non prescription drugs

..This research aims to establish a baseline data concerning the extent of self-medication among Jordanians, and to assess possible factors associated with self-medication, so that future interventions can be documented and planned...

..This study aims to determine the medicine sellers' perspectives on malaria and the determinants that underlie their dispensing patterns of antimalarial drugs...

..Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of drug interactions, with selected examples...

..To estimate what proportion of symptomatic women purchasing over-the-counter antifungal products for immediate treatment of presumed vulvovaginal candidiasis have vulvovaginal candidiasis or other genitourinary conditions...

..To examine the impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter...

..We also propose an evaluation methodology that is suitable in the absence of data on large-scale bioterrorist attacks and disease outbreaks...

..A&E departments can expect to continue to receive a significant number of requests for emergency contraception. Further measures will be required to reduce the U.K.'s high rate of unplanned pregnancies...

..The prevalence of vulvovaginitis candiasis is expected to rise due to the growing number of non-C albicans species (which are immune to most antifungal medcationa) and as a result of more widespread antifungal resistance...

..Since August 2002, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) has tracked OTC medication sales to enhance detection of natural and intentional infectious disease outbreaks...

..The study described here explored whether pharmacists do fulfill this expectation...

..Data on adult use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines is limited. This study aimed to assess childhood and adult patterns of OTC medicine use to inform national medicine retailer programmes in Kenya and other similar settings...

..These findings strongly support the inclusion of private drug retailers in control strategies aiming to improve prompt effective treatment of malaria...

..The possibility of OTC medicine use must be remembered and explored by healthcare professionals when children present for treatment...

..Those who use OTC medications for their illness appear to differ from those who do not. This information can inform health officials, and aid development of pharmacy-based syndromic surveillance...

..Describe the prevalence of self-prescribed use and misuse as well as users' opinions concerning nonprescription medications and dietary supplements in assisted living facilities...

..This makes it necessary for all nurses and other clinicians providing health care to older adults to intensify efforts to educate and guard these patients and ensure appropriate use of OTC drugs...

..Data on the range of prescription and over-the-counter drug use in the United States are not available...

..The aim of the study was to identify the patterns of use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications among children...

..This study examined whether the change in nicotine replacement therapy sales from prescription to over the counter (OTC) status affected smoking cessation...

..Despite concerns about drug safety, current information on older adults' use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements is limited...

..Future research should examine whether youth take medications as directed and what factors make labels and inserts easier to read and understand...

..The purpose of this study was to determine whether peak syndromic activity and the consequential purchase of nonprescription medications could predict an increase in poisoning exposures involving NRDM-monitored medications...

..Our ability to explain or to predict OTC use and change in use is poor, and further studies, particularly on use by elderly individuals of minority races, are needed...

..To ascertain if monitoring over-the-counter (OTC) drug sales could provide a timely syndromic surveillance method of detecting outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness...

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..These findings indicate that pharmacists could be more proactive in the management of inappropriate OTC drug use...

..It is imperative that health care providers identify all prescribed, OTC, and herbal drugs taken by their patients and assess all interactions in order to avoid the possibility of adverse drug effects...

..to survey the most common and the most important drug-related problems in Lithuania, to explore their solution and factors influencing it, to formulate recommendations for solving drug-related problems...

..The Food and Drug Administration approval and subsequent launch of over-the-counter (OTC) omeprazole raises the question whether consumers would use OTC omeprazole appropriately in a "real world" setting...

..Patients should also be queried concerning medications that are not prescribed by the physician for an assessment of potential drug interactions...

..The influence of patient complaints and physical examination findings on GPs' prescribing behaviour was mostly investigated by indirect methods such as questionnaires...

..Overuse of antibiotics increases the incidence of bacterial resistance and contributes avoidable costs to the health care system...

..CONCLUSION: Finnish female conscripts commonly use prescribed and nonprescribed medicines. The importance of sufficient medication information for female conscripts is emphasized...

..Despite the possibility of hepatotoxicity in overdose, paracetamol represents a better all-round option for most patients requiring OTC analgesic therapy...

..They had more confidence in medical doctors' than pharmacists' recommendations and consultation. The main conclusion is that the pharmacists do not have the main say in the choice of OTC analgesics and their rational and correct use...

..Beside prescribed medication, self-medication with OTC drugs is an important part of drug usage for men and women in Germany. Health consciousness appears to be a significant factor to explain the prevalence OTC drug use...

..CONCLUSION: The data suggest that OTC HC products are used for self-treatment in a limited and appropriate fashion that is likely to be safe in both adults and children...

..Changes in legislation towards increased availability of medicines that do not require prescription are covered and the implications for at-risk groups are discussed. A table of minor ailments and their principal treatments is provided...

..New technologies and devices have the potential for improving the patient's self-management of medications. The role of nurses in educating older adults and their families about proper medication management is vital...

..We conclude that specific questioning on self-administation of OTC preparations or formerly prescribed drugs results in an improved overview of medication and a better handling of polymedication and drug compliance...

..However, it is imperative that patients and transplant practitioners are aware that this agent is not without toxicities and proper monitoring is advised...

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..To assess the frequency and indications for over-the-counter (OTC) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) use and to what degree the public is aware of their side effects...

..In Sweden, all pharmacies are owned by the state and all prescriptions and over-the-counter (OTC) products, such as antifungals, are registered in a database, which offers unique possibilities to study the epidemiology of VVC/RVVC...

..This places greater responsibility on community pharmacists to ensure that patients exercise self-care appropriately. This small study examined pharmacist performance in facilitating patient self-care...

..To assist them, pharmacists must remain up-to-date on trends and have an understanding of the nuances of consumers' behavior and thinking in relation to OTC products and their use...

..3%) and poor compliance (71.2%). In Sudan there is still a great need to educate and to motivate the general public regarding the principles of rational drug use in order to safeguard health and avoid economic losses...

..This paper will discuss these aspects as well as the physical and professional environments of retail pharmacies that influence the perceptions of customers and how these vary whether chain, independent, or hospital pharmacies...

..We also studied factors that were associated with the substitution of OTC acid inhibitors or antacid use for consultation with a GP...

..Most descriptive pharmacoepidemiological reports are from studies of older people, and little is known about medication use by younger adults...

..The Internet is a potential tool to reach consumers of CAM for research purposes. The study design requires modification, and the findings need cautious interpretation for further research using the Internet as a venue...

..The purpose of this study was to identify these non-prescribed drugs and to define the role of pharmacists in their sale and their use in primary healthcare...

..Thirty five of the 83 (42.2%) had tried alternative treatments for their attacks...

..5% of the users and occurred primarily with diclofenac, piroxicam, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen. Because the use and availability of OTC NSAIDs are increasing, further studies of the tolerability of this important drug class are warranted...

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..g. with St. John's wort (SJW), instead of seeking professional help. The purpose of this study is to examine patients who buy SJW for the treatment of depression...

..Setting A high school in Helsingborg, Sweden...

..The study describes how self-treatment of constipation is practiced. In addition, the characteristics of patients buying the contact laxative, sodium picosulfate, for self-treatment of constipation were analyzed...

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..This article summarizes the side effects, adverse reactions, and medication interactions older adults face when using some common OTC medications...

..Health care professionals should be knowledgeable on the appropriate use of medication. There is a significant need to question and to educate caregivers on nonprescription medication use in children...

..Based on the findings in this study, pharmacists are making OTC product recommendations in accordance with their health care training and expertise...

..The use of a well-designed polypharmacy intervention program can help reduce the costs associated with polypharmacy, as well as improve patients' health by helping to detect and avoid unnecessary drug use...

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..Older people consume an increasing amount of medication. Polypharmacy is associated with an elevated risk of adverse health outcomes resulting in hospitalizations and sometimes death...

..g., in physiotherapy, psychotherapy. Long lasting use of various types of painkillers can lead to drug addiction. This problem is observed by over a half of the GPs (67.1%)...

..These findings demonstrate an ongoing opportunity for nurses to educate health care providers, as well as consumers, regarding the dangers of these medications...

..Consumers await expanded and differentiated pharmacy-based, pharmacist-provided medication therapy management services focused on the safe, appropriate, and effective selection, use, and monitoring of nonprescription drugs therapy...

..Medications (eg, ibuprofen) that are contraindicated in pregnancy were used at unexpectedly high rates. Of the three medication classes, over-the-counter medications were used most frequently...

..To evaluate the practice by community pharmacy practitioners of computerized documentation of drug-related problems (DRPs) and pharmacy interventions in nonprescription drug consumers...

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..The standard of counselling on self-medication in the Czech Republic should thus become more effective...

..Moreover, the expenditures of the state also decrease, as patients do not visit the doctor but buy non-prescription, i.e. non-supported, medicaments...

..For the first time, the lipid regulating drug atorvastatin was detected in samples of STP effluent and surface water...

..However, it contained generous levels of alcohol and morphine sulfate which could cause coma, addiction or death in an infant. Although somewhat chemically altered, these two products were eventually removed from the market in the 1930s...

..Analysis of participation in drug costs by seniors in the Czech Republic in connection with seniors' access to pharmacotherapy...

..The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments...

..Recent recognition of the effects of certain foods on many drugs metabolized by CYP450 families or drugs susceptible to chelation and adsorption have increased awareness for prevention of food-drug interactions...

..Moreover, the need for further research to determine the clinical consequences of the described interactions is highlighted...

..The rates of elimination of ibuprofen and naproxen appeared to be elevated in STPs with hydraulic retention times for sewage greater than 12 h...

..Concentrations of many of the chemicals were generally the highest in the vicinity of these sources, decline with increasing distance from sources, and were generally low or non-detectable in the open waters of the Great Lakes...

..These findings are consistent with those for younger persons and suggest protective effects of vitamin E supplements in the elderly...

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..Drug dispensing personnel should be considered part of the therapeutic chain and, if appropriately trained, they will play a very important role in promoting rational use of medicines...

..05%. The RSDs of the recoveries were 1.14%-4.82%. The method can be used in the analysis of the four highly polar anti-diabetic drugs in Chinese traditional patent medicines, and it is rapid, convenient, economic and specific...

..Inappropriate prescribing in frail elderly inpatients has not received as much investigation as in frail elderly nursing home patients...

..In continuation, a toxicological assessment was made for an additional period of 5 yr...

..To estimate the burden of rheumatic diseases in terms of disability and health-care utilization in the Greek general adult population...

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..To analyse the acceptance of the replacement of patent medicines by generic medicines at community pharmacies and to study the variability of the answers in terms of the characteristics of the user, prescription and community pharmacy...

..The official cause of death was respiratory suppression by sevoflurane and the manner of death was unclear...

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..We set out to investigate the current therapeutic practice of UK optometrists and to elicit their views on an extended prescribing role...

..The overall goal is to apply modern clinical, epidemiological and virological techniques to the study of this rare but devastating illness. ..

..CCS results have repeatedly been confirmed in other studies, indicating the success of efforts to minimize bias. CCS is a unique resource for cancer epidemiology. ..

..assess the value empirical Bayes correction of the PS compared with variable selection. Dissemination of our results will increase correct application of PS methods including methods to adjust for unmeasured confounding. ..

..These recommendations will be disseminated widely among researchers and practicing physicians. ..

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..Healthcare utilization will be compared between the 2 groups after 52 weeks and a cost-benefit analysis conducted. ..

..This study will be the first large, systematic test of gradual vs. abrupt cessation. ..

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..A preliminary estimate of the effect size of xylitol treatment from the pilot RCT will suggest whether the effect if sufficiently large to warrant a large formal RCT to be proposed. ..

..The continuation will also include collaborating with other drug abuse researchers at UVM and elsewhere. The applicant will continue to mentor 4-6 students/yr and to be actively engaged in media and policy initiatives. ..

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..Our results will suggest messages for media campaigns and for clinicians to use to motivate smokers to access proven treatments. ..

..Or if reducing marijuana often leads to cessation, then convincing those not interested in quitting marijuana to first try reducing may be helpful. ..

..Current public health strategies discourage reduced smoking. If we show reduced smoking prompts quit attempts, it will suggest reconsideration of reduced smoking as an intermediary step toward quitting smoking. ..

..We believe it imperative to begin studying these substitutes so that, unlike low-tar/low nicotine cigarettes, we will know whether their introduction is good or bad for public health. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..The PRC is currently characterized by a very productive and academically broad group of researchers, with the greatest concentration in the Departments of Sociology, Human Ecology, and Economics, in that order. ..

..This K24 award will be essential to allow Dr. Lewis sufficient protected time from clinical activities to continue to develop his research program and mementoring activities. ..

..These secondary analyses should help explain the primary biologic outcomes and should be useful in the development of counseling messages and service protocols in the future. ..

..If our hypothesis is correct, this study will serve to establish that ligands for PPARg possess biological activity necessary to modulate the inflammatory response in the intact human colon. ..

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..Additionally/our findings may serve as a basis for using botanical extracts and/or constituents for new, low-cost treatments for important human viral infections. ..

..Pharmacologic response data will be used in combination with kinetic data to predict periods of maximal effect and high risk periods for adverse cardiovascular effects...

..The proposed research is needed to guide governmental regulators as to how best to regulate nicotine in cigarettes and is an essential first step in examining the feasibility of a national regulation program. ..

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..An ultimate objective is to use this knowledge to aid in the development of more effective smoking cessation interventions for African-Americans. ..

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..These questions are especially relevant given our nation's current obesity epidemic. ..

..Additionally, it will add substantially to the slim literature on the increasingly important area of Hispanic fertility and contraceptive practice. ..

..A secondary objective of the proposed research is to develop and pilot test interventions to be used by at-risk (i.e., harmful or hazardous) drinking older persons and their physicians to reduce risky drinking. ..

..while the results of the project are disseminated to regional and national farmworker groups, to those providing health care to farmworkers, and in the research literature. ..

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..Our research program will help further define the role of nicotine and metabolites in the dependence process and will aid in the development of harm reduction approaches for tobacco addiction. ..

..The proposed research is needed to guide the FDA as how best to regulate nicotine in cigarettes and is an essential first step in examining the feasibility of a national nicotine regulation program. ..

..As the diaphragm effectiveness results become available, data from this proposed study will position us to design counseling interventions and to address provider education and training needs. ..

..Such findings will be vital to policy makers in predicting the potential burden of NMPAU-related problems. ..