iontophoresis

Transdermal iontophoresis, a noninvasive technique that facilitates drug transport through the skin by the use of an external electrical field, has expanded the scope of drugs that can be delivered transdermally and enables programmable ..

In a recent study, we were unable to measure lidocaine in the human calf at a 5-mm depth via iontophoresis. We surmised that this might be due to a lack of epinephrine in the compound...

..developed, including the use of laser Doppler flowmetry/imaging to measure cutaneous perfusion accompanied by iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside...

The aim of this work was to study in vitro the post-iontophoresis transport of ibuprofen lysine across rabbit ear skin, from ibuprofen lysine water solutions (20-200 mg/ml and pH 6.8-7.8). Current densities of 0.125, 0.25, and 0...

Reverse iontophoresis uses a small current to extract molecules and ions through the skin...

..placebo-controlled study of ten healthy volunteers on histamine-induced flare and wheal response using an iontophoresis technique. The suppressive effect of olopatadine on the wheals induced by a 0...

..In this clinical trial the effectiveness of iodide iontophoresis and iodide application without current in moderate to severe dry eye patients was compared.

The potential for iontophoresis facilitated transdermal transport of ketorolac was investigated using rat skin...

..An experimental study in transdermal iontophoresis (TI) is employed to evaluate the applicability of a particular neural network (NN) model, i.e...

Skin microvascular responses to iontophoresis of acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, and sodium nitroprusside, an endothelium-independent vasodilator, were measured using a laser Doppler imager whose software controlled ..

..b>Iontophoresis of the predominantly zwitterionic ALA from the anode is more efficient than that from the cathode...

..We modify the technique of iontophoresis to use a 0...

..palmar hyperhidrosis who responded to BOTOX delivered not by injection, the usual method of delivery, but by iontophoresis. The Botulinum molecule has been considered too large for delivery into the skin this way...

Pioneer work on iontophoresis undertaken by David Maurice during the 1970s and 1980s laid the initial groundwork for its potential implementation as a promising ocular therapeutic modality...

This study aims to develop an amperometric glucose biosensor, based on carbon nanotubes material for reverse iontophoresis, fabricated by immobilizing a mixture of glucose oxidase (GOD) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) epoxy-..

Transdermal iontophoresis is the administration of ionic therapeutic agents through the skin by the application of a low-level electric current...

..The aim of this study was to determine whether the laser Doppler response of skin microcirculation to acetylcholine, reflects that of conduit artery assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD)...

..CD is a technique of transdermal delivery of drugs combining regional hypothermia and iontophoresis.

..The controlled delivery afforded by constant current iontophoresis, which involves the application of a small electrical potential sets it apart from other technologies...

We assessed the effect of epinephrine at various concentrations on the anesthetic effect during lidocaine iontophoresis. A solution of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine in concentration of 1:80,000, 1:160,000, 1:320,000, 2% lidocaine plain ..

..extracting glucose and lactate from human subjects, at the same skin location, using transdermal reverse iontophoresis. Transdermal monitoring using iontophoresis is made possible by the skin's permeability to small molecules and ..

b>Iontophoresis currents are used in the transcutaneous delivery of vasoactive substances for noninvasive assessment of skin vascular properties...

..for 2 h with 5% of menthol, menthone, cineole and pulegone in EtOH; EtOH alone; neat menthone with and without iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm(2); 6 h)...

..This review will summarize recent literature concerning ocular drug delivery of bioactive compounds to the posterior segment of the eye with emphasis on transscleral iontophoresis.

..For evaluating the tolerance of this IDDS in pediatrics, 12 healthy children (5-15 years, 4 girls and 8 boys, 10 white, weight 19-79 kg) were evaluated...

..The total amount of drug recovered in the SC post-iontophoresis was significantly higher than that found following passive diffusion for each application time...

b>Iontophoresis enhances transdermal drug delivery by three mechanisms: (a) the ion-electric field interaction provides an additional force which drives ions through the skin; (b) flow of electric current increases permeability of skin; ..

..OBJECTIVE: The authors compared the local analgesic effect of topical lidocaine iontophoresis and EMLA cream in a crossover study design...

..hydrogel loaded with a drug solution as a probe for ejecting drugs to the eye upon application of low current iontophoresis. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and cross-linked ..

..Lactate was quickly and easily extracted by iontophoresis both in vitro and in vivo...

b>Iontophoresis is the application of a small electric current to enhance the transport of both charged and polar, neutral compounds across the skin...

..A number of other physical approaches such as iontophoresis, sonophoresis, ultrasound and the use of microneedles are now being studied to improve permeation of ..

..pharmacokinetics and safety of aspirin delivered by a single, noninvasive, transscleral, coulomb-controlled iontophoresis (CCI) treatment; topical application; or by one intravenous (IV) injection...

Transcorneoscleral iontophoresis was used to enhance ocular penetration of a 21-bp NH(2) protected anti-NOSII oligonucleotides (ODNs) (fluorescein or infrared-41 labeled) in Lewis rats...

..To determine whether postjunctional alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors mediate vasoconstrictor responses in the cutaneous vasculature of the human forearm...

Reverse iontophoresis extracts glucose across the skin in the GlucoWatch Biographer, a device to monitor glycemia in diabetes...

..METHODS: Two structurally different compartmental models describing the in vitro transport during iontophoresis and one compartmental model describing the in vitro transport in post-iontophoretic period are proposed...

..Franz diffusion cells and Scepter iontophoretic power source were used for the transport studies. Cathodal iontophoresis was performed at 0.2 mA/cm2 current density...

Pain during venipuncture is a major source of concern to children and their caretakers. Iontophoresis is a novel technique that uses an electrical current to facilitate movement of solute ions (lidocaine) across the stratum corneum ..

..in both lungs, and their diagnosis was confirmed by the repeated analysis of a quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis test (QPIT). The sweat chloride concentrations of the first patient were 108.1 mM/L and 96.7 mM/L...

In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of lidocaine iontophoresis for the prevention of pain associated with venipuncture in 59 children aged 6-17 yr...

..The findings suggest that prostanoids do not contribute significantly to basal CuBF or endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm microcirculation. In contrast, prostanoids are mediators of the ACh-provoked axon reflex...

PURPOSE: To evaluate dexamethasone penetration to the eye after a short transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis using a drug loaded hydrogel assembled on a portable iontophoretic device...

..These studies support the hypothesis that coiontophoresis of vasoactive drugs modulates the transdermal delivery of lidocaine, in part by altering the cutaneous "depot."..

..b>Iontophoresis and sonophoresis with the energies that do not disrupt the skin barrier, but induce changes in the epidermal ..

..The flux during cathodal iontophoresis through intact skin was insignificant for human hexameric insulin, and only low and variable fluxes were ..

Transdermal iontophoresis per se may not be able to achieve significant permeation of large peptides like insulin, thereby necessitating the use of combination strategies involving chemical enhancers and iontophoresis...

To evaluate methotrexate penetration and distribution profile in ocular structures after short low current transscleral hydrogel iontophoresis.

We wished to evaluate the potential of iontophoresis to promote the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) directed at the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-R2 receptor (KDR/Flk) to the cornea of the rat eye...

..The OcuPhor trade mark system has promise for noninvasive drug delivery to the eye...

..We used the powerful combination of iontophoresis with detailed analysis of frequency response areas to test the hypothesis that GABAergic and glycinergic ..

..To accomplish this we combined laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) with the local iontophoresis of bretylium in 10 studies with eight healthy subjects. Each subject had two forearm sites (0...

..HCI was studied in in vitro cells, in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF), and in vivo in pigs. Iontophoresis of lidocaine in vitro across human and porcine skin were similar, supporting the use of porcine skin as an ..

..Basal cutaneous perfusion and perfusion responses during iontophoresis with the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) and the endothelium-independent vasodilator ..

..b>Iontophoresis of methyl-ALA and hexyl-ALA also increased the amount of prodrug delivered into the skin...

..mice skin was studied in vitro after pretreatment with terpenes and ethanol, alone or in combination with iontophoresis (DC/mDC)...

..In the present study, anodal and cathodal constant current transscleral iontophoresis were conducted with excised sclera in side-by-side diffusion cells in vitro and with rabbits in vivo...

b>Iontophoresis is a novel technique which may be used to facilitate the movement of antibiotics into the substance of bone using an electrical potential applied externally...

Gels are considered to be the most suitable delivery vehicle for iontophoresis, as they can be easily amalgamated with the iontophoretic delivery system and can also match the contours of the skin...

Reverse iontophoresis is an alternative to blood sampling for the monitoring of endogenous molecules...

The synergistic effect of electroporation (EP) and iontophoresis (IP) on the in vivo percutaneous absorption of human insulin was evaluated in rats. Passive diffusion and IP alone (0...

..To study the combination of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) intravitreous injection and saline transpalpebral iontophoresis on the delivery of ODNs to photoreceptors in the newborn rd1/rd1 mice...

..and -independent vascular responses were measured in the forearm skin using laser Doppler imaging after iontophoresis of increasing doses of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively...

..To investigate whether regular intense physical training induces changes in microvascular reactivity of human glabrous and nonglabrous skin...

..To demonstrate the in vivo transdermal delivery and establish the comparative pharmacokinetics of five beta-blockers in hairless rat...

The objectives of this work were (a) to explore the potential of transdermal reverse iontophoresis for therapeutic drug monitoring and (b) to develop an "internal standard" calibration procedure so as to render the technique ..

..FT-IR and TGA studies showed that skin hydration increased as a function of CD and duration and all the results could be explained on the basis of increased skin hydration...

This study investigates the effects of terpenes and iontophoresis on the in vitro permeation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) through rat skin and the biophysical changes induced by the chemical enhancers in the stratum corneum (SC) lipids ..

The participation of prostaglandins (PGs) in the cutaneous vasodilatation to acetylcholine (ACh) applied via iontophoresis is under debate...

Potential differences have been measured during transdermal iontophoresis in order to establish the effect of voltage, as opposed to current, on cutaneous blood flow...

The influence of iontophoresis and other physical enhancement methods such as electroporation and erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser on the skin permeation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was examined...

Transdermal iontophoresis is a physical enhancement strategy primarily for charged molecules and offers a number of advantages for the delivery of peptides and proteins...

..b>Iontophoresis provides a mechanism to enhance the penetration of hydrophilic and charged molecules across the skin...

..Transdermal penetration studies involved occluded passive penetration for 12 h and cathodic iontophoresis (0.8 mA/cm(2)) for 8 h for all systems...

..These techniques represent a unique means to investigate noninvasively the functional vasodilatory capacity of the skin microvasculature...

To demonstrate transdermal delivery of interferon alpha-2b (IFNalpha2b) in hairless rats through aqueous microchannels (micropores) created in the skin and enhanced by iontophoresis.

..To demonstrate the transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a small (12.4 kDa) protein across intact skin...

..The use of oleic acid and iontophoresis as penetration enhancement techniques, used separately and simultaneously, was also investigated...

As a continuing effort to understand the mechanisms of alternating current (AC) transdermal iontophoresis and the iontophoretic transport pathways in the stratum corneum (SC), the objectives of the present study were to determine the ..

The objective was to relate the efficiency of a charged drug to carry current across the skin during iontophoresis to its structural and/or physicochemical properties...

..05). In addition, the application of iontophoresis to the wet methyl cellulose-Azone formulation produced a much higher increase of sumatriptan transdermal flux.

..significant local vasodilatory responses comparable to those achieved with nitroglycerin without requiring iontophoresis. The means of transdermal delivery and monitoring described herein may constitute a new minimally invasive way ..

..density at low and very low frequencies) were measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry after local heat and iontophoresis of ACh and sodium nitroprusside...

..Delivery was enhanced by iontophoresis and microneedles, both in-vitro and in-vivo...

..explore the passive and electrically assisted transdermal transport of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) by iontophoresis. For better bioavailability, better patient compliance, and enhanced delivery of DPH, an iontophoretic drug ..

..Possible relationships between FSV abnormalities and the severity and/or activity of SSc were also investigated...

..8 +/- 70.5% in control vs. 733.5 +/- 54.6% in the treated site). These findings indicate that NO- and PGI(2)-independent mechanism plays an important role in the regulation of blood flow in the human skin microcirculation...

..The in vitro iontophoretic transdermal delivery of chlorpromazine (CPZ) across pig skin was investigated. Anodal iontophoresis considerably increased CPZ skin penetration and accumulation compared with the passive controls...

..The concept that the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein could partly result from vascular effects that may be detected in peripheral microcirculation is new...

..The breathing of 100% O(2) decreased (P < 0.05) the vasodilator response to Ach, but not to SNP, suggesting that hyperoxia attenuates endothelial-mediated vasodilation of the human skin...

..METHODS: Microvascular skin reactivity was assessed by laser Doppler perfusion monitoring and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in 25 women with a history of early onset preeclampsia ..

..These data suggest the variation in CRH-induced dilation in the skin microvasculature during the menstrual cycle may be due to estrogenic effects on mast cell function and not due to direct changes in endothelial cell function...

..CONCLUSION: Despite its limited sample size studied, this is the first demonstration that women with PCOS exhibit microvascular endothelial dysfunction, indicated by an inhibited vasodilatory response to ACh...

..this study was to evaluate the feasibility of delivering vapreotide, a somatostatin analogue, by transdermal iontophoresis. METHODS: In vitro experiments were conducted using dermatomed porcine ear skin and heat-separated epidermis...

The feasibility of delivering triptorelin ([D-Trp6]LHRH) by transdermal iontophoresis was evaluated in vitro. Peptide electrotransport at different current densities and donor concentrations was measured across porcine ear skin...

..The flux increased 385-fold respective to passive diffusion, thus resulting in a transdermal flux of sumatriptan of 1273+/-83 nmol/cm2 h...

..METHODS: The effect of U-II on vascular tone was determined in the forearm skin microcirculation using iontophoresis to administer the drug and laser Doppler velocimetry to measure microvascular response...

..20/sq.ft. This membrane would also be expected to have minimal skin irritation potential as compared to iontophoresis, the current non-invasive programmable drug delivery method that could eventually compete with this system on ..

..20/sq.ft. This membrane would also be expected to have minimal skin irritation potential as compared to iontophoresis, the current non-invasive programmable drug delivery method that could eventually compete with this system on ..

..20/sq.ft. This membrane would also be expected to have minimal skin irritation potential as compared to iontophoresis, the current non-invasive programmable drug delivery method that could eventually compete with this system on ..

..aversive (quinine) tastant. Aim 4 will expand that study and apply our improved iontophoresis method in conjunction with the combined voltammetry/electrophysiology technology to determine potential causal ..

..aversive (quinine) tastant. Aim 4 will expand that study and apply our improved iontophoresis method in conjunction with the combined voltammetry/electrophysiology technology to determine potential causal ..

..These studies would employ novel drug delivery methods (iontophoresis and collagen shields) capable of delivering large amounts of antibiotic in a short time, as well as two rabbit ..

..During the coming grant period, norepinephrine iontophoresis in patients with and without SMP will be tested as a new, non-invasive, diagnostic test for SMP (Sp. Aim 1)...

..5. Iontophoresis coupled with voltammetry...

..three new methods of transporting pilocarpine to the sweat glands and comparing the results to the current iontophoresis method...

..The work will use a micropipette as a point-source to release molecules into the brain by iontophoresis, a pressure pulse or a controlled infusion...

..characterized using a comprehensive suite of natural skin stimuli and then labeled in their entirety through iontophoresis of Neurobiotin...

..b>Iontophoresis of peptides, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybirdization, and double labeling paradigms using retrograde ..

..shedding and recurrent epithelial disease will continue in two previously developed rabbit models: 1) ocular iontophoresis of adrenergic agents, and 2) production of adrenergic agonists and antagonists will be used to define the ..

..A less invasive method will use cutaneous iontophoresis of substance P to evoke a facilitated vasodilatation response measured by laser Doppler...

..2. To develop and use iontophoresis with voltammetry to introduce chemical substances directly at the site where pH and dopamine measurements are ..

..The methodology to be employed includes iontophoresis of adrenergic agents,...

..Combinations of single unit recording, microinjections, behavioral testing and iontophoresis will be performed to reveal the neurophysiological basis for improgan antinociception...

..Functionally characterized dorsal root ganglion cells, marked intracellularly by iontophoresis with a label (lucifer yellow, HRP) from recording micropipettes, would be tested for reactivity with ..