19th century history

..The prospects of malaria eradication, therefore, rest heavily on the outcomes of research and development for new and improved tools. Malaria control and elimination are complementary objectives in the global fight against malaria...

..We will present the theories behind the Doppler effect and the history of the person who made this discovery...

..Our results show that the amount of wealth affected the selection pressure on female life-history in a pre-industrial human population...

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..We have investigated the history of eponymous instruments developed before 1945 and used widely today in American hand surgery. Reflection on these eponymous instruments reveals the rich and diverse history of hand surgery...

..In this article, we focus on the role of the Mayo brothers and their influence over the increasing acceptance of hospital care in America and abroad...

..The evolutionary history of both the injected drugs and the refinements of the technique are elaborated upon...

..Because of the available historical material and little use of quinine, Finland was suitable for an analysis of endemic malaria and temperature...

..Reminding the life and legacy of the Austrian Scientist who discovered the famous 'Doppler Effect'...

..In the western world, it is unlikely that there will be many more people with fully developed giantism due to the current high level of medical care...

..Through an analysis of reports by the provincial presidents and by public health inspectors, the study intends to show how these medical theories influenced the practices of urban reorganization at a moment of public emergency...

..No detailed maps existed incorporating the space-time dependence structure and uncertainty sources of the epidemic system and providing a composite space-time picture of the disease propagation characteristics...

..Straub is seen as a man of transition, who on the one side tackled a core question of drug research with modern experimental methods, but on the other side was hardly able to accept new results in chemistry...

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..However, the comments take on board the recent discussions of convergence across the substances, and also the spread of the concept of addiction to tobacco in recent years. The bibliography is also limited to specific interests...

..The substance abuse approaches the level of global epidemics, and the recent usage of drugs of addition is also reviewed...

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..Although medical and radiation treatments offer useful adjuncts, surgery provides optimal results...

..Unfortunately, it is not possible to acknowledge all the innovations of this ingenious surgeon, who truly deserved the description "A professor is a gentleman with a different point of view."..

..The deviation from the potential fitness maximization and the presence of subfertility have become prevalent in human populations...

..importance of the question that underlay it: Are public health ends better served by targeted interventions or by broad-based efforts to redistribute the social, political, and economic resources that determine the health of populations?..

..Poe was able to use creative genius and experiences from illness to create memorable tales and poignant poems...

..Nevertheless, even after a further 15 years, the hypothesis remains sound; the competition for power and struggle for control are constants, and the schisms within medical education continue unabated...

..Although Haeckel always saw Lamarck, Goethe, and Darwin as the three fathers of the theory of evolution, he was mainly influenced by Lamarck and Goethe in his approach to tree reconstruction...

..There appears to have been little emphasis on eugenics in the Weimar Parliament, but the Nazi's legislation, on coming to power in 1933, surpassed anything conceived on either side of the Atlantic at the outbreak of war in 1939...

..Here, new trends in artichoke cultivation are analysed, while the consequences of these tendencies on the conservation of artichoke genetic resources are highlighted...

..This term will be analysed in terms of linguistic origin and the changes in meaning it acquired throughout the centuries...

..To remain current, each neurosurgeon should periodically reconsider his or her personal operative environment and its functional design with reference to modernity of practice as currently defined...

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..Knowledge of anatomy for this region in the 20th century was greatly influenced by Europe and America...

..It has developed unique medical theories and methods to treat diseases including neurological disorders such as stroke, epilepsy and Parkinson's disease...

..The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed...

..For many centuries, Spain and Portugal were occupied by various nations. The consequent mixing of cultures formed a unique environment in which to do science...

..Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed...

..In this study, we examine the evolution of tradition concerning infant male circumcision, utilizing evidence from classical medical texts as well as information from literature, legal sources and art...

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..Breastfeeding has been a strong practice for centuries with the custom being to continue until the child is 6 or 7 years of age. The Edo period was very influential in establishing breastfeeding customs that continue today...

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..Anatomy advanced gradually to yield discoveries of the complex tracts and grey matter elements of the cord and their functions. Amongst many distinguished exponents, the works of Blasius, Huber, Vicq d'Azyr and Stilling are emphasised...

..As a result, the existence of contradictions between attitudes toward the life of the fetus and that of the mother, women's right to self determination, and women's rights under current legislation has been clarified...

..Some large-scale mind-brain problems have not yet been solved, and do require significant theoretical innovation. In particular the problem of how to understand the true nature of representations remains unsolved...

..In the words of Rep. Christopher Shay, 'Better to be scared by the improbable possibility than to be unprepared for the catastrophic reality'...

..The review concludes with what we take to be an appropriate basis for rejecting the Cartesian paradigm that we hope will assist neuroscientists in understanding the integrative action of the nervous system...

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..Findings of this research may lend an additional dimension to the classic concepts of Malthusianism and Darwinism...

..As in the past, the integration of basic science and clinical innovation will create the path toward progress for treatment of this disease...

..The following article gives a condensed overview on the history of use and development of the more prominent chemical and biological warfare agents...

..For copper, this peak is found in the Byzantine Period and for iron, in the Islamic Period. Zinc shows an increasing tendency over the periods under study and cadmium is the only metal whose trend lines shows a decreasing slope...

..Finally, psychiatric genetic research should never again be performed in an environment void of ethical standards...

..We conclude that getting to know the historical forms of the madness concept is important to be able to denaturalize our conceptions and reflect about our current practice in care for patients going through mental suffering...

..The research evidence for special role of serotonin was revealed by modern approach and the mechanism of migraine was presented in trigeminovascular system. The development of the basic science leads to new treatments in headache clinic...

..To perform a chronological search about symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction of prostatic origin and some of its treatments...

..During the Second World War, between 1939 and 1945, as during the World War 1, a field hospital was set up in the municipal hospital at Pommerensdorf in Stettin...

..Part 1 will cover the first five topics, and Part 2 will cover the last six topics. These data may be useful to those who are engaged in teaching about the cardiovascular system...

..Part 1 (previously published) covered the first five topics, and Part 2 will cover the last six topics. These data may be useful to those who are engaged in teaching about the cardiovascular system...

..In Dorpat, Rudolf Buchheim brought a new science, experimental pharmacology, into being, which his pupil and successor, Oswald Schmiedeberg, fully established and propagated all over the world...

..Helped by this useful "database" researchers might be able to avoid difficulties of the first steps on this still, actually, largely unexplored field of the history of medicine ...

..They designed techniques, such as those used for intracranial pressure regulation, and developed operative procedures, such as the osteoplastic flap of Wagner, and cortical stimulation, which was performed by Krause and Foerster...

..These observations demonstrate the opportunity for gene discovery for other diseases and traits in the Netherlands...

..CONCLUSION: This review presents the recent advances in understanding of neural regeneration and their application to the management of primary repairs and nerve gaps...

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..The article concludes that, as early as the third century A.D., Christian influences played an equally significant role in the transmission of the Oath as pagan influences...

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..Pluralism' implies that no scientific perspective would be second-rate in a relativist framework.)..

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..Lifetime heavy metal exposure cannot be deduced from diagenetically altered concentrations...

..Because there was considerable variation in POW and wartime experience during the Civil War, the data provide several control groups for examining the effects of extreme stress. ..

..Treatment with TCB-1269 will enhance the quality of life of millions of patients suffering from the large number of maladies associated with ischemia/reperfusion ischemic maladies. ..

..Defining these determinant influences will help enhance placebo responses in clinical practice and control them in clinical trials. ..

..It is anticipated that findings from this pilot study will provide useful guidance to plan and conduct future studies of raloxifene in women with mild to moderate symptoms of dementia due to AD. ..

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..The proposed research may also contribute to the development of visual and limb prostheses and artificial devices for object manipulation. ..

..It could indicate whether normal functioning of working memory depends on attention for storage or just for processing information that is of practical import in formulating plans for clinical treatment and diagnosis. ..

..Electrophysiological recordings from identified sensory axons will determine if abnormal discharge arises at the site of inflammation and if there is peripheral sensitization due to an antidromically-conducted ectopic discharge. ..

..FDA-sanctioned clinical trials will be conducted in the third year, leading to submission of an application for a 510(k) clearance. ..

..A project Board of Advisors will help ensure neuroscience community involvement. ..

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..If successful, this paradigm could be applied to a number of similar genetic association studies. ..

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..In addition we have described the inhibition of retinoblastoma growth by vitamin D compounds and sodium butyrate and we will continue to study potential therapeutic strategies in the transgenic mouse model of retinoblastoma...

..In this proposal we will investigate basic mechanisms that are involved in organism's protection from infections and mechanisms that prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. ..

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..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

..This theoretical advance also should help in understanding various learning and language disorders, which are known to be marked by poor memory span for theoretical reasons that need clarification. ..

..Our ultimate goal is to understand whether activation of different TLRs results in the induction of distinct cellular and immune responses. ..

..These studies will provide novel and important information that will help elucidate the role of TLRs in intestinal physiology, the pathogenesis of IBD and the biology of host-commensal interactions. ..

..The longterm goal of this application is to use this information to identify targets for therapeutic agents that can interfere with attachment of Aa to oral tissues and thus prevent colonization leading to LAP. ..

..It could indicate whether normal functioning of working memory depends on attention for storage or just for processing information that is of practical import in formulating plans for clinical treatment and diagnosis. ..

..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

..Lastly the potency of the 19-nor compounds wil be compared to standard chemotherapy and their possible synergistic effect in multi-drug treatment established. ..

..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

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..In this proposal we will investigate basic mechanisms that are involved in organism's protection from infections and mechanisms that prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. ..