water microbiology

..These data will enable effective control of water used in the pharmaceutical industry...

..Implementation of new cultivation approaches and/or viability-based assays are requisite to confirm such an occurrence...

..coli and K. pneumoniae. Conversely, genotyping of Y. enterocolitica isolates indicated that some were shared between different streams...

..It is therefore concluded that household water filters can be used as microbial sampling devices for bioforensic applications in the event of a bioagent release in domestic drinking water supplies...

..Members of the rare biosphere are highly divergent from each other and, at different times in earth's history, may have had a profound impact on shaping planetary processes...

..701, p = 0.05), and there were similar selection patterns of tetR and Tn916/1545 genes relative to the OTC level, suggesting a possible mechanism for retention of specific resistance genes within the systems...

..A lack of required reporting and nonuniform water quality and chlorination/disinfection standards continues to contribute to water-borne recreational disease outbreaks...

..3 x 10(28) archaeal cells, and 3.1 x 10(28) bacterial cells. Our data suggest that pelagic crenarchaeota represent one of the ocean's single most abundant cell types...

..Furthermore, these results provide insight into chemical and physical properties of water that could enhance or restrict AI virus transmission on an aquatic bird habitat...

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..These findings show that the marine subsurface is a distinct microbial habitat and is different from environments studied by metagenomics, especially because of the predominance of uncultivated archaeal groups...

..nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Haloquadratum walsbyi is C23T (=JCM 12705T=DSM 16854T)...

..The third 'phylotype' was identified as a Desulfovibrio, indicating that sulfate-reducing bacteria, as sources of sulfide, may complement sulfur- and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria ecologically in these sulfide-producing hydrothermal vents...

..This study revealed a complex pattern for the environmental mycobacterial flora but identified no clear differences between the northern and southern parts of Karonga District...

..Here we show that there are unicellular cyanobacteria in the open ocean that are expressing nitrogenase, and are abundant enough to potentially have a significant role in N dynamics...

..In saturated soda brine, extremely natronophilic representatives of the order Halanaerobiales were responsible for the sulfur-dependent respiration...

..Furthermore, the increase of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate seemed to affect the composition of the microbial community in soda lakes, but not the rate of sulfate reduction...

..It has the potential to be used as a household water purification method for removing enteric bacteria, especially in developing countries...

..coli O157. The results give new information on the behaviour of this common pathogen in the aquatic environment and contribute to microbial risk assessment in order to prevent spreading of water-borne diseases...

..The structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic methods. Their cytotoxic effects on P388 and K562 cell lines were preliminarily examined using the sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay...

..Deletion of the agfBA gene (for curli) was more effective than deletion of bcsA (for cellulose). Thus, curli and cellulose play a role in the transfer or survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in the plant, as they do for plant pathogens...

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..We discuss the problems associated with different methods such as sonication or directly counting viruses on aggregates, both combined with epifluorescence microscopy and CLSM, to quantify viruses on suspended particles...

..The last two experiments suggest that PMA treatment can affect banding patterns in DGGE community profiles and their intensities, although the intrinsic limitations of end-point PCR have to be taken into consideration...

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..The genome was estimated to contain approximately three million basepairs...

..The implementation of locally appropriate point-of-use disinfection and safe household storage practices in developing countries is an urgent need to ensure a safe, reliable year-round supply in areas where clean water is not available...

..Biomasses of the various taxa (based on DGGE band intensities) were related to substrate type...

..Specific functional adaptations can be identified both within individual ribotypes and across the entire community, including proteorhodopsin spectral tuning and the presence or absence of the phosphate-binding gene PstS...

..These results suggest that there are specific interactions between phytoplankton and the bacteria attached to them, and that these interactions influence the composition of both communities...

..5%) to the sediments (approximately 4%). Across the interface, the redox state also changed from oxic to anoxic and may also have contributed to the observed shift in the microbial community...

..An understanding of the microbial ecology of distribution systems is necessary to design innovative and effective control strategies that will ensure safe and high-quality drinking water...

..SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The existence of substrate-responsive but nonculturable cells should be considered when evaluating the survival potential of E. coli in nondisinfected drinking water...

..The uncultured cluster III phylotype was uncommon (0.4%) and was associated with mean water temperatures of 18 degrees C. Diazotroph abundance was highest in regions where modeled average dust deposition was between 1 and 2 g/m(2)/year...

..More recently, researchers have been elucidating the environmental lifestyle of V. cholerae. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of both the host- and environment-specific physiological attributes of V. cholerae...

..Thus, geographical isolation (i.e. genetic drift) must in part be responsible for driving the observed evolutionary divergences. Geographical isolation may be an important underestimated aspect of microbial evolution...

..cholerae interactions with chitin represent a useful model for examination of the role of primary habitat selection in the development of traits that have been identified as virulence factors in human disease...

..Our results indicate that C. symbiosum and its relatives are not Crenarchaeota, but should be considered as a third archaeal phylum, which we propose to name Thaumarchaeota (from the Greek 'thaumas', meaning wonder)...

..This maximum possible response curve is important for uncertainty analysis, and for risk assessment of pathogens with unknown properties...

..Therefore, compared to the planktonic population, a greater proportion of the biofilm strains coaggregated. It is proposed that coaggregation influences biofilm formation and species diversity in freshwater under high shear...

..Based on the results of these analyses, it is proposed that strain BC74171T represents a novel species, Paracoccus haeundaensis sp. nov. The type strain is BC74171T (= KCCM 10460T = LMG P-21903T)...

..Primary risk factors associated with the increased prevalence of Salmonella in water offered to weaned dairy calves were a continuous water tank-filling method compared to a valve (an "on-demand" procedure) and a water pH>8...

..The experiments outlined here might serve as a general paradigm for identification of natural products arising from microbial communities and investigation of their respective interactions...

..This study demonstrates the applicability of quantitative microbial source tracking methods and highlights the prerequisite of considering hydrological catchment dynamics in source tracking study design...

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..However, new tools are nowadays available for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water that may contribute to fulfil these requirements...

..Our analysis indicates that new families are being discovered at a rate that is linear or almost linear with the addition of new sequences, implying that we are still far from discovering all protein families in nature...

..Networks with both ground and surface water sources were included in this study...

..The strain represents the first haloalkaliphilic representative of the family Desulfobacteraceae and is described as Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus sp. nov...

..pulchra and U. australis. The high abundance of cultured isolates that produce antimicrobials suggest that culturing remains a powerful resource for exploring novel bioactives of bacterial origin...

..Although genomic diversity seems to be the rule in many, if not most, marine microbial lineages, different forces may control the evolution and diversification in low abundance microorganisms, such as the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria...

..For this reason discovery and investigation of this important bacterial ecological niche in the environment were impeded...

..The method also enables determination of preferred habitats for entire microbial clades and provides evidence that such habitat preferences are often remarkably stable over time...

..Arcobacter spp., Campylobacter spp., Cytophaga fermentans, Cytophaga columnaris, and Trichodesmium tenue...

..This study has demonstrated that numerous microfungal genera, including those that contain species which are opportunistic human pathogens, populate a typical treated municipal water supply in sub-tropical Australia...

..Furthermore, a high dsr gene copy number of 10(8) cells per ml was detected in a hypersaline lake by qPCR. Our results indicate the presence of diverse and active SRB communities in these extreme ecosystems...

..2- and 0.1-microm-pore-size filters. Crenarchaeota and Proteobacteria phylotypes dominated the archaeal and bacterial populations, respectively. Novel unaffiliated phylotypes occurred only in the 0.1-microm-trapped populations...

..parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus, will be possible, as well as its transport to any geographical location where sufficient relevant data are available...

..Surface water from a tropical high-altitude system located in Mexico City that receives rainwater, treated and non-treated wastewater used for irrigation, and groundwater used for drinking, was studied...

..Estimates of the microbially mediated CO(2) in this compartment indicated a possible contribution to karstification...

..As amoebae mainly multiply in sand and GAC filters, optimization of filter backwash procedures probably offers a possibility to better control these protists and the risk associated with their intracellular hosts...

..Correlation between the quantity of microorganisms and ATP level on the surface of the same kind of materials was confirmed. Usefulness of continous flow reactor was confirmed...

..The objective of the study was to determine the microbiological quality of samples of water and dialysate in a haemodialysis unit...

..Phylogenetic trees were constructed from sequences to assess archaeal and bacterial diversity at the four sites...

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..The boiling of water is therefore advisable before consumption. The physicochemical and bacterial characters of the sewage water were unworthy. The sewage water recycling was necessary to minimize the water born diseases...

..Our work probably is the first identification of tet(E) in Proteus, tet(G) in Acinetobacter, tet(C) and tet(D) in Halomonas, tet(D) and tet(G) in Shewanella, and tet(B), tet(C), tet(E), and tet(G) in Roseobacter...

..We have shown that total cell concentration measured with FCM is a rapid, easy, sensitive and importantly, a descriptive parameter of several widely applied drinking water treatment processes...

..This holds both for differences between indicators and pathogenic bacteria and between pathogenic bacteria. These results show the difficulty in defining reliable indicators...

..1) fragment was 92%, and identities of the two segments from BAC with Bacillus sp. JH19 16S rDNA (GenBank , DQ232748.1) fragment and Bacterium VA-S-11 16S rDNA (GenBank, AY395279.1) fragment were 100% and 99%, respectively...

..The community structure differences were mainly attributed to differences in feed water, process configurations and operating environments, such as the pressure and hydrodynamic conditions present in the water purification systems...

..Free-living protozoa were detected almost ubiquitously in biofilm samples in either experimental system though their exact significance and impact remains unknown and warrants further investigation...

..Most of the isolates produced biotechnologically important enzymes at alkaline pH, while only two isolates (ARI 351 and ARI 341) showed the presence of polyhydroxyalkcanoate (PHA) and exopolysaccharide (EPS), respectively...

..More importantly, the array of molecular approaches allows understanding details of infection routes of waterborne diseases, the effects of changes in drinking water treatment, and management of freshwater resources...

..In addition, the changing DGGE profiles during the process of infiltration, demonstrated that changing environmental conditions were reflected by changes in bacterial community composition...

..and Stenotrophomonas sp., while the dominant bacterium was not closely related to previously characterized bacteria. These data suggest the importance of culture-independent methods of quality control for pharmaceutical water...

..The compliance with DIN 19636 provides assurance that a water softener will not be a constant source of contamination, even if it is once inoculated with a potentially pathogenic bacterium like P. aeruginosa...

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..Hence the necessity of verification of data concerning level of sewage contamination which are usually assumed in the project documentation...

..This work confirms, in a full-scale distribution system in Finland and Latvia, our earlier in vitro finding that biofilm formation is affected by the availability of phosphorus in drinking water...

..3685, JCM 12921) was proposed...

..77 and 1.55). These data indicate that it would be necessary to maintain a chlorine dioxide residual concentration in distribution systems for control of microbiological regrowth...

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..Molecular analysis should be combined with chemical assays to optimize operational conditions...

..This study compared the chemical, physical and bacterial composition of circulated and stagnant dairy wastewaters...

..It is also clear that consumers' regularly consume more than 500 HPC/ml from drinking water taken from the household tap...

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..Current efforts are focused on using the animal models to screen concentrated samples of waters known to contain large numbers of heterotrophic bacteria and newly discovered Legionella-like organisms that parasitize amoebae...

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..The putative dominant species based on both genotype and phenotype analyses were close relatives of Alteromonas macleodii or Roseobacter spp. These results reflected the nutrient-rich environment at station C1...

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..It is our task to ensurethat we keep the A-cell level low after the Reverse Osmosis. The purified water must not remain very long in the pipe system and the use of Permeate tanks should be avoided...

..The cultivable microbial community detected by enrichment cultivation analysis largely matched that detected by the culture-independent molecular analysis...

..56 x 10(2) and 3.94 x 10(4) active bacteria ml(-1). These differences may be attributed to the presence of nonheterotrophic bacteria, sublethal injury or the adoption of an active but nonculturable (ABNC) state...

..Thus, this research demonstrates the importance of the 'deep sediment group' of uncultured Bacteria and links limited diversity of methanogens to the dominance of CO2/H2 based methanogenesis in deep sub-seafloor sediments...

..burgdorferi 297 grown under different conditions in vitro and in vivo. The latter studies will indicate whether different levels of transcription are secondary to changes in the regulatory and structural DNA sequences of the bmpC gene. ..

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..This project design takes advantage of previously collected cross-sectional data to mount a longitudinal study of disease transmission at multiple levels of analysis among 21 different communities. ..

..These visits will include open-ended interviews as well as additional questions about social network formation and change. The visits will also allow village development and road. ..

..This project design takes advantage of previously collected cross-sectional data to mount a longitudinal study of disease transmission at multiple levels of analysis among 21 different communities. ..

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..Do hsp70 and gp96 generate similar anti-tumor CCU-CTL effectors? Aim 3. How important is the hsp-generated CCU-CTL responses in tumor immunity in vivo? Aim 4. Do CCU-CTLs interact with class Ib molecules? ..

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..Trainees are expected to graduate to academic faculty appointments or to research-oriented positions in federal government, public health or the biotechnology commercial sector. ..

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..Do hsp70 and gp96 generate similar anti-tumor CCU-CTL effectors? Aim 3. How important is the hsp-generated CCU-CTL responses in tumor immunity in vivo? Aim 4. Do CCU-CTLs interact with class Ib molecules? ..

..The translation of good diabetes care there may offer a model that is potentially replicable in other ethnic minority populations suffering the burden of diabetes. ..

..Akonni's technology and product solutions provide a straightforward path for diagnostic detection of trace RNA viruses and infectious diseases in an integrated, sample-to-answer test cartridge and field portable instrument. ..

..The underlying platform developed herein will likewise find broad application in many areas of disease surveillance, with an emphasis on point-of-use applications. ..

..japonicum including the identification of appropriate antigens, protective isotype and cytokine responses and the modulating effects of host pubertal and nutritional development on these responses. ..

..On a practical level, Dr. Casadevall s laboratory hopes to use this information in design of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against C. neoformans. ..

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..It will also allow more accurate construction of an age- structured, population dynamic model of S. japonicum transmission with improved predictabilty and generalizability. ..

..Following the colloquium, a report will be developed--in both print and electronic formats--that will be analytical and comprehensive, yet offer practical recommendations for the future. ..

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..In addition this application is responsive to Program Announcement "Occupational Safety and Health Research (PA-99-143J...

..Using a new approach, this project has discovered hundreds of such enzymes and produced ten. One has been studied in detail and, as expected, it has characteristics that are expected to improve sequencing. ..