betaine

Summary

Summary: A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

Top Publications

  1. ncbi Tolerance to high osmolality of the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni and identification of potential osmoprotectants
    Claire Le Marrec
    Faculté d Oenologie, UMR Oenologie Ampélologie, INRA Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 Université Bordeaux 1, 351, Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France
    Int J Food Microbiol 115:335-42. 2007
  2. ncbi Choline and betaine in health and disease
    Per Magne Ueland
    Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
    J Inherit Metab Dis 34:3-15. 2011
  3. ncbi 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic assessment in a rat model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet
    So Hyun Kim
    College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul, 156 756, Republic of Korea
    Anal Bioanal Chem 395:1117-24. 2009
  4. ncbi Separation of cationic aracyl derivatives of betaines and related compounds
    Malina K Storer
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, P.O. Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand
    J Chromatogr A 1104:263-71. 2006
  5. ncbi Dietary intake of S-(alpha-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats
    Jana Strakova
    Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
    Nutr Res 30:492-500. 2010
  6. ncbi Betaine improves the PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences
    W Henke
    Research Division of the Department of Urology, University Hospital Charite, Humboldt University, D 10098 Berlin, Germany
    Nucleic Acids Res 25:3957-8. 1997
  7. ncbi The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 43:732-44. 2010
  8. ncbi Divergent associations of plasma choline and betaine with components of metabolic syndrome in middle age and elderly men and women
    Svetlana V Konstantinova
    Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
    J Nutr 138:914-20. 2008
  9. ncbi Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr
    Wayne R Riekhof
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
    Eukaryot Cell 4:242-52. 2005
  10. ncbi Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, PO Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Metabolism 54:1-14. 2005

Research Grants

  1. Homocysteine, Adiponectin, and Alcoholic Liver Disease
    Zhenyuan Song; Fiscal Year: 2009
  2. Homocysteine, Adiponectin, and Alcoholic Liver Disease
    Zhenyuan Song; Fiscal Year: 2010
  3. DEVELOPING SOLUTES AS STRUCTURAL/MECHANISTIC PROBES OF PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS
    M Thomas Record; Fiscal Year: 2010
  4. DEVELOPING SOLUTES AS STRUCTURAL/MECHANISTIC PROBES OF PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS
    M Thomas Record; Fiscal Year: 2011
  5. MOLECULAR BASIS AND ENZYMOLOGY OF MICROBIAL BIOSYNTHESIS
    F Tabita; Fiscal Year: 1999
  6. Epidemiologic Study of Placental Abruption
    Cande Ananth; Fiscal Year: 2006
  7. OSMOLYTE PROTECTION OF PROTEINS AGAINST INACTIVATION
    DAVID BOLEN; Fiscal Year: 2001
  8. Rare disease CRC for new therapies and new diagnostics
    Arthur Beaudet; Fiscal Year: 2006
  9. ENZYMES IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
    Martha Ludwig; Fiscal Year: 2005
  10. ENZYMES IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
    Janet Smith; Fiscal Year: 2007

Detail Information

Publications294 found, 100 shown here

  1. ncbi Tolerance to high osmolality of the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni and identification of potential osmoprotectants
    Claire Le Marrec
    Faculté d Oenologie, UMR Oenologie Ampélologie, INRA Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 Université Bordeaux 1, 351, Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence, France
    Int J Food Microbiol 115:335-42. 2007
    ..In contrast to what was observed in other lactic acid bacteria, proline, glycine betaine and related molecules were unable to relieve inhibition of growth of O. oeni under osmotic constraint...
  2. ncbi Choline and betaine in health and disease
    Per Magne Ueland
    Section for Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
    J Inherit Metab Dis 34:3-15. 2011
    ..Pre-and postnatal choline availability is important for neurodevelopment in rodents. Choline is oxidized to betaine that serves as an osmoregulator and is a substrate in the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase reaction, which ..
  3. ncbi 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic assessment in a rat model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet
    So Hyun Kim
    College of Pharmacy, Chung Ang University, Seoul, 156 756, Republic of Korea
    Anal Bioanal Chem 395:1117-24. 2009
    ..Several key metabolites in urine, such as betaine, taurine, acetone/acetoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, pyruvate, lactate, and citrate contributed to the ..
  4. ncbi Separation of cationic aracyl derivatives of betaines and related compounds
    Malina K Storer
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, P.O. Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand
    J Chromatogr A 1104:263-71. 2006
    ..Retention is reduced by increasing the water content and the buffer concentration. Capillary electrophoresis migration times are affected by the choice of buffer anion, with low pH citrate buffers favoured...
  5. ncbi Dietary intake of S-(alpha-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats
    Jana Strakova
    Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
    Nutr Res 30:492-500. 2010
    b>Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteine (Hcy), forming dimethylglycine and methionine...
  6. ncbi Betaine improves the PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences
    W Henke
    Research Division of the Department of Urology, University Hospital Charite, Humboldt University, D 10098 Berlin, Germany
    Nucleic Acids Res 25:3957-8. 1997
    b>Betaine improves the co-amplification of the two alternatively spliced variants of the prostate-specific membrane antigen mRNA as well as the amplification of the coding cDNA region of c-jun...
  7. ncbi The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 43:732-44. 2010
    b>Betaine is an essential osmolyte and source of methyl groups and comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Its metabolism methylates homocysteine to methionine, also producing N,N-dimethylglycine...
  8. ncbi Divergent associations of plasma choline and betaine with components of metabolic syndrome in middle age and elderly men and women
    Svetlana V Konstantinova
    Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen 5020, Norway
    J Nutr 138:914-20. 2008
    Choline is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, including blood lipids, and is the immediate precursor of betaine, which serves as a methyl group donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine...
  9. ncbi Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr
    Wayne R Riekhof
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
    Eukaryot Cell 4:242-52. 2005
    ..the bifunctional protein that it encodes; we predicted this protein to be sufficient for the synthesis of the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), a major membrane component in Chlamydomonas...
  10. ncbi Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, PO Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Metabolism 54:1-14. 2005
    ..Glycine betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and carnitine were measured in fasting plasma and urine samples...
  11. ncbi Betaine in human nutrition
    Stuart A S Craig
    Danisco USA Inc, 440 Saw Mill River Road, Ardsley, NY 10502, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 80:539-49. 2004
    b>Betaine is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms, and rich dietary sources include seafood, especially marine invertebrates ( approximately 1%); wheat germ or bran ( approximately 1%); and spinach ( approximately 0...
  12. ncbi Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice
    Cheng Ji
    USC UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Research Center for Liver Disease and Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
    Gastroenterology 124:1488-99. 2003
    ..This novel ER stress mechanism of alcoholic liver injury was studied in the model of intragastric alcohol-fed mice...
  13. ncbi Fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, P O Box 151, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
    Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 23:395-401. 2009
    b>Betaine is an osmolyte, supplies methyl groups, and controls plasma homocysteine. Abnormal urinary loss of betaine is common in patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus...
  14. ncbi Betaine excretion correlates with plasma homocysteine when plasma lipids are elevated
    Michael Lever
    Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 45:154-6. 2012
    To reconcile observing a positive correlation of betaine excretion with homocysteine in lipid disorder patients but not other study groups.
  15. ncbi Corynebacterium glutamicum is equipped with four secondary carriers for compatible solutes: identification, sequencing, and characterization of the proline/ectoine uptake system, ProP, and the ectoine/proline/glycine betaine carrier, EctP
    H Peter
    Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, D 52425 Julich, Germany
    J Bacteriol 180:6005-12. 1998
    Gram-positive soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum uses the compatible solutes glycine betaine, proline, and ectoine for protection against hyperosmotic shock...
  16. ncbi Short and long-term variation of plasma glycine betaine concentrations in humans
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 37:184-90. 2004
    BACKGROUND: Glycine betaine is important in cell volume regulation and in remethylating homocysteine, a vascular risk factor...
  17. ncbi Sex differences in the control of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glycine betaine in patients attending a lipid disorders clinic
    Michael Lever
    Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 40:1225-31. 2007
    To find whether the control of betaine metabolism differs between male and female patients and identify the effects of insulin and other hormones.
  18. ncbi Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease
    Zeneng Wang
    Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
    Nature 472:57-63. 2011
    ..Three metabolites of the dietary lipid phosphatidylcholine--choline, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and betaine--were identified and then shown to predict risk for CVD in an independent large clinical cohort...
  19. ncbi Plasma dependent and independent accumulation of betaine in male and female rat tissues
    S Slow
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch Mail Center, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Physiol Res 58:403-10. 2009
    Tissue betaine is an intracellular osmolyte that also provides a store of labile methyl groups. Despite these important biological roles, there are few data regarding tissue betaine content...
  20. ncbi Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods
    Steven H Zeisel
    Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 7461, USA
    J Nutr 133:1302-7. 2003
    ..b>Betaine, a choline derivative, is important because of its role in the donation of methyl groups to homocysteine to form ..
  21. ncbi Cloning of a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity
    A Yamauchi
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
    J Biol Chem 267:649-52. 1992
    ..intracellular concentrations of electrolytes by accumulating high concentrations of the nonperturbing osmolyte betaine. When kidney-derived Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells are cultured in hypertonic medium, they accumulate ..
  22. ncbi Glycinebetaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants
    Tony H H Chen
    Department of Horticulture, ALS 4017, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
    Trends Plant Sci 13:499-505. 2008
    ..In particular, the reproductive organs of GB-accumulating transgenic plants exhibit enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress. Furthermore, accumulation of GB results in increased yield potentials under non-stress conditions...
  23. ncbi Glycinebetaine-induced water-stress tolerance in codA-expressing transgenic indica rice is associated with up-regulation of several stress responsive genes
    Hitesh Kathuria
    Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
    Plant Biotechnol J 7:512-26. 2009
    ..Our data show that metabolic engineering for GB is a promising strategy for introducing stress tolerance in crop plants and which could be imparted, in part, by H2O2- and/or GB-induced stress response genes...
  24. ncbi Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications
    Tony H H Chen
    Department of Horticulture, ALS 4017, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444 8585, Japan
    Plant Cell Environ 34:1-20. 2011
    ..Thus, transgenic approaches that increase tolerance to abiotic stress have enhanced our understanding of mechanisms that protect plants against such stress...
  25. ncbi Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans
    Margreet R Olthof
    Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
    PLoS Med 2:e135. 2005
    b>Betaine (trimethylglycine) lowers plasma homocysteine, a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease...
  26. ncbi Hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B production are increased following in vivo induction of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
    Janet D Sparks
    Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
    Biochem J 395:363-71. 2006
    We have previously reported a positive correlation between the expression of BHMT (betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase) and ApoB (apolipoprotein B) in rat hepatoma McA (McArdle RH-7777) cells [Sowden, Collins, Smith, Garrow, Sparks ..
  27. ncbi Extreme halophiles synthesize betaine from glycine by methylation
    A Nyyssola
    Danisco Cultor Innovation, Kantvik, Sokeritehtaantie 20, FIN 02460 Kantvik, Finland
    J Biol Chem 275:22196-201. 2000
    Glycine betaine is a compatible solute, which is able to restore and maintain osmotic balance of living cells. It is synthesized and accumulated in response to abiotic stress...
  28. ncbi Ectoines as compatible solutes and carbon and energy sources for the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens
    C Vargas
    Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
    J Appl Microbiol 100:98-107. 2006
    ..75 mol l(-1) NaCl), optimal (1.5 mol l(-1) NaCl) or high (2.5 mol l(-1) NaCl) salinity revealed that betaine and ectoines were used as substrate for growth at optimal and high salt...
  29. ncbi Increasing solubility of proteins and peptides by site-specific modification with betaine
    Junpeng Xiao
    Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
    Bioconjug Chem 19:1113-8. 2008
    ..solubility and prevent aggregation of polypeptides using site-specific modification with the small molecule betaine, which contains a quaternary ammonium moiety...
  30. ncbi Inter- and intra-individual variations in normal urinary glycine betaine excretion
    Michael Lever
    Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 40:447-53. 2007
    To establish whether normal human subjects excrete glycine betaine at a constant rate.
  31. ncbi Betaine administration corrects ethanol-induced defective VLDL secretion
    Kusum K Kharbanda
    Research Service 151, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4101 Woolworth Avenue, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
    Mol Cell Biochem 327:75-8. 2009
    ..of this study was to determine whether VLDL secretion was reduced by chronic ethanol consumption and whether betaine supplementation, that restores PEMT activity and prevents the development of alcoholic steatosis, could normalize ..
  32. ncbi Betaine supplementation improves the atherogenic risk factor profile in a transgenic mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia
    B C Schwahn
    Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University Health Center Montreal Children s Hospital, Montreal, Canada
    Atherosclerosis 195:e100-7. 2007
    To investigate the lipotropic action of betaine on plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipids.
  33. ncbi An abnormal urinary excretion of glycine betaine may persist for years
    Michael Lever
    Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 40:798-801. 2007
    Does abnormal betaine excretion persist?
  34. ncbi A whole-grain cereal-rich diet increases plasma betaine, and tends to decrease total and LDL-cholesterol compared with a refined-grain diet in healthy subjects
    Alastair B Ross
    Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
    Br J Nutr 105:1492-502. 2011
    ..Plasma betaine and alkylresorcinol concentrations were elevated after 1 week of the WG diet (P = 0·01 and P < 0·0001, ..
  35. ncbi Plasma lipids and betaine are related in an acute coronary syndrome cohort
    Michael Lever
    Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    PLoS ONE 6:e21666. 2011
    Low plasma betaine has been associated with unfavorable plasma lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk. In some studies raised plasma betaine after supplementation is associated with elevations in plasma lipids...
  36. ncbi A novel transgenic mouse model of CBS-deficient homocystinuria does not incur hepatic steatosis or fibrosis and exhibits a hypercoagulative phenotype that is ameliorated by betaine treatment
    Kenneth N Maclean
    Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Mol Genet Metab 101:153-62. 2010
    ..determinations indicate that HO mice are in a hypercoagulative state that is significantly ameliorated by betaine treatment in a manner that recapitulates the disease as it occurs in humans...
  37. ncbi Cystathionine beta-synthase null homocystinuric mice fail to exhibit altered hemostasis or lowering of plasma homocysteine in response to betaine treatment
    Kenneth N Maclean
    Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
    Mol Genet Metab 101:163-71. 2010
    ..crosses is non-Mendelian and not significantly improved by treatment with either the Hcy lowering compound betaine or the cysteine donor N-acetylcysteine...
  38. ncbi Long-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects
    U Schwab
    Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland
    Eur J Clin Nutr 65:70-6. 2011
    To examine the effects of betaine on serum lipid profile, plasma homocysteine concentration and hemostatic factors in healthy subjects.
  39. ncbi Consumption of wheat aleurone-rich foods increases fasting plasma betaine and modestly decreases fasting homocysteine and LDL-cholesterol in adults
    Ruth K Price
    Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
    J Nutr 140:2153-7. 2010
    ..Although underlying mechanisms and components are unclear, betaine, found at high levels in wheat aleurone, may play a role...
  40. ncbi Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis with different sub-cellular localization affect stress responses
    Tagnon D Missihoun
    Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants IMBIO, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
    Planta 233:369-82. 2011
    Arabidopsis thaliana belongs to those plants that do not naturally accumulate glycine betaine (GB), although its genome contains two genes, ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 that code for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs)...
  41. ncbi Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
    Shiwei Lv
    Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Road II, 510080, Guangzhou, People s Republic of China
    Eur J Nutr 48:205-12. 2009
    b>Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine. It is commonly used for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans, which indicates it may be associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis...
  42. ncbi Glycine betaine may have opposite effects on protein stability at high and low pH values
    Laishram R Singh
    Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
    Biochim Biophys Acta 1794:929-35. 2009
    The compatible osmolyte glycine betaine (GB) is the most efficient osmoprotectant and best excluder from the protein surface...
  43. ncbi Plasma and urine betaine and dimethylglycine variation in healthy young male subjects
    Michael Lever
    Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
    Clin Biochem 42:706-12. 2009
    We aimed to compare the individuality (within subject consistency) of plasma and urine betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine.
  44. ncbi Betaine protects chronic alcohol and omega-3 PUFA-mediated down-regulations of PON1 gene, serum PON1 and homocysteine thiolactonase activities with restoration of liver GSH
    Ravi Varatharajalu
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lipid Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20422, USA
    Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34:424-31. 2010
    ..may affect PON1 status presumably via reactive oxygen species by depleting liver glutathione (GSH), whereas betaine may counter their effects...
  45. ncbi Betaine supplementation and blood lipids: fact or artifact?
    Steven H Zeisel
    Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
    Nutr Rev 64:77-9. 2006
    b>Betaine supplementation in humans has been shown to lower plasma homocysteine concentrations in modestly hyperhomocysteinemic patients...
  46. ncbi Osmoregulatory systems of Escherichia coli: identification of betaine-carnitine-choline transporter family member BetU and distributions of betU and trkG among pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates
    Anh Ly
    Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
    J Bacteriol 186:296-306. 2004
    ..Both lacked the trkH homologue trkG. Transporters ProP and ProU account for all glycine-betaine uptake activity in E...
  47. ncbi Interrelations between glycine betaine catabolism and methionine biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 102F34
    Lise Barra
    , UMR CNRS 6026, , Campus de Beaulieu, , 35042 Rennes, France
    J Bacteriol 188:7195-204. 2006
    ..This vitamin B(12)-dependent enzyme is encoded by the metH gene. Glycine betaine can also serve as an alternative methyl donor for homocysteine...
  48. ncbi Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp.: implications for glycine betaine catabolism
    R Meskys
    Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Mokslininku 12, Vilnius, Lithuania
    Eur J Biochem 268:3390-8. 2001
    ..Based on the sequence analysis reported herein, pathways are proposed for glycine betaine catabolism in Arthrobacter species, which involve the identified folate-dependent enzymes.
  49. ncbi Isolation and sequencing of Escherichia coli gene proP reveals unusual structural features of the osmoregulatory proline/betaine transporter, ProP
    D E Culham
    Department of Microbiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
    J Mol Biol 229:268-76. 1993
    Transporters encoded in genetic loci putP, proP and proU mediate proline and/or betaine accumulation by Escherichia coli K-12. The ProP and ProU systems are osmoregulatory...
  50. ncbi NMR-based metabonomics reveals that plasma betaine increases upon intake of high-fiber rye buns in hypercholesterolemic pigs
    Hanne Christine Bertram
    Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarslev, Denmark
    Mol Nutr Food Res 53:1055-62. 2009
    ..The 3.29 ppm signal is ascribed to N(CH(3))(3) protons in betaine, which may be an important contributor to the health promoting effects of rye.
  51. ncbi Synergism between the chaperone-like activity of the stress regulated ASR1 protein and the osmolyte glycine-betaine
    Zvia Konrad
    Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
    Planta 227:1213-9. 2008
    ..The protective activity of SlASR1 is synergistic with that of the osmolyte glycine-betaine, which accumulates under stress conditions...
  52. ncbi Glycine betaine transport in the obligate halophilic archaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis
    M C Lai
    Department of Botany, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
    J Bacteriol 182:5020-4. 2000
    Transport of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine was investigated using the glycine betaine-synthesizing microbe Methanohalophilus portucalensis (strain FDF1), since solute uptake for this class of obligate halophilic methanogenic Archaea ..
  53. ncbi Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes
    Tony H H Chen
    Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
    Curr Opin Plant Biol 5:250-7. 2002
    ..Some interventions have increased the tolerance of some crop plants to abiotic stress. Furthermore, analysis of such transgenic plants has begun to clarify the roles of compatible solutes in stress tolerance...
  54. ncbi Betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway
    Kusum K Kharbanda
    VA Alcohol Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
    J Hepatol 46:314-21. 2007
    ..Further in vitro studies showed that betaine supplementation could correct these alterations in the ratio as well as attenuate alcoholic steatosis...
  55. ncbi Betaine: a key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status
    Per Magne Ueland
    LOCUS for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
    Clin Chem Lab Med 43:1069-75. 2005
    b>Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine, catalysed by the enzyme betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase...
  56. ncbi Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betaine-accumulating mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh
    T Hibino
    Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
    Plant Mol Biol 45:353-63. 2001
    ..The level of glycinebetaine in A. marina increased under high salinity. Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) was detected in all four species, but choline monooxygenase could not be detected...
  57. ncbi Orally administered betaine has an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum betaine and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy humans
    Ursula Schwab
    Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Finland
    J Nutr 136:34-8. 2006
    b>Betaine, i.e., trimethylglycine, is linked to homocysteine metabolism. A 3-mo daily betaine supplementation decreased even normal plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in humans...
  58. ncbi Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of choline oxidase in transgenic rice as a strategy for producing the stress-protectant glycine betaine
    Jin Su
    Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
    J Exp Bot 57:1129-35. 2006
    Glycine betaine (GB) is a compatible solute that is also capable of stabilizing the structure and function of macromolecules...
  59. ncbi Identification of two gene clusters and a transcriptional regulator required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa glycine betaine catabolism
    Matthew J Wargo
    Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
    J Bacteriol 190:2690-9. 2008
    Glycine betaine (GB), which occurs freely in the environment and is an intermediate in the catabolism of choline and carnitine, can serve as a sole source of carbon or nitrogen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa...
  60. ncbi Low dose betaine supplementation leads to immediate and long term lowering of plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women
    Margreet R Olthof
    Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
    J Nutr 133:4135-8. 2003
    ..plasma homocysteine is a risk for cardiovascular disease and can be lowered through supplementation with 6 g/d of betaine. However, dietary intake of betaine is approximately 0.5-2 g/d...
  61. ncbi Thermoprotection of Bacillus subtilis by exogenously provided glycine betaine and structurally related compatible solutes: involvement of Opu transporters
    Gudrun Holtmann
    Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
    J Bacteriol 186:1683-93. 2004
    ..subtilis. Low concentrations of glycine betaine enhanced the growth of the B...
  62. ncbi Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine
    E W Hamilton
    Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 130 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244 1220, USA
    Plant Physiol 126:1266-74. 2001
    ..on maize (Zea mays) mitochondrial electron transport and its relative protection by osmoprotectants (proline, betaine, and sucrose), antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and alpha-tocopherol), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and Cu/..
  63. ncbi Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria
    Bernd C Schwahn
    Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstrasse 5, D 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
    Br J Clin Pharmacol 55:6-13. 2003
    Large oral doses of betaine have proved effective in lowering plasma homocysteine in severe hyperhomocysteinaemia...
  64. ncbi Betaine removal during thermo- and mesophilic aerobic batch biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse: influence of temperature and pH on the progress and efficiency of the process
    Edmund Cibis
    Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118 120, 53 345 Wrocław, Poland
    J Environ Manage 92:1733-9. 2011
    ..a high extent of biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse is to establish the conditions for the assimilation of betaine, which is the main pollutant in this high-strength industrial effluent...
  65. ncbi Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    Pal I Holm
    LOCUS for Homocysteine and Related Vitamins, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
    Clin Chem 49:286-94. 2003
    The quaternary ammonium compounds, choline and betaine, and dimethylglycine (DMG) reside along a metabolic pathway linked to the synthesis of neurotransmitters and membrane phospholipids and to homocysteine remethylation and, therefore, ..
  66. ncbi [Effects of salinity and betaine on BHMT mRNA expression in Lateolabrax japonicus]
    Yun Xia Qian
    Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
    Dongwuxue Yanjiu 32:277-84. 2011
    b>Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT, EC 2.1.1.5) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteines (Hcy) to form dimethylglycine and Met, respectively...
  67. ncbi A light and electron microscopic study of betaine/GABA transporter distribution in the monkey cerebral neocortex and hippocampus
    Xiao-Ming Zhu
    Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
    J Neurocytol 33:233-40. 2004
    The present study aimed to elucidate the distribution of betaine/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter-1 (BGT-1) in the normal monkey cerebral neocortex and hippocampus by immunoperoxidase and Immunogold labelling...
  68. ncbi S-adenosyl-methionine and betaine improve early virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with previous nonresponse
    Magdalena Filipowicz
    Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
    PLoS ONE 5:e15492. 2010
    ..S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) and betaine potentiate IFNα signaling in cultured cells that express hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins, and enhance the ..
  69. ncbi Metabolic engineering for betaine accumulation in microbes and plants
    Rungaroon Waditee
    Research Institute of Meijo University, Tenpaku ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
    J Biol Chem 282:34185-93. 2007
    Plants accumulate a variety of osmoprotectants that improve their ability to combat abiotic stresses. Among them, betaine appears to play an important role in conferring resistance to stresses...
  70. ncbi Impaired sulfur-amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver are alleviated by betaine supplementation in rats
    Do Y Kwon
    College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56 1 Shinrim Dong, Kwanak Ku, Seoul 151 742, Korea
    J Nutr 139:63-8. 2009
    ..An additional group of rats received the HF diet supplemented with betaine (1%)...
  71. ncbi Interactions of the osmolyte glycine betaine with molecular surfaces in water: thermodynamics, structural interpretation, and prediction of m-values
    Michael W Capp
    Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
    Biochemistry 48:10372-9. 2009
    ..area (ASA) analysis are developed to quantify and interpret the interactions of the remarkable osmolyte glycine betaine (GB) with molecular surfaces in water...
  72. ncbi Glycine betaine biosynthesized from glycine provides an osmolyte for cell growth and spore germination during osmotic stress in Myxococcus xanthus
    Yoshio Kimura
    Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki cho, Kagawa, Japan 761 0795
    J Bacteriol 192:1467-70. 2010
    Glycine sarcosine methyltransferase (Gsm) and sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase (Sdm) catalyze glycine betaine synthesis from glycine. Disruption of the M...
  73. ncbi Betaine (trimethylglycine) as a nutritional agent prevents oxidative stress after chronic ethanol consumption in pancreatic tissue of rats
    Gungor Kanbak
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, The Medical School, Department of Biochemistry Eskişehir, Turkey
    Int J Vitam Nutr Res 79:79-86. 2009
    ..cytotoxic effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the pancreatic tissue and a possible cytoprotective effect of betaine as a methyl donor and an important participant in the methionine cycle...
  74. ncbi The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine
    Amy Lawson-Yuen
    Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
    Mol Genet Metab 88:201-7. 2006
    ..b>Betaine is a methyl donor agent that is beneficial in lowering homocysteine through the remethylation of methionine...
  75. ncbi Preferential accumulation of betaine uncoupled to choline monooxygenase in young leaves of sugar beet--importance of long-distance translocation of betaine under normal and salt-stressed conditions
    Nana Yamada
    Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya 468 8502, Japan
    J Plant Physiol 166:2058-70. 2009
    It has been reported that glycinebetaine (betaine) is synthesized in response to abiotic stresses via a two-step oxidation of choline in which choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) are involved...
  76. ncbi Combined effect of betaine and trehalose on osmotic tolerance of Escherichia coli in mineral salts medium
    E N Miller
    Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
    Biotechnol Lett 29:213-7. 2007
    In mineral salts medium, supplementing with betaine in combination with increased production of endogenous osmoprotectant from a second copy of the trehalose biosynthetic genes (otsBA) improved growth of E...
  77. ncbi Identification of a salt-induced primary transporter for glycine betaine in the methanogen Methanosarcina mazei Gö1
    M Roessler
    Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie der LMU München, 80638 Munich, Germany
    Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2133-9. 2002
    ..mazei Gö1 was able to adapt to salt concentrations up to 1 M, and the addition of the compatible solute glycine betaine to the growth medium facilitated adaptation to higher salt concentrations...
  78. ncbi Characterization of osmolyte betaine synthesizing sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis
    Shih Ya Chen
    Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
    Arch Microbiol 191:735-43. 2009
    ..overcome the extracellular salt stress, Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1(T) synthesizes the compatible solute betaine through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine, and N,N-dimethylglycine...
  79. ncbi Actinopolyspora halophila has two separate pathways for betaine synthesis
    A Nyyssola
    Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, P O Box 6100, 02015 HUT, Finland
    Arch Microbiol 176:294-300. 2001
    ..halophilic actinomycete Actinopolyspora halophila is a rare example of a heterotrophic eubacterium producing betaine from simple carbon sources. A. halophila synthesized remarkably high intracellular concentrations of betaine...
  80. ncbi Insertion proQ220::Tn5 alters regulation of proline porter II, a transporter of proline and glycine betaine in Escherichia coli
    J L Milner
    Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
    J Bacteriol 171:947-51. 1989
    ..We propose that the proQ locus encodes a positive regulatory element which elevates proline porter II activity...
  81. ncbi Ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and protective effect of betaine
    G Kanbak
    Department of Biochemistry, The Medical School, Osmangazi University, Turkey
    Cell Biochem Funct 19:281-5. 2001
    The protective effects of betaine in ethanol hepatotoxicity were investigated in 24 female wistar albino rats. Animals were divided into three groups: control, ethanol and ethanol + betaine group...
  82. ncbi Functional characterization of betaine/proline transporters in betaine-accumulating mangrove
    Rungaroon Waditee
    Research Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, and School of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
    J Biol Chem 277:18373-82. 2002
    b>Betaine is an important osmoprotectant in many plants, but its transport activity has only been demonstrated using a proline transporter from tomato, a betaine-nonaccumulating plant...
  83. ncbi Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli
    P A Andresen
    Institute of Fisheries, University of Tromsø, Norway
    J Gen Microbiol 134:1737-46. 1988
    An analysis of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli was performed...
  84. ncbi Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice
    G L Wolff
    Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079 9502, USA
    FASEB J 12:949-57. 1998
    ..Therefore, this experimental system should be useful for identifying maternal factors that modulate epigenetic mechanisms, especially DNA methylation, in developing embryos...
  85. ncbi Selection, mapping, and characterization of osmoregulatory mutants of Escherichia coli blocked in the choline-glycine betaine pathway
    O B Styrvold
    J Bacteriol 165:856-63. 1986
    Osmotically stressed Escherichia coli cells synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine by oxidation of choline through glycine betaine aldehyde (choline----glycine betaine aldehyde----glycine betaine; B. Landfald and A.R. Strøm, J...
  86. ncbi Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation
    Robert A Waterland
    Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
    Mol Cell Biol 23:5293-300. 2003
    ..results show that dietary methyl supplementation of a/a dams with extra folic acid, vitamin B(12), choline, and betaine alter the phenotype of their A(vy)/a offspring via increased CpG methylation at the A(vy) locus and that the ..
  87. ncbi Evidence of choline depletion and reduced betaine and dimethylglycine with increased homocysteine in plasma of children with cystic fibrosis
    Sheila M Innis
    The Nutrition Research Program, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4
    J Nutr 136:2226-31. 2006
    ..Choline deficiency results in hepatic steatosis. Choline is the precursor of betaine, which donates methyl groups for remethylation of homocysteine to methionine and dimethylglycine...
  88. ncbi Overexpression of BetS, a Sinorhizobium meliloti high-affinity betaine transporter, in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules sustains nitrogen fixation during early salt stress adaptation
    Alexandre Boscari
    , , Centre de Recherche INRA Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
    Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19:896-903. 2006
    Sinorhizobium meliloti possesses several betaine transporters to cope with salt stress, and BetS represents a crucial high-affinity glycine and proline betaine uptake system involved in the rapid acquisition of betaines by cells ..
  89. ncbi Homocysteine concentration, related B vitamins, and betaine in pregnant women recruited to the Seychelles Child Development Study
    Julie Mw Wallace
    Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom
    Am J Clin Nutr 87:391-7. 2008
    Both folate and betaine are important predictors of total homocysteine (tHcy) during pregnancy. However, studies to date have only been undertaken in populations with Western dietary patterns.
  90. ncbi Cation specificity of osmosensing by the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum
    Dirk Schiller
    , , 50674 Cologne, Germany
    FEBS Lett 563:108-12. 2004
    The Na(+)/betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum was purified and reconstituted in Escherichia coli phospholipid liposomes and its osmosensory properties were studied with respect to the cation specificity of osmotic ..
  91. ncbi Complex regulation of the synthesis of the compatible solute ectoine in the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T
    M Isabel Calderón
    Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
    Microbiology 150:3051-63. 2004
    ..and their expression was reduced in cells grown in the presence of osmoprotectants (ectoine or glycine betaine) or the DNA gyrase inhibitor nalidixic acid...
  92. ncbi LcoP, an osmoregulated betaine/ectoine uptake system from Corynebacterium glutamicum
    Ralf Steger
    , , , Germany
    FEBS Lett 573:155-60. 2004
    ..glutamicum type strain ATCC 13032 carrying deletions in the corresponding genes, still showed a low betaine uptake rate of 1.4 nmol/(min mg cdm)...
  93. ncbi Mechanisms of high salinity tolerance in plants
    Narendra Tuteja
    Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
    Methods Enzymol 428:419-38. 2007
    ..various ion pumps, calcium, SOS pathways, ABA, transcription factors, mitogen-activated protein kinases, glycine betaine, proline, reactive oxygen species, and DEAD-box helicases in salinity stress tolerance...
  94. ncbi Effects of osmoprotectant compounds on NCAM polysialylation under hyperosmotic stress and elevated pCO(2)
    Albert E Schmelzer
    Chemical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, USA
    Biotechnol Bioeng 77:359-68. 2002
    ..NCAM PSA content at 545 mOsm/kg was at least two-fold greater in the presence of glycine betaine or L-proline compared to that without osmoprotectant...
  95. ncbi Characterization of the osmoprotectant transporter OpuC from Pseudomonas syringae and demonstration that cystathionine-beta-synthase domains are required for its osmoregulatory function
    Chiliang Chen
    Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology, 207 Science I, Ames, IA 50011 3211, USA
    J Bacteriol 189:6901-12. 2007
    ..distinct from most bacterial species in deriving greater osmoprotection from exogenous choline than from glycine betaine. This superior osmoprotection was correlated with a higher capacity for uptake of choline than for uptake of ..
  96. ncbi BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a transporter with three different functions: betaine transport, osmosensing, and osmoregulation
    Reinhard Kramer
    Institut fur Biochemie, Universitat zu Koln, Zülpicher Str 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany
    Biochim Biophys Acta 1658:31-6. 2004
    ..The first response to an osmotic upshift is the activation of uptake mechanisms for the compatible solutes betaine, proline, or ectoine, namely BetP, EctP, ProP, LcoP and PutP...
  97. ncbi The C-terminal domain of the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum is directly involved in sensing K+ as an osmotic stimulus
    Dirk Schiller
    , , , Germany
    Biochemistry 43:5583-91. 2004
    The glycine betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum was recently shown to function both as an osmosensor and as an osmoregulator in proteoliposomes by sensing changes in the internal K(+) concentration as a measure of ..
  98. ncbi Effects of betaine in a murine model of mild cystathionine-beta-synthase deficiency
    Bernd C Schwahn
    Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montrreal, Quebec, Canada
    Metabolism 53:594-9. 2004
    ..Mice were fed diets supplemented with betaine or dimethylsulfonioacetate (DMSA); betaine and DMSA provide methyl groups for an alternate pathway of ..
  99. ncbi Uncoupling of choline-O-sulphate utilization from osmoprotection in Pseudomonas putida
    Teca Calcagno Galvão
    Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, CSIC, Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
    Mol Microbiol 62:1643-54. 2006
    ..and a LysR type regulator, but well away from betBA, encoding enzymes for transformation of choline into glycine betaine. The consequences of such genetic layout of the functions for COS metabolism have been examined with a suite of ..
  100. ncbi Homocysteine remethylation in broilers fed surfeit choline or betaine and varying levels and sources of methionine from eight to twenty-two days of age
    P B Pillai
    Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
    Poult Sci 85:1729-36. 2006
    Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of surfeit choline (CHOL) or betaine (BET) on growth performance and homocysteine (HCY) remethylation of young broilers fed graded levels of DL-Met (DLM) or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) ..
  101. ncbi Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine
    P B Pillai
    Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, USA
    Poult Sci 85:90-5. 2006
    ..This study explored the interactions among dietary choline (CHO), betaine (BET), and sulfur amino acid levels on growth and hepatic homocysteine (HCY) remethylation. Graded levels (0, 0...

Research Grants75

  1. Homocysteine, Adiponectin, and Alcoholic Liver Disease
    Zhenyuan Song; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..intervention, specifically these being able to rectify abnormal methionine/homocysteine metabolism such as betaine and S-adenosylmethionine, have been well-accepted; thus, our approach is designed to not only more completely ..
  2. Homocysteine, Adiponectin, and Alcoholic Liver Disease
    Zhenyuan Song; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..intervention, specifically these being able to rectify abnormal methionine/homocysteine metabolism such as betaine and S-adenosylmethionine, have been well-accepted;thus, our approach is designed to not only more completely ..
  3. DEVELOPING SOLUTES AS STRUCTURAL/MECHANISTIC PROBES OF PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS
    M Thomas Record; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..Insight into the roles of E. coli osmolytes (e.g. Kglutamate, glycine betaine) in the biophysics of regulation of cytoplasmic volume and biopolymer volume fraction in response to osmotic ..
  4. DEVELOPING SOLUTES AS STRUCTURAL/MECHANISTIC PROBES OF PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS
    M Thomas Record; Fiscal Year: 2011
    ..Insight into the roles of E. coli osmolytes (e.g. Kglutamate, glycine betaine) in the biophysics of regulation of cytoplasmic volume and biopolymer volume fraction in response to osmotic ..
  5. MOLECULAR BASIS AND ENZYMOLOGY OF MICROBIAL BIOSYNTHESIS
    F Tabita; Fiscal Year: 1999
    ....
  6. Epidemiologic Study of Placental Abruption
    Cande Ananth; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 66A yields G polymorphism, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) mutation and hyperhomocysteinemia...
  7. OSMOLYTE PROTECTION OF PROTEINS AGAINST INACTIVATION
    DAVID BOLEN; Fiscal Year: 2001
    ..compatible osmolytes sorbitol and inositol, and the counteracting osmolytes glycerolphosphoryl choline (GCP) and betaine. We will use transfer free energy measurements of amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone from water to ..
  8. Rare disease CRC for new therapies and new diagnostics
    Arthur Beaudet; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..with AS according to genotype, to complete the ongoing double-blind, placebo controlled trial of folic acid and betaine in AS, and to develop a follow-on clinical trial for activation of the paternal allele for UBE3A in AS patients...
  9. ENZYMES IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
    Martha Ludwig; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..enzymes to be studied, B12-dependent methionine synthase (MetH), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), are key catalysts in the metabolism of one-carbon units and control the ..
  10. ENZYMES IN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE
    Janet Smith; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..enzymes to be studied, B12-dependent methionine synthase (MetH), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), are key catalysts in the metabolism of one-carbon units and control the ..
  11. GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA
    ROY GRAVEL; Fiscal Year: 2000
    ..The second is betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT)...
  12. Genetics of Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome
    Arthur Beaudet; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..effect of various drugs on human cultured fibroblasts and in mice, and an ongoing clinical trial of folate and betaine will be modified based on these results...
  13. THERMODYNAMIC AND NMR STUDIES ON THE E COLI CYTOPLASM
    M Record; Fiscal Year: 1993
    ..g. glycine betaine, proline) in the growth medium...
  14. Dietary affects upon genomic methylation in Trout cancer
    Joseph Brunelli; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..influenced by dietary regimens which manipulate the availability of (folate, methionine, choline, vitamins B12, betaine and zinc)...
  15. RENAL CELL SOLUTE REGULATION
    Steven Gullans; Fiscal Year: 1993
    ..In renal epithelial cells four major osmolytes exist, glycerophosphorylocholine (GPC), betaine, myo-inositol, and sorbitol...
  16. Targeting By mLin-7 Binding Partners In Renal Epithelia
    Benjamin Margolis; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..The PDZ domain of mammalian Lin-7 can bind to the carboxy-terminal tail of the betaine gamma amino butyric acid transporter-i (BGT-l) and may have an important role in the retention of BGT-1 at the ..
  17. Hepatic Steatosis and the Lipid Metabolome
    GHULAM A S ANSARI; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..aim 1), a situation exacerbated by alcohol consumption (aim 2), and which can be reversed by dietary supplement (betaine) (aim 3)...
  18. Hepatic Steatosis and the Lipid Metabolome
    GHULAM ANSARI; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..aim 1), a situation exacerbated by alcohol consumption (aim 2), and which can be reversed by dietary supplement (betaine) (aim 3)...
  19. Clinical Trials in Rett Syndrome Conference
    Walter Kaufmann; Fiscal Year: 2005
    ..Of the small number of reported clinical trials in Rett syndrome (RTT), only an ongoing study of folate and betaine takes advantage of this new genetic information. Consequently, the proposed workshop is quite timely...
  20. Dietary Supplements, Imprint Gene Expression and Cancer
    Randy Jirtle; Fiscal Year: 2006
    ..We have demonstrated that dietary methyl donor supplementation with extra folic acid, vitamin B12, choline and betaine during early development of viable yellow agouti (A {vy}) mice alters coat color by increasing CpG methylation at ..