mollusca

Spermatocyte chromosomes of the slug Milax nigricans (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) were studied using silver staining (Ag-NOR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with four repetitive DNA probes [18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, (TTAGGG)n ..

..The Iberian finds show that European Neandertals were no different from coeval Africans in this regard, countering genetic/cognitive explanations for the emergence of symbolism and strengthening demographic/social ones...

..Whether recognised as cryptic species or not, genetic diversity in Antarctic marine invertebrates appears higher than expected from morphological analyses, and supports the Antarctic biodiversity pump phenomenon...

..Possible cognitive implications of shellfish gathering as a reflection of modern behavior are also suggested...

..The genes of this family are poorly studied in Mollusca, which is the second largest metazoan phylum...

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..The transcription of Vtg mRNA appeared to be promoted by estradiol-17beta (E2) not by VPF although VPF may enhance the translation of Vtg mRNA...

..This paper reviews the chemistry, sources, metabolism and toxicology of domoic acid as well as human case reports of ASP and discusses a possible mechanism of toxicity...

..The observed changes are consistent with a transition to (001) aragonite growth on a (1014) calcite surface...

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..The presence of OA and PTX-2s were more frequently seen in the summer, while DA and GD were detected throughout the year and without any obvious seasonal patterns...

..The test morphologies of neomenioid larvae are compared to those of pericalymma larvae of protobranch bivalves, and the homology and evolution of molluscan larval tests is discussed...

..Our results characterized a topographic and time-dependent zonation of matrix proteins involved in shell biomineralization in the mantle of Haliotis...

..Thus, perlustrin may provide a first clue at the molecular level to what these two phylogenetically rather distant biomineralization systems have in common...

..We suggest that engrailed became involved in shell formation because of its ancestral role, which is to set up compartment boundaries between embryonic domains...

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..events, namely segment compartmentation in the Annelida and Arthropoda, protoconch formation in the Mollusca, skeletogenesis in the Echinodermata, and limb formation in vertebrates...

..Thus, our data demonstrate the conservative pattern of molluscan neurogenesis and suggest independent origin of molluscan and annelid trochophores...

..a variety of diverse metazoan taxa reveals that the phylum Sipuncula is more closely related to Annelida than to Mollusca. This requires reinterpretation of the homology of several embryological features and of patterns of animal body ..

..While cytological homology of the ampullary cells with those of other organs is probable, the ampullary system as a whole is regarded as a synapomorphy of the Polyplacophora or Chitonida...

..The concentration or dilution effect, due to decreases or increases in biomass, documented for other species and toxins, has little importance in Pecten maximus...

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..By MTT assay, the IC(50) values of G-4-2 were 22.9 microg/mL, 46.1 microg/mL and 57.7 microg/mL against Hela, HL-60 and KB cell lines, respectively, and the IC(50) value of G-6 against HL-60 cell line was measured to be 123.2 microg/mL...

..This supports the notion that the molluscs are not segmented like the annelids, and that the repeated structures seen in polyplacophorans and monoplacophorans do not represent a segmentation homologous to that of the annelids...

..We inferred from the results that some of the biofilm bacteria could play a role in the mineral formation processes...

..Because the adult shell muscles are entirely independent from the various larval muscular systems, several current hypotheses on the ontogeny and phylogeny of the early gastropod muscle system have to be reconsidered...

..Its modular structure suggests that Lustrin A is a multifunctional protein, whereas the occurrence of related sequences suggest it is a member of a multiprotein family...

FMRFamide is one of the well-known peptides studied within the phylum Mollusca. It was first isolated from the clam Macrocallista nimbosa during the end of the 1960s...

..We suggest that assessment of the conservation status of invertebrate species is neglected in the IUCN Red List and not managed in the same way as for vertebrate species...

The Mollusca represent one of the most morphologically diverse animal phyla, prompting a variety of hypotheses on relationships between the major lineages within the phylum based upon morphological, developmental, and paleontological data...

..Accordingly, this study provides further evidence for morphological plasticity in gastropod myogenesis and stresses the importance of ontogenetic approaches to understand adult conditions and life history patterns...

..Our results also indicate that it may be difficult to predict carbohydrate-binding specificity and the occurrence of alternative binding configurations by amino-acid sequence comparisons and homology modeling...

..marked seriality of ctenidia, atria, muscles and nephridia and this has been interpreted as plesiomorphic for Mollusca, reflecting a segmented ancestry...

..gallina the midpiece contained four mitochondria. Comparison with other members of Veneroida shows a common ectaquasperm type, but novel findings in acrosome biogenesis...

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..Induction of settlement and metamorphosis results in further changes in developmental gene expression, which apparently is necessary for the complete transformation of the larval body plan into the adult form...

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..In addition, the joint analysis suggests that ecological speciation is probable to explain current patterns...

..We determined the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Siphonodentalium lobatum, (Mollusca, Scaphopoda). With only 13,932 bases, it is the shortest molluscan mitochondrial genome reported so far...

..Additionally, this study represents the first published report on the topic for sub-Saharan, African harbours, some of which seem remarkably less affected than suggested for other world regions...

..The relative position of the trnP gene between the trnA and nad6 genes was found to be a synapomorphy of opisthobranchs that supports their monophyly...

..This study aimed to produce recombinant Helix aspersa (brown garden snail) tropomyosin and investigate its implication for cross-reactivity among invertebrates...

..Both serotonin and FMRFamide-related peptides could be involved in osmoregulation...

..Given that the maximum expected estuarine and marine concentrations are 3 to > 30 times lower than the PNEC, the risk of LAS to pelagic organisms in these environments is judged to be low...

..Strains of the same species will share at least 95% concatenated sequence similarity using the seven loci, and, most importantly, cospecific strains will form cohesive readily recognizable phylogenetic clades...

..Analysis of PCB concentrations from the 1980s to 1990s shows an increasing trend, possibly due to the improper disposal of and leakage from PCB containers, chemical transfers, and the general rise of industrial pollution...

..Basic physiological and ecological processes can drive wide differences in exposure and effects among species, but such processes are rarely considered in traditional evaluations of contaminant impacts...

..Alternative proposals, which explain the presence of the compounds in marine samples, are addressed briefly in the paper...

..This work has revealed a number of substantial gaps in published empirical data especially for European aquatic environments...

..The results of the geographical survey exhibited a similar large-scale spatial pattern for the two species and followed the metal concentration distributions measured in the waters...

..In addition, up to 40 % of patients sensitized to one or more fish do not present symptoms on consuming other species, the best tolerated of which belong to the Scombroidea family (which includes tuna)...

..Without intervention, this situation will be exacerbated in the future...

..g. polychaeta accumulated preferably Co, Cr, Cu, and Pb; crustacea - As, Cd, and Ni; mollusca - Zn...

..Other commonly used test species had relatively low levels of metabolism (Ampelisca abdita, Leptocheirus plumulosus, and Macoma balthica), supporting their use in evaluation of potential PAH impact on the environment...

..Total butyltin concentrations found in rabbit fish liver (11-38 micrograms/g wet wt), collected from the Colombo dockyard, could be the highest ever reported for fish in the world...

..55-1.1 microg g-1). Mercury was detected in the samples (55%) from marine habitat only. The concentrations of OCPs and HMs in the samples, in general, were below the maximum residual level recommended by various organizations...

..hyemalis) was apparently adsorbed, suggesting an external source such as the air. It means that the adsorption of 210Po on the feather surface may be an important transfer from air to water...

..However, during the last sampling, some points showed an increase in biotic indices, pointing to a slight improvement in environmental conditions...

..The concentration factor of 210Po for the biotic components ranged from approximately 10(3) to 10(6) while for 210Pb it ranged from approximately 10(3) to 10(5)...

..This study showed finally that the copper in the lake is bioavailable and bioaccumulated by organisms up to high levels and some effects of long-term toxicity of copper on benthic community and planktonic biomass were pointed out...

..The antiquity of the taxa in the modern Indo-Australian Archipelago hotspot emphasizes the role of pre-Pleistocene events in shaping modern diversity patterns...

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..nov., sp. nov. is proposed for the six isolates; the type strain is MKT 106(T) (=IAM 14998(T)=LMG 21761(T))...

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..4 and 40.0% of flesh samples of spider octopus and pink cuttlefish, respectively. The estimated weekly intake, 0.09 to 0.66 microg/kg body weigh, was below the provisional tolerable weekly intake set by the World Health Organization...

..livescens. Gobies and other species of shellfishes were nontoxic. Although the rate of toxic specimens in all samples was low and showed no seasonal trends, the TTX contents of toxic specimens were higher than safety criteria value...

..The results presented indicate that strains phenotypically identified as V. harveyi are in fact V. campbellii; these findings position V. campbellii as an important species involved in diseases of reared aquatic organisms...

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..28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) detected in all the analysed samples far exceed the action limit of 200 ng/g fat weight recommended by the European Union for eggs, fresh pig meat, fresh poultry meat, and derived products...

..33% of the extracts concentrations (0.83 microL extract well(-1)). All the dilutions of sample N1 were cytotoxic to the H4IIE cells...

..We observed a substitution of a community characterized by the presence of Polychaeta, Crustacea and Mollusca, for another dominated by nematodes (up to 98%), in the stations closer to the discharge where salinity values ..

..Metal concentrations recorded in this area may be used for background levels for intraspecific comparison within the Tyrrhenian area, a body of water about which information is still very scarce...

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..Starfish could be target organisms for monitoring TPT compound in the marine environment, due to their high accumulation and low degradation capacity towards TPT...

..This study highlighted the ability of the variegated scallop C. varia to concentrate numerous trace elements to high levels, even those reported as poorly bioavailable for marine biota, such as rare earth elements...

..Nevertheless, Hg concentrations remained relatively low in the three bivalve species...

..In particular, female penis lengths were significantly correlated (r = 0.917 and r = 0.982, P<0.05) to tributyltin (TBT) contents and the sum of organotin compounds in organisms...

..Lawrence River and that macrophytes and their associated epiphytes should also be used as biomonitors...

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..Continued monitoring in this area is needed during this change in flow regime...

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..The mean individual dose from 210Po in the seafood consumed varies from 39 microSv for general populations to 2802 microSv for the "critical group" consuming 320 kg of fish per year. The dose from 137Cs is negligible...

..The current approach critically reviews the exposure and especially the effect analyses in the reports or drafts, considering also potential endocrine effects of the plasticizers...

..Independently of the bivalve species considered, the major contribution to the total WHO-TEQ comes from 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, at about the same levels of the 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PCDD...

..Future studies would benefit from a standardisation of experimental procedures, increasing the number of combined laboratory and field studies, and increasing the complexity of the experiments undertaken...

..orbita may reflect a general decrease of butyltin contamination within the coastal environment. However, the persistence of contamination "hotspots" within harbours and bays remains a concern...

..The results suggest that TBT contamination is worsening, against global trends, because regulations prohibiting the use of TBT-based paints, do not exist in Thailand...

..Organisms have relatively low values (8-30 microg/g for bivalves, and 10-40 microg/g for fish)...

..The findings suggest that it took at least 2-3 years for the intertidal animal community to recover to its original level after the oil spill...

..The site also includes oil seeps, gas hydrate deposits, locally anoxic sediments, and slabs of authigenic carbonate. Asphalt volcanism creates a habitat for chemosynthetic life that may be widespread at great depth in the Gulf of Mexico...

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..g., soot and organic carbon content) and contaminant characteristics when predicting ecological risk of PAH-contaminated sediments...

..Taken together, these findings are consistent with an environmental source of thiotrophic symbionts in Bathymodiolus mussels, although an environmentally "leaky" system of vertical transmission could not be excluded...

..Despite the complexity of factors affecting MAA composition, the prevalence of MAAs in some species is consistent with protection afforded to offspring against negative effects of UV radiation...

..In addition, only L. anuloederans appeared to enhance phenanthrene degradation in heavily contaminated sediment from Little Mystic Cove, Boston Harbor, Boston, Mass...

..Thus, it is concluded here that two lineages of chemoautotrophic bacteria, phylogenetically distinct at the subdivision level, occur as the primary endosymbiont in one host-animal type, which is unknown for the other metazoans...

..These studies will help to elucidate general principles underlying the organization of polysensory neural systems generating behavior and their modification by learning. ..

..These studies will help elucidate general principles underlying the organization of neural systems generating behavior and its modification by experience. ..

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..Collectively, these studies of learning and memory will help to elucidate basic mechanisms of short- and long-term memory and provide insights into the relationship between memory mechanisms and clinical disorders of memory . ..

..Collectively, these studies of learning and memory will help to elucidate basic mechanisms of short- and long-term memory and provide insights into the relationship between memory mechanisms and clinical disorders of memory . ..

..Collectively, these studies of learning and memory will help to elucidate basic mechanisms of short- and long-term memory and provide insights into the relationship between memory mechanisms and clinical disorders of memory . ..

..Thus, significant gains can be made in our understanding of the synthesis of this gaseous messenger in the brain. This work will also contribute to our understanding of the neural functions in normal and pathological conditions. ..

..Thus, the results of this research may help in the development of treatments for alcohol addiction. ..

..Successful completion of the research will form the basis for investigating how alterations in this pathway contributes to psychiatric disease such as schizophrenia and alcoholism. ..

..The Florida sites represent the historical constituency of this meeting. The South East Nerve Net aids in training students for careers in neuroscience by introducing them to researchers from across the Southeastern United States. ..

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..Ratiometric fura-2 imaging methods will be used to see if the interstimulus intervals that result in successful EU-conditioning match a specific [Ca2+]i level. ..

..It is likely to have a high impact on future neuroscience research as it implements a unique neuroinformatics approach to neuron identification and neural circuit analysis. ..

..In summary, the proposed research will be sharply aimed at the discovery and very rapid development of new anticancer drugs for the NCI programs directed at improving human cancer treatments. ..

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..Once the remarkable natural adhesives used by animals are understood, it may be possible to design adhesives with similar properties that could be used in a wide variety of medical applications. ..

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..Other potential intracellular and extracellular signals for induction and maintenance of persistent nociceptor hyperexcitability will begin to be screened in individual cells. ..

..There is mounting evidence that growth factors play important roles in embryonic cell determination. ..

..In particular, the functional roles of synaptic depression are investigated. Insights gained from this study are applicable to other rhythmic networks that show activity-dependent changes in synaptic efficacy. ..