viral hemagglutinins

..Furthermore, children can be a source of viral transmission, even after 5 days of treatment with oseltamivir...

..In analogy to the parainfluenza virus HN protein, the influenza C virus glycoprotein was termed HE, because it possesses hemagglutinin and esterase (receptor-destroying) activity...

..Thus, the RFLP method is useful for differentiating the infections with field CDV strains from the vaccine strains in clinical cases...

..Our results indicate that Vero cells stably expressing canine SLAM are highly sensitive to CDV in clinical specimens and that only a single amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin can allow the virus to adapt to marmoset SLAM...

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..Identifying viruses with varying inter- and intra-species transmission potential should be useful for further studies on the molecular basis of interspecies transmission...

..The average hydrophobic thickness of the lipid phase close to the N-terminus is reduced in comparison with the average hydrophobic thickness of a pure dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer...

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..Sequence analysis of measles viruses imported into the United States from either China or Vietnam demonstrated that this designation of genotypes will be helpful in future measles surveillance activities...

..We conclude that antigenically conserved counterparts of the human Asian pandemic strain of 1957 continue to circulate in the avian reservoir and are coming into closer proximity to susceptible human populations...

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..This common feature emphasizes the apparent propensity of avian viruses with this genetic complement to infect humans and highlights the potential for the emergence of a novel human pathogen...

..An extension of the classical surfactant theory of Israelachvili based on shapes is proposed to introduce the concept of a "dynamically induced shape" of the membrane lipids by the peptide...

..These results confirm that the sequence can adopt different folds in different environments. The plasticity and the conformational dependence on the local environment could be used to better understand the function of fusion peptides...

..These results surely indicate that wild strains of CDV from dogs with a vaccination history were not reversed vaccine virus, and that the dogs showed characteristics of recent CD in Japan...

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..These HA mutations disturb the observed strict 6'SLN specificity of recent human influenza viruses...

..It is concluded that antibodies specific to the antigenically conserved HA2 glycopolypeptide that exhibit fusion-inhibition activity can contribute to the protection of infected mice and mediate more effective recovery from infection...

..2 genotype is found in West Africa. In Nigeria and Ghana, the viruses co-circulate. The identification of these viruses will permit more meaningful epidemiological studies after the proposed increase in measles vaccination coverage...

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..In contrast to this, a principal switch of the N-glycan type attached to HA was observed when comparing different virus types (A and B) and subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2)...

..Thus, 9-O-acetylation is more widespread than previously thought and occurs on specific molecules and cell types...

..remarkable specificity against the viral sequences and robustness of quantitatively analyzing the viral hemagglutinins even under stringent conditions...

..The antigenic epitopes of the recombinant proteins were properly displayed and the recombinant virus particles induced immune response in mice against PPRV or RPV...

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..Major neutralizing epitopes have been mapped mainly on the hemagglutinin protein with monoclonal antibodies, producing an increasingly comprehensive map of functional domains...

..Such recombinant haemagglutinin preparations will be useful in diagnostic tests that measure functional anti-measles immunity and investigate the biological functions and structure of the haemagglutinin...

..Therefore, Ugandan viruses should be considered a new, proposed genotype (d10). This new sequence information will expand the utility of molecular epidemiologic techniques for describing measles transmission patterns in eastern Africa...

..This represents the first demonstration of an enhanced immune response to a prime-boost vaccination strategy combining a DNA vaccine with edible plant technology...

..To verify the importance of these observations for human infections, we examined MV entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cells and observed that viruses with asparagine 481 H proteins infect these cells more efficiently...

..Based on the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activity of the clarified and inactivated virus harvest, the overall recovery after gel filtration was about 34.4% and 119.5%, respectively...

..So fusion protein not only is involved in the fusion but also might directly interact with the SLAM to be a new fusion-trimer model, which might account for the infection mechanism of measles virus...

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..However, some D3 and H1 strains were not completely neutralized with low levels of neutralizing antibody, and maintaining high levels of measles antibodies would be required for the control measles outbreaks...

..A study of paired sera obtained from patients showed a growth of antibodies to the etalons of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B viruses of the season in question, which confirmed the virology data...

..The data presented suggest that vaccine candidates based on low-pathogenicity avian influenza A viruses, which can be prepared ahead of pandemic threats, can be efficacious if an effective adjuvant is used...

..These results demonstrate that measles virus neutralizing antibodies are mainly directed to the H protein...

..These results introduce a novel model for testing the immunosuppressive potential of anti-measles vaccines and reveal a specific mechanism of MV-induced modulation of inflammatory reactions...

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..Analysis of the remaining gene segments of the California viruses revealed that three distinct genotypes of H6N2 viruses were present...

..Viremia was cleared within 14 days, but MV RNA was detectable for 4-5 months. These studies suggest that complete clearance of MV after infection is a prolonged, phased, and complex process influenced by prior vaccination...

..Quantification of the distribution of surface expressed HA by examining serial sections of virus-infected cells suggests that the HA-containing microdomains give rise to regions of influenza assembly and budding...

..These data strongly suggest that basolateral targeting of MV glycoproteins helps to overcome the epithelial barrier and thereby facilitates the systemic spread of MV infection in vivo...

..Different viral phenotypes and genotypes were detected. The conservation of H gene sequences in primary CDV isolates suggests that MDCK, MV1 Lu, and Vero cells express proper receptors for wild-type CDV...

..This study demonstrates that a lower degree of attenuation is required to be able to immunize in the presence of MV-specific antibodies...

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..Thus, it is possible to use a single HPIV vector expressing two foreign gene inserts to protect infants and young children from the severe lower respiratory tract disease caused by the three major human PIV pathogens...

..Thus, glycoprotein truncation does not interfere with the successful generation of recombinant MV if fusion competence is maintained...

..The C1 genotype has not been detected since 1994 and the finding that a single D6 virus was found in November 1999 demonstrates that wild type viruses are still circulating among a partially covered population...

..Thus, we show here that MV exploits a novel strategy to interfere with T-cell activation during immunosuppression...

..Mutation of the basolateral sorting signal in one of the MV glycoproteins prevented fusion of polarized cells. These results suggest that basolateral expression of the MV glycoproteins favors virus spread in epithelia...

..The capacity of the Y98F mutant to induce antibody responses and the structural locations of HA reversion mutations are examined...

..These results support a selective mechanism of viral RNA recruitment to the budding site...

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..These infections were independent of the presence of CD46 on the host cell surface. Interaction of measles virus with CDw150(SLAM) could explain the immunosuppressive properties of this virus...

..Furthermore, amino acid substitutions were detected either at the receptor binding site or the antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin gene...

..The use of Vaxfectin-formulated DNA is a promising approach to the development of a measles vaccine for young infants...

..Our findings offer unique insights into the structural and functional consequences of independent protein evolution after interviral gene exchange and open potential avenues to broad-spectrum antiviral drug design...

..Recombinant VSVs carrying foreign antigens on the surface of the virus particle may be useful for viral targeting, membrane protein purification, and for generation of immune responses...

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..All these characteristics were found to be predominantly mediated by the H protein regardless of the viral backbone used...

..This study suggests that the MV H protein plays an important role in determining cell tropism to immune cells and this may play an important role in the induction of immunosuppression in vivo...

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..The HA-binding domain in SPI-3 resided in the C-terminal 229 residues, and did not include helix D, which mediates cofactor interaction in many other serpins...

..Our study demonstrates a remarkable genetic stability of an endemically circulating MV strain...

..The detected localization of MV proteins suggests that local microfusion events may be mediated by the F protein at sites of synaptic contacts and is consistent with a mechanism of retrograde transmission of MV infection...

..Our results suggest that trypsin I in the brain potentiates virus multiplication in the pathogenesis and progression of influenza-associated encephalopathy or encephalitis...

..The findings point to a new model for the pathogenesis of atypical MV infection observed after immunization with formalin-inactivated MV vaccine and underscore the importance of the anti-F response after vaccination...

..These observations imply a feedback mechanism involving self-catalyzed refolding of HA and thus suggest a mechanism similar to the autocatalytic refolding and aggregation of prions...

..Thus, the measles virus hemagglutinin can induce downregulation of SLAM in cells either expressing or coming in contact with it...

..In addition, sH-3C3d elicited higher neutralizing antibody titers that inhibited MV induced plaque formation...

..4% for the H protein and up to 6.5% for the N protein. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the H and N genes revealed that all Korean viruses were grouped into the clade H1...

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..No single peptide dominated the response. We conclude that H is an important stimulus for CD8+ T cell as well as for antibody responses in HLA-A2-positive individuals...

..The presence of human SLAM expressed in the Vero cells rapidly gave rise to fusion and lower yields of infectious virus...

..The alternative method for vaccine quantification enabled the Chinese health authority to approve H1N1 vaccine 1 month earlier than otherwise possible...

..This study shed light on the O-glycan sequences involved in the interaction of glycoprotein and viral hemagglutinins and may help in the design of agents inhibitory to hemagglutinin for influenza treatment.

..Tyrosines were primarily targeted since tyrosine has been involved in the interaction of other viral hemagglutinins with SA...

..The entire procedure takes only 5 h and can be applied to the quantitative determination of virtually all influenza viral HAs using a single antibody targeting the fusion peptide...

The selective binding between avian and human influenza A viral hemagglutinins (HA) subtype H3 and Neu5Acα2-3 and α2-6Gal (avian α2-3, human α2-6) is qualitatively rationalized by the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method...

..Here we demonstrate that these universal antibodies bind to the viral hemagglutinins in native conformation presented in infected mammalian cell cultures and neutralize multiple subtypes of ..

..This residue plays a critical dual role in NKp46 interactions with both viral hemagglutinins and the unknown tumor ligands via different mechanisms...

..We hypothesize that the double hemagglutinin mutations in vFJ may result in viruses with less processed hemagglutinin, thereby providing a mechanism for evading immune neutralization...

..In light of the present data, we can discuss autoantibodies in otosclerosis as a sign of autoimmunity triggered by measles virus...

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..This study provides valuable insights towards the design of drugs to combat INF-C virus and coronavirus infections causing outbreaks of upper respiratory infections and severe diarrhea in calves, respectively...

..Therefore, the novel varicella vaccine expressing MuV HN protein is suitable as a polyvalent live attenuated vaccine against VZV and MuV infections...

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..Possible roles of the HA cytoplasmic domain in forming protein-protein interactions in virions and their involvement in the initiation of the infection process in cells are discussed...

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..Our results indicate that the H5N1 viruses circulated in central China have diversified characteristics of genotype and virulence...

..These results provide a comprehensive antigenic profile for H5N1 virus strains circulating in recent years and will facilitate the recognition of emerging antigenic variants of H5N1 virus and aid in the selection of vaccine strains...

..Plants could therefore be suitable as a platform for the rapid, large-scale production of influenza vaccines in the face of a pandemic...

..Future transmission studies with animals may reveal to what extent haemagglutinin receptor-binding mutations and polymerase-activity-enhancing mutations together enable influenza A viruses to cross species barriers...

..One is the native and numerically predominant KDK-1 genotype, while the other is the 98-002 genotype that may have evolved in the Far East beyond the border between Japan and the Republic of Korea...

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..Thus, as the influenza C glycoprotein is the only myxovirus glycoprotein with three different activities, we propose the designation HEF in order to describe its function as a haemagglutinin (H), an esterase (E) and a fusion factor (F)...

..In addition, N280 is proposed to stabilize the oxyanion of the presumptive transition state intermediate formed by the enzyme-substrate complex...

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..It will also provide knowledge to better understand the mechanisms mediating neonatal-infant immunity to develop more effectivevaccines to prevent diseases early in life. ..

..It will also provide knowledge to better understand the mechanisms mediating neonatal-infant immunity to develop more effectivevaccines to prevent diseases early in life. ..

..It will also provide knowledge to better understand the mechanisms mediating neonatal-infant immunity to develop more effective vaccines to prevent diseases early in life. ..

..Advantages of this vaccine technology include: an outstanding safety profile, broad protection against multiple pathogens, ease of delivery (mucosal vaccination) and simple and inexpensive production. ..

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..An ex vivo model of HSV-1 reactivation in explanted mouse trigeminal ganglia is proposed as an efficient means for determining effective strategies for the delay or inhibition of reactivation. ..

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..3) To determine the relationship between affinity of displayed scFv and virus entry or cell fusion of retargeted MVs. ..

..These will be characterized for their activity against live Nipah (aim 3). ..

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..The proposed work allows investigation and determination of the qualitative and quantitative features that govern the interaction between an effective multivalent vaccine and the variability of the virus. ..

..Characteristic viral escape patterns will be identified for efficacious compounds that warrant future clinical development, and cross-resistance between structurally distinct therapeutic leads will be assessed. ..

..Characteristic viral escape patterns will be identified for efficacious compounds that warrant future clinical development, and cross-resistance between structurally distinct therapeutic leads will be assessed. ..

..3) To determine the relationship between affinity of displayed scFv and virus entry or cell fusion of retargeted MVs. ..

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..The long-term objectives for this research are to learn how lipophilin contributes to corneal and conjuctival health, and to explore its potential for creating new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. ..

..Finally, we will investigate the mechanism by which M2 antibodies confer protection in vivo and characterize the replication and virulence of M2 antibody escape mutants. ..

..anthracis spores in mouse models as per the revised Specific Aims. All remaining Aims can be addressed in a two-year time period. PHS ..

..3) To determine the relationship between affinity of displayed scFv and virus entry or cell fusion of retargeted MVs. ..

..This information will help elucidate how these important pathogens gain entry into, and spread between, cells, possibly identifying new anti-viral strategies for their control. ..

..The work with murine neutrophils, whose content of endogenous antimicrobial polypeptides differs greatly from those of humans, will provide essential information relevant to the interpretation of murine models of human infection. ..

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..Novel and specific viral mutants will be constructed based on the results of HSV-DNA binding and transient expression assays. ..

..aid in the design of new compounds that can serve as selective estrogen modulators (SERMs). ..

..Subsequently the expression profile of these protein products will be studied in human prostate tumor samples by immunofluorescence analysis and immunohistochemistry to better correlate gene expression changes with phenotype. ..

..The goal of the studies proposed herein is to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which IFN-beta and IFN-gamma inhibit HSV-1 replication and to identify the cellular factors that are involved in this process. ..

..The proposed studies will serve to advance our knowledge of HPS pathogenesis as well as lay the groundwork for the rational design of HPS vaccines and therapies. ..

..The results of these studies will allow a fuller assessment of the role of apoptotic cells in the induction of B cell tolerance or autoimmunity. ..

..These studies should elucidate important aspectsof defense against IAV and be relevant to treatment and prevention strategies. ..

..S. are sexually transmitted. According to CDC estimates, STDs other than AIDS add 10 billion dollars to the nation's annual health care I costs. The proposed studies could lead to novel approaches for STD prophylaxis. ..

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..It also provides a forum for trainees to present their work and obtain constructive feedback from senior scientists. This provides an important training ground for tomorrow's scientists. ..

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..Specific Aim 2 will be realized by a combination of microchemical techniques, including surface plasmon resonance, tandem mass spectrometry, and state-of-the-art lectinomic and peptidomic chemistry. ..

..These are scavenger receptor rich glycoprotein 340 (gp340) and human neutrophil defensins (HNPs). These studies should elucidate important aspects of defense against IAV and be relevant to treatment and prevention strategies. ..

..These include the development of new agents and approaches to prevent and treat infections caused by HIV-1 and other viral pathogens, and fundamental issues related to cell targeting and survival. ..

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..The experiments will expand our knowledge about these important peptides, and should provide the information needed to develop them as antibiotics for topical bronchopulmonary use in cystic fibrosis. ..

..In Phase II, we propose to develop large-scale production and purification processes for the enzyme, and to further enhance the catalytic activity of the enzyme towards the V-agents using directed-evolution approaches. ..

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..Successful completion of the aims outlined in this application will establish systems for investigating the cell biology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV. ..

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