medieval history

..These areas of research have provide new insights into the host-parasite relationship. This review will update our present understanding of the history, etiology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, and public health issues of plague...

..Finally, our data revealed that the al-Sham region was an independent source of production and marketing of medicinal substances during the medieval and Ottoman periods...

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..pestis Orientalis. These data indicate that Y. pestis caused cases of Justinian plague. The two historical plague pandemics were likely caused by Orientalis-like strains...

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..The use of other materials of animal origin came to an end in the course of history because of change in the moral outlook of modern societies. Among the latter we note mummy, silkworm, stinkbug, scarabees, snail, scorpion, and triton...

..This article scrutinises arguments for and against the possibility of epileptic features in the revelations of the saint, as well as in her life story...

..In addition, the utility of the published tooth-based ancient DNA technique used to diagnose fatal bacteraemias in historical epidemics still awaits independent corroboration...

..D., constitutes molecularly supported evidence for the presence of Y. pestis, the causative agent of plague, during the first pandemic recorded...

..These changes in the present external phenotype alone account for approximately 50% higher fall-induced stress compared with the medieval situation...

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..Many of these materials, used to treat urinary disorders in the Levant between the 8th and the 18th centuries, had already been in use since the classical period, and several are still used today in traditional medicine...

..Epidemics of haemorrhagic plague over the next three centuries then steadily raised the frequency in Europe (but not elsewhere) to present day values...

..Suicide PCR avoids any risk of contamination as it uses a single-shot primer-its specificity is absolute. We believe that we can end the controversy: Medieval Black Death was plague...

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..CONCLUSION: This review presents the recent advances in understanding of neural regeneration and their application to the management of primary repairs and nerve gaps...

..Part 1 (previously published) covered the first five topics, and Part 2 will cover the last six topics. These data may be useful to those who are engaged in teaching about the cardiovascular system...

..We conclude that getting to know the historical forms of the madness concept is important to be able to denaturalize our conceptions and reflect about our current practice in care for patients going through mental suffering...

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..Findings of this research may lend an additional dimension to the classic concepts of Malthusianism and Darwinism...

..Fantoni with his group. Modern methods of transdermal pharyngotomy are good complementary techniques for classical methods of pharyngotomy in both emergency and chronic cases...

..For copper, this peak is found in the Byzantine Period and for iron, in the Islamic Period. Zinc shows an increasing tendency over the periods under study and cadmium is the only metal whose trend lines shows a decreasing slope...

..Helped by this useful "database" researchers might be able to avoid difficulties of the first steps on this still, actually, largely unexplored field of the history of medicine ...

..The following article gives a condensed overview on the history of use and development of the more prominent chemical and biological warfare agents...

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..Here, new trends in artichoke cultivation are analysed, while the consequences of these tendencies on the conservation of artichoke genetic resources are highlighted...

..This literature review is an account of both the history and current risks associated with diarrheal diseases...

..It has developed unique medical theories and methods to treat diseases including neurological disorders such as stroke, epilepsy and Parkinson's disease...

..This overview concentrates on the issue of specificity together with other notable information regarding pain that has emerged since 1800...

..Knowledge of anatomy for this region in the 20th century was greatly influenced by Europe and America...

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..It also includes recommendations for enhancing the skills of neonatal nurses as patient advocates in NICU ethical issues, an area that is, at times, controversial and baffling to clinicians...

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..The article concludes that, as early as the third century A.D., Christian influences played an equally significant role in the transmission of the Oath as pagan influences...

..Lifetime heavy metal exposure cannot be deduced from diagenetically altered concentrations...

..The review concludes with what we take to be an appropriate basis for rejecting the Cartesian paradigm that we hope will assist neuroscientists in understanding the integrative action of the nervous system...

..Pluralism' implies that no scientific perspective would be second-rate in a relativist framework.)..

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..Breastfeeding has been a strong practice for centuries with the custom being to continue until the child is 6 or 7 years of age. The Edo period was very influential in establishing breastfeeding customs that continue today...

..The Middle East is considered as a cultural entity and the influence of the beliefs and practices of ancient times on the collective mind of the people of the Region is discussed...

..This term will be analysed in terms of linguistic origin and the changes in meaning it acquired throughout the centuries...

..In this study, we examine the evolution of tradition concerning infant male circumcision, utilizing evidence from classical medical texts as well as information from literature, legal sources and art...

..To remain current, each neurosurgeon should periodically reconsider his or her personal operative environment and its functional design with reference to modernity of practice as currently defined...

..Old-growth forests accumulate carbon for centuries and contain large quantities of it. We expect, however, that much of this carbon, even soil carbon, will move back to the atmosphere if these forests are disturbed...

..quot;) [42] and the Bourbons ("They learn nothing and they forget nothing") [43]...

..Anatomy advanced gradually to yield discoveries of the complex tracts and grey matter elements of the cord and their functions. Amongst many distinguished exponents, the works of Blasius, Huber, Vicq d'Azyr and Stilling are emphasised...

..These observations demonstrate the opportunity for gene discovery for other diseases and traits in the Netherlands...

..Only in the middle of the nineteenth century was there recognition of the central role of relaxation of the trabecular muscles. It took another 100 years until we had a useful treatment option at hand...

..In the words of Rep. Christopher Shay, 'Better to be scared by the improbable possibility than to be unprepared for the catastrophic reality'...

..Part 1 will cover the first five topics, and Part 2 will cover the last six topics. These data may be useful to those who are engaged in teaching about the cardiovascular system...

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..Some large-scale mind-brain problems have not yet been solved, and do require significant theoretical innovation. In particular the problem of how to understand the true nature of representations remains unsolved...

..As in the past, the integration of basic science and clinical innovation will create the path toward progress for treatment of this disease...

..As a result, the existence of contradictions between attitudes toward the life of the fetus and that of the mother, women's right to self determination, and women's rights under current legislation has been clarified...

..The article concludes with a brief overview of infectious disease activity in high- and low-intensity conflicts of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries...

..Ancient history and medieval history reveal that African trypanosomiasis affected the lives of people living in sub-Saharan African at all times...

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..This quantitative approach constitutes a more objective way to record perikymata spacing than current methods...

..To explore the origin of Monascus Rice...

..However, his description of solid substances accumulating on the inside of the hearts covering looking like layers upon layers of membranes could not have been made possible without post-mortem dissection...

..The preparation made from hair, blood or eggs (the isolated property) is what he calls the elixir...

..153) relative to that of Western Europe (ca. 1.10). The Pb data for the last century were also in good agreement with modelled Pb inventories over Poland and the Baltic region...

..Plotting dose on a linear scale distorts the curve for low doses so that any attempt to detect the relationship of dose of carcinogen to carcinogenesis is impossible...

..Notwithstanding his loyalty to the Greek theory of humoralism, Avicenna set forth his own version of "theory of spirits" to explain the mechanism of this disease. An account of the theory of spirits is also given...

..The historical development of universities in Europe has seen times of affluence and times of decline. The recent new laws will for a long period have a marked impact on medicine and on the Medical Universities...

..The principles established, although not especially successful at the time against a disease of (then) unknown aetiology, are still used today in attempts to control the spread of infections of animal and human populations...

..Jwara is the king of all diseases, destroyer of all creatures and severe hence a physician should be practically cautious in treating it. All these medico-historical aspects of Jwara have been presented in this article...

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..At the end of the nineteenth century ergot was still regarded as a 'glorious chemical mess', but help would arrive in the early 1900s and the complex jigsaw would be solved...

..Furthermore, Ibn Zuhr enriched surgical and medical knowledge by describing many diseases and treatment innovations not ever described before him...

..CONCLUSION: Indications of a rising incidence of infectious middle ear disease in early medieval Denmark were found. This may reflect a deterioration of living conditions from the 11th through the 14th centuries...

..The Ebro's navigability allowed sustaining the fervor alive as it is proven by the many records found Catón, Estrabrón, Plinio, Avieno) describing its use for pilgrimage and commercial purposes...

..Overall, these studies will form a basis for gene or other therapy for the prevention and/or amelioration of these disorders. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..All reentered investigators are seeking NCI funding and have the potential to become independent investigators. ..

..in the design, development, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination of cancer education programs Identify federal and non-federal sources of support for education programs Renew a sense of professional enthusiasm for the field ..

..N.S? This information, in an area which has been barely explored, could greatly improve our understanding of how mechanical events are sensed. This could open up new areas of inquiry of possible importance in sensory deficits. ..

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..In addition, at the more basic level, this research is devoted to a fundamental bioengineering dilemma of the lung, namely, that the blood-gas barrier has to combine extreme thinness with immense strength. ..

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..The ongoing collaborations of IFCP and South Carolina will be greatly strengthened by the completion of upgrading procedures for protection of human subjects by funding the second year of support of this grant program. ..

..These secondary databases will be linked to the primary database so that users of the primary database can consult at any moment the necessary information for a better understanding of ancient texts. ..

..Certain experiments propose to relate the content of putative peptide neural transmitters in marked neurons or the elements they contact by sequential immunocytochemical procedures. ..

..Finally we will examine the 5-HT1A receptor mRNA using in situ hybridization. These results may help understand the etiology of depression and related disorders and provide insights for effective and novel treatments. ..

..They do, however, cause hearing loss in 15-20% of patients, and will provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of their toxicity and aid in the design of new and effective therapeutic protection. ..

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..We will quantify the relation of fetal oxygen levels to placental diffusing capacity, and the relation of fetal oxygenation to severity of maternal exercise. ..

..If successful, this advance could make structure determination to near-atomic resolution routine for large macromolecular complexes. ..

..carry out or facilitate contacts with University of Michigan administration and granting agencies; 5. coordinate the submission of progress reports and renewal grant applications. ..

..Our research is focused on the development of a new and safe treatment based on the ability of inter-alpha proteins to prevent the fatal consequences of anthrax infection. ..

..If successful, this advance could make structure determination to near-atomic resolution routine for large macromolecular complexes. ..

..In addition, at the more basic level, this research is devoted to a fundamental biological dilemma of the lung, namely how the blood-gas barrier combines extreme thinness with immense strength. ..

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