estonia

..their risk of cancer and mortality, a retrospective cohort study of male and female physicians was conducted in Estonia. METHODS: The cancer incidence and cause-specific mortality of 3,673 physicians (870 M, 2,803 F) in Estonia was ..

To compare self-perceived health in relation to socioeconomic factors in Estonia and Finland.

..the association of socioeconomic and demographic indicators with ever initiating regular smoking and quitting smoking among ever regular smokers in Estonia in order to identify target groups for equity-oriented tobacco control policies.

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..The purpose of the study was to conduct a similar kind of analysis in the other Nordic countries and Estonia, which were also subjected to various degrees of energy restriction during WWII.

Fundamental health care reforms in Estonia started in 1991 with the introduction of a social health insurance system...

..prevalence of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory symptoms was performed in three different regions of Estonia, a state incorporated in the Soviet Union until 1991...

..Sparse data are available about the prevalence of allergic sensitization in Estonia and Eastern Europe as well...

The aim of the present collaborative study was to analyse retrospectively the character of odontogenic tumours in Estonia, involving the entire Estonian population (1...

..2+/-11.2 years) was performed at the Lung Hospital of Tartu University, Estonia. Majority of the patients (87.6%) had at least one significant modifying or risk factor and 30...

..Numerous studies have measured changes in body mass index (BMI), but few have assessed the independent effects of low fitness, overweight and physical inactivity on cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors...

During the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in intravenous drug use in young adults in Estonia with an increased incidence of both hepatitis B and C as a consequence...

..To investigate time trends in the smoking prevalence and the sociodemographic and psychosocial background of smoking in the Baltic countries in comparison with Finland during 1994-2002...

An earlier study has indicated that a complex recombinant HIV-1 strain dominates the epidemic in Estonia. The objective of this study was to further investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic structure of HIV-1 in Estonia...

..weight, preterm birth, stillbirth, neonatal and postneonatal death among primiparous teenagers having singleton births, compared to a similar group of women aged 20-24 years in Estonia during the period of major socio-economic changes.

..The purpose of the present study was to estimate the time trends of stroke during the last 10 years in an Estonian population by comparison of the results from the 2 previous stroke registries from Tartu...

..Further analysis of patients revealed that sIL-2R was positively correlated with decreased activity and agitation. TNFalpha was associated with decreased activity and suicidality...

Despite the high number of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Estonia, little is known about involving pharmacies into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention activities and potential barriers...

..This article describes the trend in HBV occurrence in Estonia from 1990 to 2005 in Estonia, with the aim of highlighting key determinants in transmission dynamics, risk groups,..

..provided estimates of men's (18-25 years) sexual risk behaviour and self-reported STIs and their socio-demographic patterning in Finland and Estonia; two countries that are geographically close, but have very different STI epidemics.

To compare the risk factors of self-reported abortion in St Petersburg, Estonia and Finland, which are neighbouring areas having different abortion rates.

..a heroin shortage, fentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, known as "China White" and "White Persian", have become the most widely used drugs, along with amphetamine, among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tallinn, Estonia.

..This article reviews the current aetiology of STIs in Estonia, an eastern European country bordering the Baltic Sea and formerly a part of the Soviet Union, with the aim of ..

The aim of the study was to adapt the rheumatoid arthritis quality of life scale (RAQoL) for Estonia and assess its psychometric properties. The RAQoL was translated into Estonian using the dual panel method...

..We draw upon nine community-recruited surveys of IDUs undertaken in the Russian Federation and Estonia between 2001 and 2005 that used either IFS or RDS...

Denmark and Norway have a three-fold higher incidence of testicular cancer than Estonia and Finland...

..5 microg kg(-1) in smoked chicken samples. Since smoking and grilling are prevalent meat-cooking methods in Estonia, the impact of meat products is assessed to be significant in overall PAH intake.

..ricinus ticks collected from Vormsi Island, Estonia, were included in this study...

..pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia over the past two decades. However, there is very little known on the occurrence of Trichinella spp...

..CONCLUSION: The complex treatment of Osteogenesis imperfecta should include alendronate and calcitriol to decrease fractures and improve bone mineral density...

Over the past 40 years Estonia has experienced similar developments in mortality to other former Soviet countries. The stagnation in overall mortality has been caused mainly by increasing adult mortality...

..The aims of this study were to compare patterns of and trends in selected health behaviours and their socioeconomic associations in Estonia, Finland and Lithuania in the period 1994-1998.

..Our finding have important policy implications for communicable disease policies in post-Soviet countries, which need to substantially change if they are to effectively address the emerging HIV and MDRTB epidemics...

..We describe here a type 3 VDPV (PV3/EST/02/E252; later E252) isolated from sewage collected in Tallinn, Estonia, in October 2002. Due to aberrant properties in subtyping, the virus was subjected to detailed characterization...

The purpose of this study was to analyse the utilisation of inpatient care in Estonia. Using small-area analysis the age and sex of municipality residents and travel time to the nearest hospital were linked to the frequency of use and ..

The aim of this study was to analyse the pattern of sociodemographic variations in the prevalence of obesity in Estonia, Finland and Lithuania. In addition, the association between obesity and selected health behaviours was examined.

..health system delays (HSD) in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and its risk factors after major social changes in Estonia, and to assess the ability of a completely reformed health care system to diagnose patients with PTB.

..A total of 15,555 of 21,802 (71%) randomly selected men and women aged 25-54 years from Iceland, Estonia, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden answered a postal questionnaire...

..We aimed to compare the health effects of oral continuous combined hormone therapy with a placebo and non-treatment among healthy Estonian women...

..causes of the spatial heterogeneity and temporal change of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), both within and between Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania...

This study examined the change in ethnic differences in mortality in Estonia 1989-2000.

..The current study presents data on the prevalence of depressive symptoms in the Estonian population and examines associated sociodemographic factors and subjective aspects of social adjustment...

..The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal failure (GIF), to identify its risk factors, and to determine its association with ICU mortality...

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Estonia quickly adopted a market economy. In medicine this has included the uptake of western-style health care and drug promotion aimed at practising physicians...

..To study the influence of age, gender and the nature of the patient's problems on length of time of consultation in the practices of newly trained family doctors in a recently reconstructed health care system...

..This study examined women's opinions about the climacteric and hormone therapy (HT) after menopause and compared women's and physicians' opinions in a country of low-HT use...

..We aimed to measure Vitamin D level in the general population of Estonia (latitude 59 degrees N), a North-European country where dairy products are not fortified with vitamin D.

To assess the prevalence of physical, depressive, and cognitive disorders in the elderly population in Estonia.

..Occupational wood dust exposure is associated with increased risk of sinonasal cancer in men. However, little is known whether it is associated with sinonasal cancer in women or with malignancies of other sites...

..The success to date has been uneven. We evaluated PHC reforms in Estonia, using multimethods evaluation: comprising retrospective analysis of routine health service data from Estonian ..

..Epidemiologic data document rapidly increasing sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates throughout Eastern Europe...

To examine HIV risk behavior and HIV infection among new injectors in Tallinn, Estonia. Design and methods Data from two cross-sectional surveys of injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited from a syringe exchange program (N = 162, Study 1) ..

..syndrome (HFRS) due to Puumala virus (PUUV), Saaremaa virus (SAAV), and Dobrava virus infection were confirmed in Estonia. Except for the levels of serum creatinine, no remarkable differences were found in the clinical course of HFRS ..

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of the direct costs of asthma in Estonia by the type of treatment received and to differentiate the costs by age of patients...

..The aim of this study was to identify population groups which are the most crucial as targets for anti-tobacco action...

To understand the phenomenon of consumption of surrogate and illegal alcohols in Tallinn, capital of Estonia.

..and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection were comparatively investigated in Iceland, Sweden and Estonia. Blood samples were collected from 1046 subjects aged approximately 25-50 y (447 in Reykjavik, 359 in Uppsala and ..

..One candidate gene is PNMT, coding for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, catalyzing the synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine...

This article reviews the marked increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injection drug users (IDU) in Estonia, a former Soviet Union republic bordering the Baltic Sea...

..Epidemiologic reports on the effect of microbe exposure on the development of atopy and allergic asthma are inconsistent...

The assessment of quality of life is central to understanding how people's lives are affected by HIV infection. Estonia--the smallest of three Baltic countries--has experienced massive outbreak of HIV infection...

..4% (95% CI 3.0-7.5%), 6.9% (95% CI 3.6-10.3%) among women and 2.7% (95% CI 0.3-5.0%) among men. The number of sexual partners in the past 12 months was the strongest predictor of infection...

..The main aim of the study was to describe the differences between some Northern countries regarding what foods, according to the patients, elicit hypersensitivity symptoms...

..The prevalence of allergic sensitization has increased worldwide during recent years...

BACKGROUND: Despite the relatively low recorded alcohol consumption level, the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and neighbouring Finland suffer from similar harmful consequences related to the use of alcoholic beverages, ..

To investigate variations in smoking and associated factors on individual and aggregate level among adolescents in Tallinn (Estonia), Helsinki (Finland) and Moscow (the Russian Federation).

The Baltic countries--Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania--are considered to be an example of regional homogeneity over the period of transition...

..We report here the epidemiological analysis of ESRD and RRT in the three Baltic countries: Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia. Subjects and methods...

..Our results also suggest large differences in diagnostic practices between the three countries, while the differences between the capitals in true prevalence of disease may be small...

..A population-based study of pre-adoption, arrival and post-adoption health...

..and non-wheezing Estonian and Swedish schoolchildren, in the light of the disparities in the standard of living, food consumption and prevalence of respiratory allergies that still exist between Estonia and the Scandinavian countries.

..In a prevalence study, population-based random samples of 10-11-year-old schoolchildren in Tallinn (n = 979), Estonia and in Linköping (n = 911) and Ostersund (n = 1197), Sweden were studied by a parental questionnaire and skin ..

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We aimed to study the incidence of Type I diabetes in 4 countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland, during 1983-1998, focusing on the two separate periods of 1983-1990 and 1991-1998...

..Coeliac disease is a wheat gluten and related prolamines-induced disease with a prevalence that may be underestimated in many geographical regions and populations...

Random population samples of young adults from Tartu, Estonia (n = 307) and Uppsala, Sweden (n = 498) in the framework of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS).

Both Estonia and Lithuania have a long history of pediatric fitness testing, but due to a lack of standardized test batteries spanning a substantial number of years, secular changes in fitness test performance have not been previously ..

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..To assess the associations of birthweight, contemporary body mass index and height with insulin resistance in children...

..socioeconomic position and insulin resistance in children from three countries in northern Europe (Denmark), eastern Europe (Estonia), and southern Europe (Portugal) that have different physical, economic, and cultural environments.

..This cross-sectional study examined the association between fitness and clustered CVD risk in children and adolescents from three European countries...

..Early detection and a shift toward more favorable stage distribution could have played the leading role for mortality decline in younger patients...

..consumption of fresh vegetables less than 3 days a week and leisure time physical activity less than two/three times a week) to the self-assessed health after adjustment to the age and education in Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Lithuania.

The HIV epidemic in Estonia is rapidly expanding, and injection drug users (IDUs) are the major risk group contributing to the expansion...

..and complications as well as quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus from a defined population in Estonia. METHODS: We invited 220 randomly selected diabetes patients recruited to a clinical investigation from a local ..

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of asthma among adults in Estonia by using different diagnostic methods and criteria for the disease.

..This study examined the smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among Estonian physicians...

..During the latter 20-30 years, the area of raised atherosclerotic lesions of abdominal aortas also increased in men in Riga, Tallinn, Tartu, Yalta, and elder men in Malmö as well as in Kaunas and Malmö women, aged 40-59...

According to the data of the population census held in Estonia in 1989, the resident population consisted of 61.5% Estonians and 38.5% non-Estonians, the majority of them being Russians--30.3%...

To investigate the prevalence and causes of iron deficiency anemia in infants aged 9 to 12 months in Estonia.

..All patients with a diagnosis of MG living in Estonia as on 1 January 1997 were asked to participate in re-examination...

..our study was to evaluate the clinical features, predisposing factors and pathogens of toenail onychomycosis in Estonia. During study period we interviewed and examined 436 dermatological patients with clinical signs of toenail ..

..To describe the occurrence of myasthenia gravis in the Baltic area...

..Ironically, Estonia is concomitantly characterized by a very high HIV-1 prevalence...

..This longitudinal analysis provides preliminary evidence that changes in platelet MAO activity and cholesterol, which may reflect changes in central serotonergic activity are associated with attention deficit in adolescents...

To study the point prevalence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in children in Estonia on December 31, 2000. To examine the short-term clinical outcome of the disease.

..children born before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, as this event markedly altered the lifestyle in Estonia. Two identical cross-sectional studies were performed as part of phase I and phase III of the International Study ..

..The rising prevalence of obesity in children may be due to a reduction in physical activity (PA)...

..To assess the prevalence of diagnoses of cardiovascular disorders among the elderly in family practice...

We found a high prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users (IDU) 54% in Tallinn and 90% in Kohtla Jarve, Estonia. Risk factors for HIV in Tallinn included use of the drug 'china white', being registered as an IDU at a drug treatment ..

..More and better data are needed to understand the action of physical activity (PA) on insulin resistance and the concomitant relation with body fat in adolescence...

..she helped to plan and execute multiple studies pertaining to the epidemiology of TB and HIV in Botswana and Estonia. She will work with Dr...

..Among the countries hardest hit were Russia and Estonia. In both countries, HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) has expanded rapidly, especially in some ..

..Monitor the ongoing high seroprevalence HIV epidemics among IDUs in Tallinn, Estonia to assess current interventions and model an "optimal" set of interventions for that epidemic...

..In collaboration with Dr Brash, P.1. of GM-53638, collaborator Dr Nigulas Samel of Tallinn Technical University (Estonia) has recently cloned and expressed COX enzymes with differing reaction specificities from two prostaglandin-..

..This information will allow us to identify STD infected individuals, and to develop selective screening criteria to be used in general population studies and screening programs in Estonia.

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..The results may facilitate translational studies of early detection and prevention of pancreatic cancer, especially among patients diagnosed with diabetes. ..

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..The most valid method will then be used in the final outcomes survey for the parent trial. ..

..A detailed process evaluation of the program will be conducted to inform wider program implementation. ..