alcohol deterrents

..In some cases, disulfiram may be an effective and well-tolerated pharmacological adjunct to psychosocial and behavioural treatment programmes for treatment of adolescent alcohol-dependent patients...

..S. Food and Drug Administration for this indication, the anticonvulsant topiramate and several serotonergic agents (e.g., fluoxetine, ondansetron) have been shown in recent studies to increase abstinence rates and decrease drinking...

..This review assessed the published data on the cost-effectiveness of acamprosate for the treatment of alcohol dependence...

..Although disulfiram is an old medication, it seems that this drug can be useful for keeping alcohol-dependent patients under outpatient treatment...

..The results suggest disulfiram may be a useful adjunctive treatment for alcoholism in patients with severe mental illness and that controlled research is needed to evaluate its effects in this population...

..To identify factors associated with retention in treatment of alcohol-dependent individuals and to compare treatment retention between men and women...

..New compounds are under investigation. This review discusses the neurobiological basis of alcohol addiction, pharmacological targets for relapse prevention treatment and pre-clinical and clinical results with the most promising drugs...

..However, pharmacotherapy should not be considered as the only form of treatment but as an integrated part of a multimodal approach including psychological and social support...

..As an example we demonstrate a case, in which an acute neurological deficit was misjudged as a side effect of Disulfiram. Furthermore, the potential of Disulfiram as a promising treatment in addiction medicine will be discussed...

..The neurobiological basis of alcohol dependence, established pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence, pharmacotherapies under investigation, and obstacles to treatment are discussed...

..This study sought to analyze the influence of disulfiram on the development of behavioural sensitization to the stimulant effect of ethanol...

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..Our results suggest that disulfiram's efficacy in the treatment of cocaine addiction is associated with the inhibition of DBH and interference with the ability of environmental stimuli to trigger relapse...

..A global anticipated net saving of 70 million BEF (1.74 million Euro) over 2 years was estimated for the Belgian health insurance...

..There are promising preclinical results of groups I and II metabotropic receptor antagonists. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate precisely their role in alcohol dependence...

..In the absence of studies that compare the effects of these medications, we used a meta-analytic approach to the literature to compare their efficacy in alcoholism treatment...

..the Outpatient Longterm Intensive Therapy for Alcoholics (OLITA); (2) To investigate the role of supervised alcohol deterrents (AD) in relapse prevention and as an adjunct for maintenance of long-term abstinence...

..To ascertain the efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence...

..However, acamprosate prevents lapses or relapses only in a minority of patients. An important question, therefore, is whether there is a specific subgroup of patients who respond particularly well to acamprosate...

..The drug's reliable effect on prolonging abstinence, in conjunction with an excellent safety profile, suggests that acamprosate may be useful for a broad range of patients with alcohol dependence...

..Alcohol dependence treatment may include medications, behavioral therapies, or both. It is unknown how combining these treatments may impact their effectiveness, especially in the context of primary care and other nonspecialty settings...

..The variability of the psychosocial support, ethnicity (which might also affect acamprosate pharmacokinetics) and the Korean drinking style, which differs from that of Europeans, might have contributed to our negative result...

..Metadoxine could be helpful in the management of acute ethanol intoxication...

..The safety of the two drugs in combination has been supported by two independent double-blind studies, and combination treatment may offer an advantage for some patients...

..In this review the preclinical and clinical results obtained using metadoxine in acute and chronic alcohol intoxication are reported...

..It remains to be answered whether data justify the combination of both drugs in clinical practice...

..Adjunctive psychosocial treatment with close follow-up is required for acamprosate and recommended for naltrexone. As yet, no studies have reported a reduction in mortality following the use of any pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence...

..Preliminary evidence also suggests that disulfiram treatment could be a viable treatment for cocaine dependence because it was shown to reduce cocaine use among nonalcoholic, cocaine-dependent patients...

..Disulfiram and naltrexone are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of alcoholism, but these agents have not been rigorously evaluated in dually diagnosed individuals...

..To collect data on the behaviours associated with the prescription of pharmacotherapies (bupropion, acamprosate and naltrexone) for nicotine and alcohol dependence in Australian clinical practice...

..Ondansetron, has shown promise in the early-onset alcohol dependence but needs more extensive study. Topiramate (up to 300 mg per day) was more efficacious than placebo in the treatment of alcohol dependence...

..It is hypothesized that naltrexone exerts its effects primarily on cue-induced craving and neuroendocrine cue reactivity, whereas acamprosate exerts its effect primarily on autonomic nervous system reactions to alcohol-related cues...

..In particular, the effect of these medications on alcohol use outcomes and on specific psychiatric symptoms is still unknown in patients with the most common co-occurring disorder, major depression...

..Tricyclics have been found to be more effective than serotonin reuptake inhibitors in improving depressive symptoms in these patients...

..Once novel treatments are developed, the field faces a major challenge to assure their delivery to patients...

..In COMBINE, this percentage was high in the group having medical management and placebo pills, and naltrexone or additional behavioural therapy only had modest additional effects...

..This report reviews the latest innovations in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence, focusing on FDA-approved medications presently available to the treatment community...

..There remains, however, a paucity of studies with sufficient external validity in which the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in clinical practice is investigated. This study aimed to make a contribution to close this gap in research...

..In addition, novel medications are being investigated to assess their efficacy in preventing relapse and increasing abstinence...

..The purpose of this paper was to provide a clinical review of the literature on the relation of alcoholism to suicidal behavior...

..Moreover, there are hints for an interaction between pharmacological anti-craving treatment, plasma concentration of leptin, and abstinence duration...

..Besides, there are several promising candidate substances. Current investigations focus on a differentiated pharmacotherapy of alcohol dependence, including psychological and genetic factors...

..Preliminary data suggest that the early adoption of acamprosate is following a similar pattern. Recommendations for addressing challenges to the diffusion of pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence are presented...

..To compare treatment outcomes amongst patients offered pharmacotherapy with either naltrexone or acamprosate used singly or in combination, in a 12-week outpatient cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme for alcohol dependence...

..Logistic regression analysis showed that both family/social support and acamprosate appeared to contribute modestly toward explaining the variance in short-term outcome...

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..This paper describes these components and discusses how the empirical support for each component is linked to the enhancement of medication compliance and the improvement of treatment outcomes...

..A specific application of these substances will optimise the outcome for alcohol and tobacco dependent patients...

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..To compare the efficacy of acamprosate (ACP) and disulfiram (DSF) for preventing alcoholic relapse in routine clinical practice...

..The maximum effects were observed in GHB-treated patients. The results of the present study suggest that GHB might act both as anticraving and cellular protector agent...

..We examined the relationship between efficacy of pharmacological anticraving treatment and HPA axis activity in the relapse prevention treatment of alcoholism...

..These new drugs in the field of alcohol pharmacotherapy are also discussed, together with their mechanisms of action...

..To assess the role of smoking on treatment outcome in quitting alcoholics on the background of the priming or coping hypothesis (Rohsenow et al., 1997)...

..This paper examines physicians' opinions about and use of two alcoholism medications currently approved in the US--disulfiram and naltrexone--and one alcoholism medication--acamprosate--that might be approved...

..To explore the effect of acamprosate and naltrexone on craving and alcohol consumption in the treatment of alcohol dependence...

..There was insufficient data available to ascertain the efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate over prolonged periods of time, or the effectiveness of the medications relative to each other...

..A complete absence of negative interactions on measures of safety and cognitive function supports the absence of a contraindication to co-administration of acamprosate and naltrexone in clinical practice...

..An overview of the serotonergic agents is also provided. Finally, future directions, including new medications and some clinical strategies that show promise but are not yet used extensively clinically, are mentioned...

..Finally a look at parity for addiction treatment with a discussion of the cost and the benefits to society are also outlined...

..This article will discuss animal and clinical studies of the opioid antagonists (primarily naltrexone), acamprosate, and disulfiram. The side effects and treatment recommendations for each drug will also be reviewed...

..There were non-significant trends for the naltrexone group to comply better with medication, to stay in the study longer, and to show greater improvement over baseline in serum GGT...

..Wiesbeck; and (6) Methodology and behavioral therapy of the U.S. acamprosate study, by Barbara J. Mason...

..We will also refer to topiramate, which is being studied for this indication...

..Supervised or depot naltrexone acts similarly in opiate dependence. We discuss the concept of antagonist-assisted abstinence...

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..Some centers suggest naltrexone not only for patients aiming for abstinence but also for patients for whom continued drinking is a therapeutic possibility or a clinical inevitability...

..It is discussed whether especially these subjects should be targeted for pharmacological relapse prevention treatment with naltrexone...

..Data on naltrexone, acamprosate, and topiramate will be highlighted. In addition, data concerning the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in subtypes of alcoholism and the use of combination pharmacotherapy will be reviewed...

..When combined with naltrexone, acamprosate reduced alcohol consumption across both doses of naltrexone. This effect was sensitive to both dose and number of days of exposure to the naltrexone/acamprosate combination...

..Benefits in the treatment of alcohol dependence might be optimized by matching the efficacy profiles of specific antidipsotropics with the motivational status of alcohol-dependent patients...

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..Pharmacotherapy represents a valuable component of treatment and should be combined with psychosocial and behavioral interventions to address the multifactorial nature of AD in individuals with this disease...

..MR spectroscopy of brain glutamate levels may detect potential acamprosate responders. On such a basis, an individualised approach in the treatment of alcoholism ("personalised medicine") seems to hold promise...

..Policy makers, patients, and nonalcohol-dependent individuals may be concerned not only with alcohol treatment costs but also with the effect of alcohol interventions on broader social costs and outcomes...

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..Oxidative stress has been proposed to explain the biological side effects of experimental alcohol intake. Acamprosate and alcohol-induced oxidative stress decreased brain antioxidant vitamins in the alcoholic rats...

..It acts as a psychological deterrence of a possible disulfiram-alcohol reaction. This paper describes the current clinical impact and possible future of disulfiram...

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..To examine whether the addition of acamprosate to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) outpatient alcohol dependence treatment impacted on subjective health status...

..Data derived from the COMBINE Study was used to investigate the interrelationships between medication adherence, combination treatments and drinking outcomes...

..In addition, the inhibitory potency of disulfiram against the proteasome conforms to current anticancer strategies and represents a new, promising approach to proteasome inhibition...

..Therefore, the use of an alcohol marker monitoring retrospective alcohol use is tested in this study...

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..DDTC reduces ethanol-induced locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner, not the spontaneous locomotor activity. Aldehyde dehydrogenase might influence psychopharmacological effects of ethanol...

..Ultimately, these lines for research promise to provide critical information that can be used to maximize the efficacy of naltrexone for treating alcoholism...

..p. injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the inhibitory effects of HPE on ethanol intake are not mediated by GABA agonist actions...

..The results are, however, compatible with other inhibitory effects on NMDA receptor function...

..From these findings, it is suggested that a combination approach of these drugs may not be any more effective than monotherapy...

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..The development of vofopitant as a novel medication for CD may have major public health benefits and is highly significant for the mission of NIDA. ..

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..At the conclusion of training, applicants will be well suited for independent careers in translational research in the field of alcoholism. ..

..We will also evaluate smoking use outcomes and use this study as a platform to conduct future studies. This is the first study conducted to evaluate mecamylamine as a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for alcohol dependence. ..

..At the conclusion of training, applicants will be well suited for independent careers in translational or intervention research in the field of addiction. ..

..We will also evaluate smoking use outcomes and use this study as a platform to conduct future studies. This is the first study conducted to evaluate mecamylamine as a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent for alcohol dependence. ..

..New resources committed to the CTR effort by the State of Connecticut and by UCONN will contribute to the achievement of these specific aims and should make possible the submission of a CTSA U54 application in late 2007. ..

..Knowledge of the gene variants will help to identify people at greatest risk of developing the disorder, thereby improving prevention efforts. ..

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..Knowledge of the gene variants will help to identify people at greatest risk of developing the disorder, thereby improving prevention efforts. ..

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..This information will be relevant to treatment providers, health researchers, and health policymakers as they seek to bridge the "research to practice gap" and improve access to quality treatment for persons suffering from alcoholism. ..

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..Overall, this project will determine if combining pharmacotherapies results in a better response in comorbidly depressed alcoholics than either medication alone or placebo. ..

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..Finding medications that may be able to limit cannabis use and thereby reduce adverse outcomes in patients with schizophrenia is of great public health importance. ..

..This proposal, by testing the efficacy of carvedilol and investigating the influence of withdrawal severity on carvedilol's efficacy, may result in development of more effective treatments for cocaine addiction. ..

..To maximize the effectiveness and durability of CM for abstinence, we will evaluate the benefit of integrating CM with skills training specifically designed to reduce drop-off of CM's benefits. ..

..Finding new medications, safer than CLOZ, that may be able to limit cannabis use In patients with SCHIZ is thus of considerable public health relevance. ..

..The long-term goal of our research is to create better treatments for alcoholism in patients with SCH (and possibly even in those without SCH). ..

..The findings of this study will provide valuable information to develop new pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. ..

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..2005a). Results will help policy makers make better judgments about the allocation of funding to prison-based drug treatment resources. ..

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..2005a). Results will help policy makers make better judgments about the allocation of funding to prison-based drug treatment resources. ..

..By characterizing the progesterone effects on nicotine dependence, this study may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms which mediate the sex and menstrual cycle phase effects on nicotine dependence. ..