phthalimides

..The more erect leaves in 3394 may contribute to the tolerance of the modern corn hybrid to dense planting...

..The way is now clear for the development of specific molecular probes with which to investigate the intracellular transport and targeting of auxin carrier proteins...

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..This indicates that leaves are not only important sources for IAA synthesis, but that normal leaf expansion depends on rigorous control of IAA homeostasis...

..We conclude that fungal IAA plays an important role in plant rhizogenesis and in the establishment of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis...

..Promoter fusions to the gusA reporter gene demonstrate that the WAG promoters are most active in root tips, consistent with the observed phenotypes in the wag mutants...

..This suggests a direct involvement of PINs in catalyzing cellular auxin efflux...

..These results suggest that both light and auxin finely tune PAO expression during the light-induced differentiation of the cell wall in the maize mesocotyl epidermal tissues...

..Our results suggest that STY1 and related genes promote normal development of the style and affect apical-basal patterning of the gynoecium through regulation of auxin homeostasis...

..We found no evidence to support recent suggestions that the action of auxin transport inhibitors is mediated by a general inhibition of vesicle-mediated protein traffic to the plasma membrane...

..Our results demonstrate a correlation between acquisition of competence to respond to ethylene in both leaf and stem AZs, and decline in abundance of auxin regulatory gene transcripts...

..These results suggest that a basipetally decreasing gradient in PAT along the hypocotyl, which changes with age, may be responsible for auxin distribution pattern controlling growth...

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..A model for L1-derived margin development in maize leaves is presented...

..tumefaciens-induced tumors. This, in turn, triggers vigorous proliferation and vascularization of the tumor tissues and suppresses their further differentiation...

..Based on the results of expression of PsPIN2 and PsAUX1 genes under various gravistimulations, a possible role of PsPIN2 and PsAUX1 genes for auxin polar transport in etiolated pea seedlings will be discussed...

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..Moreover, a jasmonate-deficient rice mutant bends more slowly and later than the wild type. We discuss a role of jasmonate as modulator of auxin responsiveness in gravitropism...

..This is likely to increase the efficiency of carbon reserves utilization by the growing seedling in the understorey light conditions of the rain forest...

..Together, these results indicate a role for auxin in the orientation of developmental polarity and suggest interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and auxin transport in F. distichus embryos...

..We propose that AtCel5, provides a new molecular marker to further analyze the process of root cap cell separation and a root cap specific promoter for targeting to the environment genes with beneficial properties for plant growth...

..Our observations indicate that BRs regulate auxin transport, providing a novel mechanism for hormonal interactions in plants and supporting the hypothesis that BRs promote lateral root development by increasing acropetal auxin transport...

..Taken together, our results support a model in which endogenous IBA influences wild-type seedling morphology. Modifications in IBA distribution in seedlings affect hypocotyl and root elongation, as well as lateral root formation...

..Thus, attaching muscarinic allosteric antagonist moieties to orthosteric muscarinic agonists may lead to hybrid compounds in which functions of both components are mixed...

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..Thus, although adult oak material (C shoots) is capable of responding to the initial stimulus of auxin during the adventitious rooting process, the endogenous IAA concentration is not the factor limiting rooting in adult material...

..Our results indicate that AtGSTF2 is involved not only in stress responses but also in development under normal growth conditions...

..Our findings are discussed in the context of auxin transport as synchronizing signal in cell patterning...

..Based on the range of auxin-related defects in parl1 mutants, we propose that auxin-dependent organ growth and patterning is highly sensitive to the efficiency of nucleolin-dependent ribosomal processing...

..An outside IAA source for the SAM supports the notion that IAA transport and procambium differentiation dictate phyllotaxy and organogenesis...

..thaliana, and (4) in contrast to NPA, TIBA itself has a weak auxin-like inhibitory effect...

..Because Grr1p and other F-box proteins have been implicated in ubiquitin-mediated processes, we speculate that auxin response depends on the modification of a key regulatory protein(s) by ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-related protein...

..Based on our results, we propose a general model for branching during maize inflorescence development...

..AtPIN1 may act as a transmembrane component of the auxin efflux carrier...

..Thus results show that, in intact auxin- and auxin transport inhibitor-treated light-grown Arabidopsis seedlings, three other levels of regulation supersede the effects of auxin on AtGA20ox1...

..Gravacin is an auxin transport inhibitor that inhibits PGPs, particularly PGP19, which can be used to further dissect the role of PGP19 without the inhibition of other auxin transporters, namely PIN proteins...

..Taken together, these results suggest a correlation between the reduced auxin polar transport and the alteration of cell differentiation and morphology in the ifl1 mutants...

..It is generally accepted that the direction of vascular continuity results from polar flow of auxin. Our hypothesis was that chemical disruptions of auxin transport and activity could influence the infection of the host by the parasite...

..Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, and Trolox) inhibited root gravitropism. These results indicate that the generation of ROS plays a role in root gravitropism...

..Based on these results, a two-phase model describing possible relationships between gravitropic curvature, IAA redistribution, and Ivr2 expression is presented...

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..These results support the role of protein phosphorylation in regulating auxin transport and suggest that the acropetal and basipetal auxin transport streams are differentially regulated...

..It is concluded that [Ca(2+)](c) is part of the gravity transduction mechanism in young Arabidopsis seedlings...

..It is proposed that high humidity conditions accelerate the phloem-based transport of IAA from the leaf to the root, resulting in an increase in the number of lateral roots...

..Finally, an appropriate amount of IAA in the SAM and normal polar auxin transport are essential for floral induction and differentiation in strawberries...

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..This suggests that the role of polar auxin transport is conserved between angiosperms and gymnosperms...

..These data thus suggest that AtABCB19 plays an important role in the inhibitory effects of NPA on hypocotyl tropism induced by auxin...

..v.)...

..The relationship of chemical structure and antitumor activity for this class of molecules has been clarified by this study...

..They also blocked infection of yeast cells with Sup35 prions, which suggests that colloidal inhibition may be relevant in more biological milieus...

..Hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the peripheral analgesic, antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of the synthesized structural analogues of GABA...

..We further demonstrated that both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways are involved in our novel benzothiazole containing phthalimide induced apoptosis on cancer cells...

..The structure-activity relationship for fluorine substitution was elucidated...

Cyclic imides such as succinimides, maleimides, glutarimides, phthalimides and their derivatives contain an imide ring and a general structure -CO-N(R)-CO- that confers hydrophobicity and neutral characteristic...

..captan, folpet and captafol--belong to different classes of chemical compound (chloroanilines, sulphamides, phthalimides and oxazolidines) and are used mainly in agriculture and as antifouling paints...

..4, FLA-797) included 2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones, 2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzthiazin-4-ones, phthalimides, 1-isoindolinones, 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones, and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxides...

..The complex 9 was isolated by the stoichiometric reaction of 1b and Ru(3)(CO)(12), in which 1b binds to one Ru atom in the expected N,N fashion and the carbonyl oxygen binds to the other Ru atom as an O donor...

..and trimellitic anhydride chloride appeared very useful for preparation of a number of N-substituted phthalimides. Antimicrobial activity of the newly obtained derivatives such as, for example, 4-(adamant-1-ylmethoxycarbonyl)-..

The decarbonylative cycloadditions of phthalimides with 1,3-dienes were performed by using nickel catalyst. The reactions afford 3-vinyldihydroisoquinolones regioselectively with respect to both 1,3-dienes and phthalimides.

..with amines in phosphonium salt ionic liquids proceeds efficiently to give the corresponding N-substituted phthalimides. This process can tolerate a wide array of functional groups and affords products in excellent yields...

A series of novel 5'-phthaloylnucleosides were synthesized via Mitsunobu reaction starting from AZT or 2'-deoxyadenosine and numerous phthalimides and their sulphur analogues-thioimides. Some of them showed significant anticancer activity.

..To synthesize a series of derivatives of Thalidomide...

..Instead, these data are more consistent with mechanisms involving cleavage of the carbon-halogen bond within the coordination sphere of the metal...

..This article describes a clinical experience of management of 4 soccer-related facial fractures by means of fabrication of individual facial protective shields...

..CGP53353, but not rottlerin, abolished or attenuated all these changes. We conclude that PKCbeta(2) plays a major role in TNF-alpha-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis...

..9982 to 0.9997. The obtained results show that the DLLME combined with GC-ECD can satisfy the requirements for the determination of fungicides in apple samples...

..compounds 4, 5, 6), one phenylthiourea (compound 7), five N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimides (compounds 8, 9, 10, 13, and 14), two N-phenylphthalimide derivatives (compounds 11 and 12), and one N-(2,2,6, ..

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..These results suggest that, although 3744W inhibits PDGF receptor autophosphorylation directly, it can discriminate between phosphate acceptor substrates...

..The aldol products 1 could be subsequently converted into bicyclic piperidines 2 via a consecutive reductive deprotection, acylation, ring closure, and hydrolysis...

..An efficient process is described for the synthesis of 5, a key intermediate for the synthesis of the potent antitumor agents ecteinascidin 743 (1) and phthalascidin (2) from the readily available building blocks 3b and 4...

..0.5C4H8O2. This structural study confirms the S configuration of the C2 and validates the stereospecificity of our synthesis strategy...

..An efficient new process is described for the synthesis of ecteinascidin ET-743 (1) and phthalascidin (2), starting from readily available cyanosafracin B (3)...

..Some of the compounds thus prepared showed potent inhibitory activity against rabbit muscle GPa with more than 10-fold greater efficacy than a typical GPa inhibitor, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol...

..A discussion of U-II receptor antagonist pharmacophores is presented, and a specifically defined model is suggested from tricycle 13, which has a high degree of conformational constraint...

..The applied conjugation chemistry thus is compatible with the long-term aim to produce potent and selective lectin inhibitors...

..Modification of the reaction conditions provides a general route to substituted phthalimides by carbonylation with CO. Both systems were found to tolerate a wide range of functionality.

..Representative compounds showed non-competitive inhibition of DPP-IV and 28a exhibited 10-fold selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP-8. Compound 28a is the first non-competitive, selective DPP-IV inhibitor...

The nickel-mediated cross-coupling of phthalimides with diorganozinc reagents proceeds via a decarbonylative process to produce ortho-substituted benzamides in high yields...

..The inhibition of lenticel formation was correlated with the inhibition of nodule vascular bundle development. These results indicate that auxin is required for the normal development of determinate nodules in a multidirectional manner...

..The oxidation of THPI produced 2-cyclohexen-1-one, a toxic unsaturated ketone. The results of the present study provide the data for quantitative risk assessments of emissions of toxicants in combustion processes involving PI and THPI...

..In conjunction with the quantum chemical calculations, these experimental measurements afford an enhanced explanation of the formation pathways of hazardous decomposition products of these two structurally related fungicides...

A series of acetone-sensitized photodecarboxylation reactions involving phthalimides have been investigated using conventional and microphotochemistry. Both, intra- and intermolecular transformations were compared...

The electroreductive intramolecular coupling of phthalimides with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane and triethylamine led to five-, six-, and seven-membered cyclized products (58-84%)...

..70 for B73 and 0.69 for br2. These results indicate that this technique is useful for real-time IAA transport monitoring in surface tissues and that this approach can be performed simultaneously with current live imaging techniques...

..MCYST-LR was detected in the livers of all mice receiving MCYST-LR and no recovery was apparent. In conclusion, LASSBio 596 was more efficient than dexamethasone in reducing the pulmonary functional impairment induced by MCYST-LR...

..The probe displays a 66 nm red-shift of fluorescence emission and the color changes from colorless to jade-green upon reaction with DTT. These properties are mechanistically ascribed to the strong reducing capability of DTT...

..active ingredients applied represented the dicarboximide (3), organophosphorus (8), synthetic pyrethroids (5), phthalimides (2), organochlorine (1) and other types of pesticides (6)...

..Taken together, these results suggest that Arabidopsis CRY1 restrains lateral roots growth by inhibiting auxin transport...

..56% ID/g at 60 min). The encouraging results suggest that this novel derivative of [(123)I]9 may have potential as an in vivo SPECT probe for detecting amyloid plaques in the brain...

..The results of this study suggest that auxin acts in the formation of apical basal patterns in F. distichus embryo development...

..167 and IOBC/WPRS Ring Testing Group methods for testing the side effects of pesticides on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten were compared with respect to their suitability to evaluate the toxicity of three pesticides...

..7%, n = 5). The LOD, linearity, RSD and time required for these methods are far better than for HPLC analyses...

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..The results obtained indicate that L. japonicus transformed lines expressing the GFP and GUS reporters under the control of the GH3 promoter are suitable for the study of auxin distribution in this legume...

..The ferric TRENTAM3 complex is one of the most stable iron complexes yet reported...

..An efficient method to synthesize enantiomerically pure amino alcohols has been developed...

..b>Phthalimides appear to contribute to inhibition by destabilizing m-RNA...

..The issue of stereocontrol, both absolute and relative is to be explored in detail. Information on the preferred transition state for these cycloadditions is to obtained as a result of these studies. ..

..g., affinity matrices). ..

..Tandem processes that involve the combination of (3+2) cycloaddition followed by additional reactions that lead to a second or third ring formation or a rearrangement are also being studied. ..

..Each application is designed to push the limits of the metal-mediated cyclization methodology, and as such will require targeted developmental work to be successful. ..

..Initial work will focus on oligonucleotide probe purification. ..

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..The proposed work seeks to further develop an entirely new method for oligonucleotide purification, thus streamlining the development and production of these crucial substances. ..

..Part 4 describes investigations into defining other new, but mechanistically related, carbocyclization reactions...

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..3. Library submission: to format and organize compounds in a ready-to-test format according to the recommendation of the NIH Small-Molecule Repository and to prepare compound and reaction databases. ..