vibrio infections

..Taken together, our results suggest that p38 MAPK modulation may be one of the ways of virulent V. harveyi to attack its host and escape abalone immune response...

..splendidus. Contributing to AMP resistance, conferring adhesive properties to V. splendidus, and being essential for in vivo fitness, the OmpU porin appears as an essential effector of the C. gigas/V. splendidus interaction...

..gigas immune responsiveness to circumvent Vibrio infections, we have developed the first deep sequencing study of the transcriptome of hemocytes, the immunocompetent ..

..tapetis (previously only known as the brown ring disease agent in clams). Identification of the new wrasse pathogens V. splendidus LP1 and V. tapetis LP2 is facilitated by break points observed in this study...

..Like foodborne Vibrio infections, nonfoodborne Vibrio infections (NFVI) also result in serious illness, but awareness of these infections is ..

..8% similarity) and the Cpn60 encoding gene had 22 substitutions out of 548 nt compared (96% similarity). This is the first finding of BRD and the first isolation of a V. tapetis-like bacterial strain from a bivalve in Norway...

..The results of this study suggest that a unique and specific clone could be related to the V. parahaemolyticus infections in Europe...

..The data reported here are consistent with the existence of two genotypes of V. vulnificus, with the C-type being a strong indicator of potential virulence...

..This is the first report of the isolation of pandemic strains of V. parahaemolyticus in sub-Saharan Africa and clearly indicates that the pandemic of V. parahaemolyticus has spread into the African continent...

....

..The patient was cured with intravenous administration of antibiotics and supportive treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of gastroenteritis and bacteraemia caused by V. fluvialis...

..A subtractive DNA fragment was identified to be a part of a 16-kbp insertion sequence which was present in almost all pandemic strains but not in nonpandemic strains tested...

..vulnificus infection. Taken together, these results indicate clearly that V. vulnificus infection significantly induces IL-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells via NF-kappaB activation...

..A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosis of this specific pathogen and concordant infection. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of this type of wound infection...

..6% of the clinical isolates were toxin negative. These data strongly indicate that the effect on tight junctions is not due to TDH and suggest that there are other virulence factors...

..Results of molecular typing of isolates from humans and marine environment in this country had a high genetic divergence among these isolates. Education and measures are needed to prevent this emerging disease...

..g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years...

..CONCLUSIONS: In this study we identified a new type of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase gene, aac(3)-Id. In addition, this is the first report of identification of antibiotic resistance genes and a class 1 integron in V. fluvialis...

....

..vulnificus. The assay distinguished the pandemic group from other V. parahaemolyticus strains by yielding a 235-bp specific amplicon, and can be a useful diagnostic tool for identification of pandemic group strains...

..The most frequent serogroup was serogroup O3. This is the first report of the presence of KP-positive tdh-positive environmental V. parahaemolyticus strains in Mexico...

..These results indicate that the cytotoxicity and enterotoxicity of TDH-producing V. parahaemolyticus are not explained by TDH alone, and suggest that an unknown virulence factor(s) could be involved in these pathogenic activities...

..This novel observation shows yet another way in which epidemic organisms arise...

..This was shown to be an important but rare cause of recurrent infection in our patient...

..Scientific capacity and laboratories need to be developed to widen the limited knowledge of the biology of Vibrio and toxic algae and the environmental factors that favor their emergence as public health and economic problems in Chile...

..In summary, the causative agent during epidemics was only a minor component of a small but diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish...

..This review underscores the need for a proactive approach to risk factors for emerging Vibrio infections, so as to establish adequate prevention measures.

..tapetis-R. philippinarum interaction model...

..We describe a case of V. fluvialis peritonitis after a traffic accident that is, to our knowledge, the 1st report of non-continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related acute peritonitis caused by this organism...

..These results indicate that VopB2 and VopD2 act as translocon proteins of V. parahaemolyticus T3SS2 and hence have a critical role in the T3SS2-dependent enterotoxicity of this bacterium...

..8:1 by allele and site, respectively. Application of this MLST scheme to more V. parahaemolyticus strains and by different laboratories will facilitate production of a global picture of the epidemiology and evolution of this pathogen...

..An investigation of six other biotype 2 strains for the presence of various plasmid markers revealed that they all harbored the virulence plasmid and four of them possessed the conjugal plasmid in addition...

..Vibrio VopL is predicted to be a bacterial virulence factor that disrupts actin homeostasis during an enteric infection of the host...

..To our knowledge, this is the first functional demonstration of a Wzy polysaccharide polymerase in V. vulnificus and is the first to show a link between LPS and CPS biosynthesis...

..To rapidly determine the causative agent of mass death in Lateolabrax japonicus in Zhelin Bay of Guangdong Province in China in April 2004...

..This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of cefotaxime and minocycline on proinflammatory cytokine levels in a murine model of V. vulnificus infection...

..Finally, the present study did not rule out the possibility that isolates lacking tdh and trh have unknown virulence mechanisms other than the tdh and trh genes...

..vulnificus...

..However, this study was not an extensive survey, and more sampling using rep-PCR for sensitive genetic discrimination is needed to determine the virulence potential of environmental reservoirs...

..Vibrio spp. are known worldwide for their virulence, quickly causing soft-tissue infection and lethal septicaemia. Vibrio infection following finning injury is rare, but can result in devastating complications in susceptible individuals...

....

..In 1996 the first appearance of a pandemic V. parahaemolyticus clone occurred, a new O3:K6 serotype strain that has now been identified worldwide as a major cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis...

..e., Kanagawa-negative) clinical isolates. These results highlight the genetic dynamism of V. parahaemolyticus and aid in refining the genetic definition of the pandemic group members...

..Thus, we developed a novel and highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the sensitive and rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus...

..We describe a case of non O1 Vibrio cholerae infection with cutaneous bullous lesions in a tourist returning from Tunisia...

..The results demonstrate prevalence of infection by the pandemic clone in southern Thailand and suggest emergence of various serovariants in this area and their implication in international spread...

..Full virulence in mice required surface expression of CPS and supported the essential role of capsule in the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus...

..parahaemolyticus and reports a novel toxRS-targeted PCR method that will be useful in epidemiological investigation of the cases associated with the current pandemic spread...

..These results suggest that sensitivity to TDH is affected by the stage of cellular differentiation of cultured intestinal epithelial cells...

..parahaemolyticus...

..Compared to conventional microbiological culture methods, this multiplex PCR approach is rapid and reliable for accomplishing a comprehensive detection of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish...

..In the summer and autumn of 1996 and 1997, an outbreak of invasive V. vulnificus infection occurred in Israel in people who had recently handled fresh, whole fish purchased from artificial fish-ponds...

..parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strains. The ORF8 gene can be a useful genetic marker for the identification of the recently widespread O3:K6 strains of V. parahaemolyticus...

..Surprisingly, the level of vhh-specific RNA transcript produced by VIB 645 was found to be very low. We conclude that the hemolytic phenotype of VIB 645 is not due to increased expression of one or both copies of the vhh gene...

..vulnificus septicemia like in other endotoxemic shocks. The use of doxycycline as an effective bactericidal agent and as an effective modulator of proinflammatory cytokines is supported...

..The median attack rate among persons who consumed the implicated seafood was 56%. To prevent V. parahaemolyticus infections, persons should avoid consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish and exposure of wounds to seawater...

..In this case report, we discuss the diagnosis and treatment of cellulitis in a patient with a Caribbean coral injury associated with Vibrio alginolyticus cellulitis...

..Our sequence data provide strong molecular support for the clonal origin of pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 and suggest that strains within such a clonal group may acquire previously identified serotypes...

..The warm seawater caused by the climatological phenomena "El Niño" perhaps favored the geographic dispersion of the bacterium (bacterial bloom) occurring in Antofagasta that occurred during that time of year...

..parahaemolyticus, it was possible to rationally design specific PCR-based probes and assays that permit the rapid and precise identification of pandemic strains of V. parahaemolyticus...

..Due to the very high stability constant of K = 32.2, bisucaberin is a most efficient iron scavenger which may contribute to the virulence of V. salmonicida in Atlantic salmon...

..001, 0.06, and 16 microg ml(-1). Single gyrA Ser-Ile substitutions were identified at position 83 of the intermediate and resistant strains, while a parC Ser-Leu substitution at position 85 was found only in the resistant strain...

..Phenotypical features of both species were also very similar, except that V. trachuri utilized itaconic acid, whereas V. harveyi did not. Therefore, it is proposed that the species V. trachuri should be reclassified as V. harveyi...

..Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that a specific residue, Ser153, was critical for its enzymatic activity and for its virulence in fish...

..In addition, proteolytic activity, cytotoxicity, fish pathogenicity, and solubility of the recombinant protein were determined...

..20 bacterial colonies in 25 mg of infected flounder tissue. These results suggest that this PCR system is a sensitive and species-specific detection method, and is possible to use as a diagnostic tool to detect V. anguillarum...

..three species--Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus-account for the majority of Vibrio infections in humans...

..anguillarum and complete growth arrest...

..Our data suggest that lineage I may have a higher pathogenic potential and that region XII, along with other regions, may give isolates a selective advantage either in the human host or in the aquatic environment or both...

..cholerae virulence gene. Based on these findings, we hypothesized the emergence of pandemicity and discuss the mechanism for how these strains spread throughout the world...

..ordalii strains from the Southeastern Pacific area, the results of which should facilitate the development of vaccines for protecting cultured Atlantic salmon against vibriosis in this area...

..Finally, wild-type and mutant strains were tested for virulence in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Only strains containing an rtxA mutation had reduced virulence, suggesting that RtxA is a major virulence factor for V. anguillarum...

..parahaemolyticus should be targeted for control of seafood-related transmission to humans...

..vulnificus grew on CVA-1. In addition, growth on CVA-1 allowed ready differentiation of Vibrio species. CVA-1 can be used to distinguish pathogenic Vibrios according to colony form and chromatic differences...

A total of 1,007 Vibrio infections were reported to the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department at the Louisiana Office of Public Heath, between 1980 and 2005...

....

..To characterize the luxO gene in fish pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus MVP01 and investigate its roles in regulation of extracellular products (ECP) and siderophore production...

..harveyi challenge, which was possibly due to the relatively prolonged exposure of the immune system to the recombinant antigen produced constitutively, albeit at a gradually decreasing level, by the carrier strain...

..parahaemolyticus for ampicillin (81%; MIC > or = 16 microg/ml). Additionally, V. parahaemolyticus displayed significantly higher MICs for cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline than V. vulnificus...

..vulnificus and may be used as an efficient tool in epidemiological studies...

..This is the first report of the simultaneous presence of tet(B) and tet(M), and of the tet(M) gene being linked to the 3'-end of Tn10 in Tc-resistant Vibrio spp. in Korea...

..harveyi. Challenge results indicated that vaccination of large yellow croakers with r-OmpK and r-GAPDH increased relative survival (37.7% and 40.0%, respectively) against wild V. harveyi...

..Underlying risk factors were identified in each patient; in one instance, previously unrecognised haemochromatosis was diagnosed. Likely reasons for Vibrio occurrence in this particular ecological niche are discussed...

..In V. anguillarum, OmpU is not required for virulence, possibly due to a second OMP also critical for resistance to bile; however, outside of the fish host, OmpU limits the progression of biofilm formation...

..2 x 10(7) cfu/fish. This is the first report on virulence of V. harveyi for sea bass...

..In conclusion, this new protocol is a suitable method for the isolation of VSE strains from environmental samples and is recommended for epidemiological studies of the pathogenic serovar E...

..These sequences have potential for use in the diagnosis of eel vibriosis caused by V. vulnificus and in the detection of biotype 2 serovar E strains...

..Each mutant was less virulent than V. anguillarum H775-3 to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), indicating that each hemolysin gene contributes to the virulence of V. anguillarum H775-3...

..Vibrio pelagius (Hq 222) was more adherent to the turbot cell lines TV-1 and TF than Escherichia coli. In both cell lines, the number of adhered bacteria increased with incubation time...

..An association of individual species with disease was not clear, which suggests the involvement of mixed infections...

....

..The significance of the two divisions (divisions I and II) still remains to be clarified, and a reevaluation of the definition of the biotypes is also needed...

..vulnificus) septicemia in persons who have liver disease or are immunocompromised...

..These studies will elucidate mechanisms of fulminating, invasive disease caused by V. vulnificus as related to rapid replication, evasion of defenses, and damage to host tissues. ..

..burgdorferi. These tools will be used to identify genes that are potentially responsible for this organism's virulence and which could be targets for new vaccines and antibiotics against Lyme disease. ..

..We expect these experiments will permit the extension of the molecular Koch's postulates to the characterization of unique aud specific molecular virulence determinants of B. burgdorferi. ..

..In addition, they may reveal ways in which changes in phage gene expression or copy number can contribute to the pathogenicity of V. cholerae. ..

..These studies will elucidate mechanisms of fulminating, invasive disease caused by V. vulnificus as related to rapid replication, evasion of defenses, and damage to host tissues. ..

....

..parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. Studying this model may also lead to approaches that prevent, reduce or treat such infections. ..

..The results of the proposed work will provide much needed genetic tools which will facilitate drug discovery, vaccine development, cell biology experiments, and microbiological experiments with virulent F. tularensis strains. ..

..cholerae. ..

..parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. Studying this model may also lead to approaches that prevent, reduce or treat such infections. ..

..burgdorferi from a descriptive paradigm to a paradigm framed by mechanistic and causal interpretations. ..

..Details are provided in the body of this application. ..

..burgdorferi 297 grown under different conditions in vitro and in vivo. The latter studies will indicate whether different levels of transcription are secondary to changes in the regulatory and structural DNA sequences of the bmpC gene. ..

..This work will also have important ramifications for the design of safer live attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strains. ..

..Identification and characterization of the critical colonization genes will lay the foundation for understanding signal exchange between a prokaryote and a eukaryote during the establishment of a long-term association. ..