reading

b>Reading systematically activates the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus, at a site known as the visual word form area (VWFA)...

Whether normal word reading includes a stage of visual processing selectively dedicated to word or letter recognition is highly debated...

..These results suggest that reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the spatial representation of numbers.

The goal of this review is to evaluate the literature on binocular coordination during reading and non-reading tasks in adult, child, and dyslexic populations...

The first steps in the process of reading a printed word belong to the domain of visual object perception...

Binocular coordination of the eyes during reading was examined...

..These results indicate a surprising level of orthographic involvement in speech perception, and provide clear evidence for mandatory orthographic activation during spoken word recognition...

..Here, we report an association between DCDC2 and reading and spelling ability in 522 families of adolescent twins unselected for reading impairment...

..Participants performed self-paced reading of garden path sentences, in which structurally unexpected words cause temporary syntactic processing difficulty...

..that a left occipitotemporal region implements the automatic visual word recognition required for efficient reading. This theory was assessed in a patient in whom reading was explored with behavioral measures, fMRI, and ..

We examined the relations among phonological awareness, music perception skills, and early reading skills in a population of 100 4- and 5-year-old children...

..of computational model have been shown to account for various facets of both normal and impaired single word reading: (a) the connectionist triangle model, (b) the dual-route cascaded model, and (c) the connectionist dual process ..

..but greater activity than identical pairs, mirroring the pattern of behavioral facilitation as measured by word reading times...

..for words relative to common objects; why this particular part of the visual system is reproducibly engaged in reading; and whether reading expertise also relies on perceptual learning within earlier visual areas...

..In reading, the version and vergence system interact in a way that is qualitatively similar to what has been observed in ..

Studies of skilled reading [Price, C. J., & Mechelli, A. Reading and reading disturbance. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 231-238, 2005], its acquisition in children [Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Mencl, W. E...

..Here we investigate the hypothesis that the accurate perception of musical metrical structure is related to basic auditory perception of rise time, and also to phonological and literacy development in children...

..KIAA0319, DCDC2 and DYX1C1 genes in a sample of 520 individuals and tested them for association with reading and spelling measures...

Recent evidence indicates that each eye does not always fixate the same letter during reading and there has been some suggestion that processing difficulty may influence binocular coordination...

b>Reading aloud involves computing the sound of a word from its visual form. This may be accomplished 1) by direct associations between spellings and phonology and 2) by computation from orthography to meaning to phonology...

Theories of reading have posited the existence of a neural representation coding for whole real words (i.e., an orthographic lexicon), but experimental support for such a representation has proved elusive...

Numerous studies concerned with cerebral structures underlying word reading have been published during the last decade...

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..They also suggest that under data-limited conditions a deadline mechanism for generating "no" responses in the lexical decision task may not necessarily be functional...

..Comparisons of the incongruous Stroop condition were made with both color naming and word reading baselines...

..Early event-related cortical responses during reading differentiated pleasant and unpleasant words from neutral words...

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..The results provide a reference for the normal development of binocular motor control and have important implications for reading in young children.

Although interactivity is considered a fundamental principle of cognitive (and computational) models of reading, it has received far less attention in neural models of reading that instead focus on serial stages of feed-forward ..

The significant role of the left midfusiform cortex in reading found in recent neuroimaging studies has led to the visual word form area (VWFA) hypothesis...

b>Reading involves saccades and fixations. Misalignment of the eyes should be small enough to allow sensory fusion. Recent studies reported disparity of the eyes during fixations. This study examines disconjugacy, i.e...

..These results support the idea of embodied visual perception of handwritten scripts and the involvement of the motor cortex in the underlying action-perception link...

To identify dysfunctional brain regions critical for impaired reading/spelling of words/pseudowords by evaluating acute stroke patients on lexical tests and magnetic resonance imaging, before recovery or reorganization of structure-..

..3) as a susceptibility gene for dyslexia is unclear. We report the association of this gene with reading and spelling ability in a sample of adolescent twins and their siblings...

..Our study clearly illuminates that the plasticity of the VWFA can be shaped by short-term language experience, bridging the gap between short-term and long-term experiences in language learning...

Bilingual individuals have been shown to access their native language while reading in or listening to their other language. However, it is unknown what type of mental representation (e.g., sound or spelling) they retrieve...

..Nintendo Wii Big Brain Academy software over the course of 1 month and, in a second month, completed 20 one-hr reading sessions with articles on 4 different current topics (order of assignment was counterbalanced for the ..

According to the "modular" hypothesis, reading is a serial feedforward process, with part of left ventral occipitotemporal cortex the earliest component tuned to familiar orthographic stimuli...

..We discuss how the Interactive Account explains left vOT responses during normal reading and developmental dyslexia; and how it accounts for the behavioural consequences of left vOT damage.

b>Reading action-related verbs brings about sensorimotor neural activity, suggesting that the linguistic representation of actions impinges upon neural structures largely overlapping with those involved in actual action execution...

..Semantic constraint effects were larger in production than in reading. Frequency effects were larger in production than in reading without constraining context but larger in reading ..

..This convergence suggests that fusiform regions are specialized for extracting and storing abstract patterns when processing visual objects and these patterns serve as recognition units in subsequent encounters with the same objects...

..In the absence of attention, however, their access to a second stage of distributed parieto-frontal processing may remain blocked...

Saccadic eye movements and fixations are the behavioral means by which we visually sample text during reading. Human oculomotor control is governed by a complex neurophysiological system involving the brain stem, superior colliculus, and ..

The development of reading depends on phonological awareness across all languages so far studied. Languages vary in the consistency with which phonology is represented in orthography...

..A key function of many of these genes is their involvement in neuronal migration. This complements anatomical abnormalities discovered in dyslexic brains, such as ectopias, that may be the result of irregular neuronal migration...

..study known to examine exposure-effect relations between aircraft and road traffic noise exposure and reading comprehension...

Functional neuroimaging and lesion studies have frequently reported thalamic and putamen activation during reading and speech production...

..functional and morphometric (voxel-based morphometry) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study on mirror reading. Compared with normal reading, mirror reading resulted in an activation of the dorsolateral occipital cortex, ..

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..We discuss the implications of these results for the time line of word recognition processes, and emphasise the value of ERRCs in combination with source analysis in psycholinguistic and cognitive brain research...

..this locus as a susceptibility gene contributing to dyslexia, analyzed as a categorical trait, and analyzed key reading phenotypes as quantitative traits using six polymorphisms including the two previously reported to be associated ..

Although it is largely agreed that phonological processing deficits are a major cause of poor reading, the neural origins of phonological processing are not well understood...

..vOT) cortex to visual word processing has triggered a considerable debate about the role of this region in reading. One popular view is that the left vOT underlies the perceptual expertise needed for rapid skilled reading...

Eye movements are now widely used to investigate cognitive processes during reading, scene perception, and visual search...

..We argue that a split fovea affects the reading of words at fixation, something that must be recognised and accounted for by cognitive, computational and neural ..

..The second view, the "vertical" approach, assumes that on-line reformulation does not take place while reading: translation involves giving lexical expression to the meaning extracted after comprehension [Seleskovitch, D...

..These results argue for large-scale architecture networks rather than modular organization of language in the left hemisphere...

This article describes the Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) model, a computational model of visual word recognition and reading aloud...

..Our findings have implications for the role of left OT activation during reading. More generally, they show that studies using low statistical thresholds in single subject analyses should ..

We report a random-effects analysis of an event-related fMRI study (n = 28) of cerebral activity during the reading of sentences that ended with a word that was either congruent or incongruent with the previous sentence context...

During reading, dyslexic readers exhibit more and longer fixations and a higher percentage of regressions than normal readers...

..Access to single phonemes, in contrast, shifted from an early preliteracy advantage for (monophonemic) onsets to a literacy-based preference for codas...

Developmental dyslexia is characterized by poor reading ability and impairments on a range of tasks including phonological processing and processing of sensory information...

Current models of word reading differ in their descriptions of how print-to-sound conversion is performed...

..Two experiments investigated the effect of neighborhood density on reading aloud when phonological density was varied while orthographic density was held constant, and vice versa...

..was investigated by means of three different tasks, namely auditory word monitoring (Experiment 1), self-paced reading (Experiment 2) and cross-modal comparison (Experiment 3)...

..g., ethos). Taken together, our findings suggest that words are coloured incrementally by a process of competition between constituent graphemes, in which stressed graphemes and word-initial graphemes are disproportionately weighted...

..The implications of these findings for accounts of AoA and its locus of effect are discussed...

..This finding suggests that it is not the form but the meaning of graphemes (whether they are interpreted as digits or letters) that determines the colours of synaesthetic photisms...

..In the present study, we tested samples of reading-impaired and normally achieving children between 10 and 13 years of age with tests of reading skills, language ..

..Furthermore, we also observed robust linear inhibitory effects of number of syllables. Implications for models of visual word recognition are discussed...

..growth and the segmental restructuring of lexical representations: precursors to phonemic awareness and early reading ability. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 89-120)...

..the latencies of gaze shifting and picture naming, but the pictures yielded no such latency effects in word reading. The picture-word asymmetry was obtained even with equivalent reading and naming latencies...

Contrary to the received view that reading aloud reflects processes that are "automatic," recent evidence suggests that some of these processes require a form of attention...

Metalinguistic awareness (an awareness about the structure of orthography) had been considered vital for reading acquisition. The awareness of phonological regularity and consistency had been found in advanced readers in recent research...

..and phonological and morphological transparency affect the processing of Finnish modifier-head agreement in reading. Readers' eye movement patterns were registered...

..More generally, these data are consistent with the claim that the posterior parietal cortex is crucial for individuating a stimulus by computing its unique spatio-temporal characteristics...

..span readers' abilities to process Chinese subject-relative and object-relative clause structures in a self-paced reading paradigm...

..there is a correlation between performance on semantic tasks such as picture naming and lexical tasks such as reading aloud...

..The present findings indicate for the first time that, in reading, the direction of script is automatically processed and the position of the word beginning is coded before the ..

..This effect was found to be robust for kanji but not for kana, which is related to distinctions between these two writing systems...

..for adults, and some researchers have proposed that these effects could be progressively modulated according to reading expertise...

Currently, learning disabilities (LD) are diagnosed on the basis of the discrepancy between students' IQ and reading achievement scores. Students diagnosed with LD often receive remedial instruction in resource rooms...

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..The effect was also found when identification was hindered through the isolation of particular phonemes, suggesting that phoneme information may be present in memory traces for recently spoken words...

..Recognition accuracy was reduced by divided attention on both recognition tests, and semantically and phonetically encoded words were equally affected...

..Thus, transposed-letter effects seem to occur at an early orthographic, graphemic level, rather than at a syllable level. We examine the implications of the observed results for the input coding schemes in visual word recognition...

..These dimensions may be cued both by subjective feelings of familiarity and the extent to which semantic information is available and by episodic traces due to recent encounters with the item...

..Working memory (WM) capacity was assessed using reading span or forward and backward digit span tests...

..Children with dyslexia performed faster than normal-reading children--in particular, remarkably, with letters...

..Moreover, our findings provided event-related potential evidence for the inhibition of attention theory of inhibition of return...

..The implications of this new perspective toward the language-perception interface are discussed in the context of the general linguistic relativity debate...

..tasks do not represent how we normally read, it is not clear if phonological neighborhood has an effect on the reading of sentences for meaning...

..showed that the automatization or "speed" group progressed more than the context group in word and text reading efficiency, and the effect transferred to more complex word types than the CVC word type that was presented in ..

..Variation in orthographic transparency may shape the architecture of the reading system and also the manifestation of reading difficulties...

..processing of derived forms in high-functioning dyslexics, defined as university students with a history of reading difficulties who have age-appropriate reading comprehension skills...

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..The results provide constraints on the types of connections that can exist between orthographic lexical representations and phonological lexical representations...

..These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia are not impaired in syntactic structure assignment as reflected by the ELAN, but show deficits in semantic-syntactic integration processes underlying the P600...

..This work studies the cascading consequences of visual-motor development in typically developing infants (18-24-month-olds), a necessary scientific foundation to effective early diagnoses and therapies. ..

A series of studies will be conducted to examine the nature of codes utilized in reading. The studies deal with how orthographic, phonological, lexical, and semantic codes are used in foveal and parafoveal vision during reading...

The present proposal examines the principles governing language comprehension in reading. The proposed studies examine the principles underlying the syntactic analysis of sentences, principles determining the semantic interpretation of ..

..The research described in this proposal is concerned with on-line language comprehension processing during reading. In the proposal, a number of studies are outlined in which eye movement data are collected as subjects read ..

The research described in this proposal is concerned with on-line word recognition processes during silent reading. In the proposal, a number of studies are described in which eye movement and electrophysiological data are collected as ..

A series of studies will be conducted to examine the nature of codes utilized in reading. The studies deal with how orthographic, phonological, lexical, and semantic codes are used in foveal and parafoveal vision during reading...

A series of studies will be conducted to examine the nature of codes utilized in reading. The studies deal with how orthographic, phonological, lexical, and semantic codes are used in foveal and parafoveal vision during reading...

..Included within these foci are the implications for such applied issues as reading and reading assessment, television viewing, mathematics and science learning, and the consequences of evolving ..

A series of studies will be conducted to examine the nature of codes utilized in reading. The studies deal with how orthographic, phonological, lexical, and semantic codes are used in foveal and parafoveal vision during reading...

Encoding of text during reading differs fundamentally from the encoding of speech in that reading requires the active selection for processing of to-be-recognized words from a spatially ordered set of visual symbols...

The research described in this proposal is concerned with on-line word recognition processes during silent reading. In the proposal, a number of studies are described in which eye movement and electrophysiological data are collected as ..

..The second aim of the proposed research project is to test the hypothesis that slow peripheral reading is due to an inability of the periphery to take advantage of text cues such as redundancy and parafoveal preview ..

b>Reading is difficult and slow for many low vision patients, especially those whose central retina is damaged, and thus are obligated to use their peripheral retina...

DESCRIPTION (Adapted From The Applicant's Abstract): This is a grant directed at the problem of reading in low vision patients...

b>Reading is difficult and slow for many low vision patients, especially those whose central retina is damaged, and thus are obligated to use their peripheral retina...

b>Reading is arguably the most important and difficult skill that productive members of literate societies have to master...

b>Reading is arguably the most important and difficult skill that productive members of literate societies have to master...

b>Reading is arguably the most important and difficult skill that productive members of literate societies have to master...

..The research component will focus on mechanisms underlying compensation for the non-fluent, inaccurate reading seen in dyslexic readers. The work will take place at Boston University, the MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A...

..This work studies the cascading consequences of visual-motor development in typically developing infants (18-24-month-olds), a necessary scientific foundation to effective early diagnoses and therapies. ..

..Results of all studies will be evaluated using state-of-the-art multi- level techniques (at the individual and group level) and growth curve analysis. ..

The proposed research examines the extent to which proficient reading utilizes mechanisms of spoken language processing and for what purposes...

..Measures of verbal-working-memory capacity tend to correlate with measures of reading comprehension skill and indices of academic achievement, such as verbal SAT scores...

..The long-term goal of this research is to better understand how knowledge and control beliefs can offset age-related declines in cognitive processing...

..b>Reading involves complex interactions between reader-related factors (e.g...

..b>Reading involves complex interactions between reader-related factors (e.g...

..b>Reading involves complex interactions between reader-related factors (e.g...

..Hence, the study of individual differences in uninjured populations can provide a critical bridge between the basic science of cerebral lateralization and its clinical application. ..

..is an extension of pilot work, 4 measures of verbal intelligence, 4 measures of oral language, and 4 measures of reading (predictor variables) and 4 measures of writing (criterion variable) will be administered concurrently; multiple ..

..field loss, on the formation and use of cognitive maps. Their hypothesis is that cognitive maps, although difficult to learn with visual impairment, will be esp. beneficial to people with low vision. ..

..For these individuals, resources presently allocated to hearing aid purchase would be used more effectively for alternate rehabilitation methods. Outcomes of 100 bilateral hearing aid fittings will be evaluated. ..

..These studies will help to define the necessary and sufficient conditions for the development of normal binocular vision and enhance treatment outcomes of pediatric patients. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..g., sedatives or stimulants). The data collected will be of public health importance, informing both the public and the business communities as well as public policy directed at reducing drug use by the workforce. ..

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..The information gained from this investigation may facilitate surgical planning and reduce the potential for postoperative language decline in patients with epilepsy. ..

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..The proposed research has two aims: It investigates the nature of phonological competence and examines its role in reading skill...