gold-standard and usually has low cow-level prevalence...

..To evaluate the seroprevalence of paratuberculosis by use of 2 commercial ELISAs in association with prevalence of fecal shedding of mycobacteria within beef cattle herds...

..At the cow and herd levels, milk ELISA performed equivalent to serum ELISA using fecal culture as a reference for MAP infection and has the advantage of decreased labor costs on farms that use Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing...

..paratuberculosis concentrations in environmental samples...

..The percentage of ELISA-positive cows was 16.8%. Overall agreement between antibody detection and MAP-positive faecal culture was 15.4%...

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..avium subsp. paratuberculosis or other mycobacteria. Based on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the SELISA appears superior to the commercial ELISAs routinely used for the diagnosis of JD...

..In conclusion, the IFN-gamma test may be applied for screening of cattle of 1 and 2 years of age for exposure to M. paratuberculosis and the antibody ELISAs from 3 years of age...

..Environmental sampling was an effective and inexpensive method of identifying herds infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis...

..Moreover, the FCM is objective, technically easy and can be automated for handling large numbers of samples. This novel assay might form the basis of a highly sensitive and subspecies-specific test for the diagnosis of JD...

..The apparent cow level prevalence was 1.7% and 2.6% on the milk and serum ELISA, respectively. The serum and milk assays agreed moderately...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection...

..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that for the 9 herds in this study, paratuberculosis significantly decreased milk production and cow longevity...

..Removal of seropositive, clinically unaffected cows and their daughters would be necessary to reduce infection with MAP attributable to congenital or peri-parturient transmission from dam to daughter...

..529. Overall, the sensitivities of the ELISAs when compared to tissue culture were low. The apparent advantage of the unabsorbed ELISA with respect to sensitivity is at the cost of lowered specificity and test accuracy...

..In conclusion, the ISMap02 element provides a very sensitive and specific alternative as a diagnostic reagent for use in PCR assays for the detection of paratuberculosis...

..In this study, change in S/P was not a useful predictor of infection status in seronegative cows...

..183, respectively), with a corresponding increase in precision (PSD = 0.096 and 0.082, respectively). This study demonstrates that exploitable genetic variation exists in dairy cattle for M. paratuberculosis infection susceptibility...

..samples from 359 dairy cattle in seven paratuberculosis-free herds and 2,094 dairy cattle in seven Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected dairy herds...

..The results indicated that for sheep the interferon-gamma test may be useful for determining if a flock has been exposed to ovine Johne's disease...

..Serum samples were tested with a commercially available ELISA for antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, and preserved milk samples were tested with an indirect ELISA for antibodies against M ..

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..Veterinarians should be aware of risk factors for paratuberculosis as well as the possibility that unexpected serologic results may be found in some herds...

..For a given ELISA S/P ratio, older cows and those with lower 305 ME milk production relative to other cows in the herd were significantly more likely to be shedding MAP in their feces at the end of lactation...

..54). Monensin use might be associated with milk-ELISA positivity, but its impact on the transmission of paratuberculosis remains unknown...

..This cost-efficient assay allows reporting of results as early as 4 h after fecal collection, which can be particularly useful in highthroughput herd screening...

..The PPDs were more potent at stimulating IFN-gamma production than the whole cell sonicate. In conclusion, whole blood should be stored/transported at ambient room temperature and stimulated within 12 h of collection...

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..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Annual importation rate, herd size, and whether cows in the herd had clinical signs typical of MAP infection were associated with the risk that individual cows would be seropositive for MAP infection...

..paratuberculosis to maintain a specific biological niche that is not shared by the closely related M. avium subspecies avium. ..

..Ultimately, the outcome of this study will go a long way toward clearing up the MAP debate. ..

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..This knowledge will contribute to identification of specific bacterial mechanisms that can be targeted for development of novel and innovative bacterial control strategies, including new antibacterial therapeutics. ..

..More broadly, L. monocytogenes will serve as a model system for examining the role of alternative sigma factor-directed general stress response systems in survival and pathogenesis of gram-positive food-borne pathogens. ..

..This knowledge will contribute to identification of specific bacterial mechanisms that can be targeted for development of novel and innovative bacterial control strategies, including new antibacterial therapeutics. ..