sulfates

..Available data obtained with in vitro models suggested that the ratio of sulfate content/fucose was an effective indicator to antioxidant activity of the samples...

..Indoor sulfate was highly correlated with and similar in magnitude to personal sulfate, suggesting indoor PM monitoring may be another means of characterizing true exposure variability...

..Although SRB have been studied for more than a century, it is only with the recent emergence of new molecular biological and genomic techniques that we have begun to obtain detailed information on their way of life...

..A comparison of sulfated galactans from different marine taxonomic groups revealed similar backbones of 3-beta-D-Galp-1...

..This review summarizes experimental evidence indicating that sulfated polysaccharides might become increasingly important in drug development for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases in the near future...

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..In this study, the effects of morin and its sulfates/glucuronides on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated ..

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..In conclusion, this study indicates that the S. schröederi fucan A was not found to be genotoxic or mutagenic compound; thus it could be used in new antithrombotic drug development...

..Our research showed that miR395 is involved in the regulation of sulfate accumulation and allocation by targeting APS genes and SULTR2;1, respectively...

..These results suggest that sulfate activation is the major function of mitosomes in E. histolytica and that E. histolytica mitosomes represent a unique mitochondrion-related organelle with remarkable diversity...

..The fraction LMWF has in vitro anticoagulant activity, indicating that the above structure may be partly responsible for biological activity in the native fucoidan...

..Here, we review the current knowledge on regulation of these processes, with special attention given to similarities and differences...

..The first step in methane oxidation is most likely the exergonic formation of 2-methylsuccinate from fumarate and methane catalyzed by a glycine-radical enzyme...

..When mixed with cervicovaginal lavage fluid, SPs maintain inhibitory activity at concentrations achievable in formulations...

..Furthermore, the increase of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate seemed to affect the composition of the microbial community in soda lakes, but not the rate of sulfate reduction...

..This mechanism limits the capacity of the microbial methane filter at active marine mud volcanoes to <40% of the total flux...

..Hence, the experiments did not provide evidence for one of these compounds acting as a free extracellular intermediate (intercellular shuttle) during AOM by the presently investigated consortia...

..Thirdly, HU4 (sulfate content, 30.8%) and HU5 (sulfate content, 32.8%) showed more pronounce chelating ability on ferrous ion at high concentration than other samples...

..Many hypothetical proteins were also differentially transcribed, indicating that aspects of the iron and sulfur metabolism of M. sedula remain to be identified and characterized...

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..However, OAS measurements revealed that OAS cannot be the only signal responsible for the lack of feedback regulation of APR by GSH in the transgenic poplars...

..Data from this study should prove useful in developing dosimetry models for manganese that consider age or gender as potential sensitivity factors...

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..The anticoagulant did not potentiate antithrombin III (AT III) and heparin cofactor II (HC II), thus the anticoagulant mechanism would be different from that of other anticoagulants isolated so far from the genus Codium...

..No direct inactivating effect on virions was observed in a virucidal assay. The absence of anticoagulant activity at concentrations near EC50 confirmed that there was no correlation between the antiviral and anticoagulant properties...

..Most importantly, a significant protection against a murine vaginal infection with HSV-2 was afforded by topical treatment with the sulfated galactans...

..In addition, the dsrAB sequencing approach revealed a novel group of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes that could not be identified by 16S rRNA sequencing...

..Thus, our findings show that specific sulfation along the carbohydrate backbone carries instructions to regulate neuronal function...

..We will also compare the genomic organization of sulfate assimilation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with other plant species to find common and species-specific features of the pathway...

..Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales), is made up of A-units highly substituted with sulfate groups on C-2 (28-30%), sulfates on C-2 and 4,6-O-(1'-carboxyethylidene) groups (9-15%), and only the C-2 sulfate groups (5-8%) with small amounts ..

..Finally, we determined that the lps-212 mutation resulted in a reduced ability to elicit the formation of plant nodules and by altered infection thread structures that aborted prematurely...

..Additional sulfate occupies position 4 in a part of 3-linked fucose residues, whereas a part of the remaining hydroxyl groups is randomly acetylated...

..Metabolic adjustments were also revealed, some of which could release sulfur from glucosinolates...

..cervicornis polysaccharides as anticoagulants and antioxidants. Further purification steps and additional studies on structural features as well as in vivo experiments are needed to test the viability of their use as therapeutic agents...

..Such diversity in the structural features of this fucoidan may be of importance for its various biological properties...

..The results suggested that CAF induced macrophage activation through membrane receptors TLR4, CD14 and SRA, and MAPK signaling pathways...

..This review will present an overview about the principle structural and functional information of SGs. Other important aspects concerning occurrence, biology, phylogeny, and future directions, will also be reported...

..3, 5.5, and 4.1 microg/mL, respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of SP-2a on the growth of normal Vero cell line was more than 4000 microg/mL. Therefore SP-2a of S. patens may be a potent agent for treating HSV infections...

..Therefore, the variations in antiviral activity of the polysaccharides depending on the viral serotype and the host cell may be ascribed to differences in the virus-cell interaction leading to virus entry...

..These data, together with functional characterisation of the transporters, are enabling the roles of various transporters in the overall phosphate and sulphate nutrition of plants to be defined...

..Bacteriol. 183:6028-6035, 2001), was also amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison of DsrAB- and ApsA-based trees suggests a frequent involvement of gram-positive and thermophilic SRB in lateral gene transfer events among SRB...

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..The sludge was also successfully used in investigation on sulfate reduction with carbon monoxide as the electron donor and the conversion of methanethiol. This shows the biotechnological potential of this complex reactor biomass...

..reinhardtii, specifically recognized by polyclonal antibodies against SulP and Sabc. These results suggest the presence and function in C. reinhardtii of a Sbp-SulP-SulP2-Sabc chloroplast envelope sulfate transporter holocomplex...

..Therefore, a thorough understanding of the sulphate respiratory chain in Desulfovibrio remains a challenging task...

..Sulfate groups, when present, are located at C-4 of alpha-(1-->3)-linked D-mannopyranosyl units, and appeared to be very important for the anti-herpetic activity of this polymer...

..Therefore, it is an interesting candidate for study to further the understanding of the regulation of sulphur metabolism in C. glutamicum...

..The strain represents the first haloalkaliphilic representative of the family Desulfobacteraceae and is described as Desulfobotulus alkaliphilus sp. nov...

..The low-affinity sulphate transporters SULTR4;1 and SULTR4;2 have been localized to the vacuolar membrane, where they may facilitate sulphate efflux from the vacuole...

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..These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane...

..These data suggest that a sulfate transport system similar to that of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 may exist in the chloroplast envelope of photosynthetic eukaryotes...

..Recognition that tyrosine sulfation is found in most clinically relevant chemokine receptors could help the development of specific receptor-ligand antagonists to modulate events important in airway diseases...

..The fractions were considered to be more beneficial to hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes over ulvan...

..A better understanding of these structure-function relationships will inform the design and development of novel vaginal microbicides to effectively block the sexual transmission of all primary viral isolates of HIV-1...

..Fucofuranose residues are mono- and disulfated at different positions, whereas some additional sulfate groups occupy C-2 and C-4 of the backbone, the latter position being also partially acetylated...

..A quadrupole ion trap instrument (MS(n) analysis) was also utilized to compare the results obtained with the triple quadrupole instrument...

..The cytotoxic effects of 4'-O-alkylaloenin sulfates (21-29) were also examined on the same cell lines...

..Results of this study suggested a variety of novel SRPs in the Pearl River Estuary sediments...

..Thus, CCR2B is the first member of the CC chemokine receptor family shown to be a glycoprotein that is sulfated at the N-terminal Tyr. These post-translational modifications probably have significant biological functions...

..No inhibition of biomass activity was observed in all continuous and fed-batch incubation experiments. The organisms were able to tolerate high sulfide concentrations and extended starvation periods...

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..With these observations, it may be concluded herein that SPS may be an ideal choice as a renoprotective and hypolipidemic agent against CsA-induced hyperlipidemic nephropathy...

Chondroitin sulfates with different properties and devoid of appreciable anticoagulant activity were evaluated for their capacity to inhibit human leukocyte elastase activity in vitro by using a chromogenic substrate...

..Furthermore, a high dsr gene copy number of 10(8) cells per ml was detected in a hypersaline lake by qPCR. Our results indicate the presence of diverse and active SRB communities in these extreme ecosystems...

..5 pm in diameter (PM2.5). Little is known, however, about the relative effects of PM2.5 constituents. We examined associations between 19 PM2.5 components and daily mortality in six California counties...

..heterospina (NIES-802). The absolute stereochemistry at C2 of 1 was determined by (1)H-NMR analysis of the (R)-MTPA ester of alcohol 2. The absolute configuration at C6 of 3 was determined by Ohrui's method applied to alcohol 4...

..The obtained sequence information will be useful for investigating the structure-function relationship and biosynthesis of CS-E...

..Thus, a specific CS-GAG that is differentially over-expressed in astroglial scar is a potent inhibitor of neurite extension. These results may influence the design of more specific strategies to enhance CNS regeneration after injury...

..These results suggested that AOS from the red seaweed G. tenax is an efficient novel antioxidant...

..It is highly unusual to obtain exclusively odd-numbered oligosaccharides from polysaccharides composed of ordered disaccharide repeats...

..Our data show that facilitation of bacterial sulfate uptake by Rv1739c requires CysA and its associated sulfate permease activity, and suggest that Rv1739c may be a CysTWA-dependent sulfate transporter...

..Our data comprise the first evidence that APS may act as the negative cofactor of the transcriptional regulator Cbl, and that APS, and not sulphate itself, serves as the signalling molecule for sulphate excess...

..The amplification of these functional genes was not successful because there was either insufficient "target" DNA in the samples, or the microorganisms in Mono Lake have divergent functional genes...

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..nov. is proposed (the type strain is MLF1(T)=ATCC BAA-395(T)=DSM 14708(T))...

..Sulfated polysaccharides from edible seaweeds potentially could be used as natural antioxidants by the food industry...

..These results will help in developing a truly ecological description of microbial biodiversity...

..Overall, these results suggest that Tc reoxidation behavior is not directly coupled to Fe or S oxidation and that the extent of Tc remobilization is dependent on the nature of the oxidant...

..The removal efficiciency of ammonium by volcanic tuff were similar to those of zeolites 5A and 13X at low initial ammonium concentration, and much higher than those of zeolite ZSM-5...

..5) and PM(2.5-10). Both methods indicated that the major PM(2.5) aerosol mass contributors included secondary aerosol and vehicle exhaust. In the coarse fraction, marine and mineral aerosol contributions were predominant...

..It is observed that leaching of As is more in rainwater than tap water. Further higher leaching is observed in case of fluids containing chloride compared to those containing nitrate and sulphate...

..A computer simulation study involving 30 elementary and composite reactions gave a good fit to the induction period observed in the formation of chlorine dioxide and in the autocatalytic consumption of ACTU in its oxidation by ClO(2)...

..Such aspects have been discussed in this paper...

..2, 0.98, 1.3, and 0.8 at Guangzhou, Haiko, Sanya, and Yongxing, respectively. The property of aerosols switches from an alkaline mode to an acidity mode at the Haiko and Yongxing sites...

..A pesticide (atrazine) was also observed in fogwater, representing the contribution from the agricultural activities nearby...

..From statistical analysis, air-slake of crust surface, sea-salt aerosols, agriculture activities, coal combustion, and mobile vehicles were the possible emission sources of particulate pollution at TH and WT sampling sites...

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..In a groundwater sample with dechlorinating microbes, reduction of Thi and partial reduction of CV correlated with dechlorination of TCE to cis-DCE...

..For Hong Kong bulk deposition, the VWA pH is slightly lower in the cold season, and there is a slight decrease in VWA pH over the period from 1994 to 2000. The impact of acid rain in Hong Kong is briefly discussed...

..However, these rivers deserve attention and further research because the Yangtze River is the most important river in China in terms of water quality...

..With the addition of methanol and toluene, the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate is accelerated, and the photocatalytic oxidation of dichlorvos is inhibited. The possible roles of the additives on the reactions are also discussed...

..Limited site-specific biological data suggest that continued improvement in the chemical status of acid-sensitive lakes and streams will lead to biological recovery in the future...

..Trends in AB-ANC are influenced by significant increases in dissolved organic carbon, the cause of which it is vital to establish before trends in the former can definitively be attributed to decreasing acidic deposition...

..In contrast, the Tuul River was shown to be "moderately polluted", with a deteriorating trend in water quality over recent years...

..The origin of the trace elements Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the precipitation came from anthropogenic emission sources. The results obtained in this work are based on experimental data from 609 samples collected during the period 1995-2000...

..It seems that high mineralization of stored organic matter after decades of high acidic deposition could be an important factor affecting the high losses of nitrogen in spruce forest ecosystems...

..Many of the parameters were found below the permissible limits for drinking water as suggested by WHO. A total of 18 parameters were analysed and their seasonal variations in the year 2003 were discussed...

..Heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid are all members of this family...

..Heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid are all members of this family...

..Heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid are all members of this family...

..Chondroitin- and keratan sulfates enhance the collagenolytic activity of the protease, while dermatan and heparan sulfates are potent inhibitors...

..They will compare the structure and binding properties of heparan sulfates from Hurler and normal MSC, identify the mechanism(s) by which abnormal glycosaminoglycas in Hurler cells lead to ..

DESCRIPTION (adapted from the application) Heparan sulfates (HSs) and heparin, proposed as endogenous defending molecules in the "glomerular self-defense", are inhibitors of mesangial cell growth in human proliferative nephritides, in ..

..Following this, we have also found that mutations in the Drosophila syndecan gene, a major source of heparan sulfates in vertebrates, interact genetically with mutations of dishevelled, a key component of the wingless signaling ..

..The resulting sulfates are expected to rapidly produce reactive 3-alkyl-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,- oxadiazolinium ions, which upon proton loss ..

..Chief among these are epoxides, aziridines, cyclic sulfates, and episulfonium ions. New methods for the synthesis and manipulation of these intermediates are discussed...

..preliminary data, we propose that enzymes which degrade matrix heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and heparan sulfates (HSs) are generated following MCA:O, simultaneously with the matrix metalloproteinase pro-MMP-2, and are ..