viral envelope proteins

..HCVcc replication was inhibited by interferon-alpha and by several HCV-specific antiviral compounds, suggesting that this in vitro system will aid in the search for improved antivirals...

..Finally, we describe an E1-specific antiserum capable of neutralizing infectivity of all HCV chimeras...

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..These results support the development of a dengue virus tetravalent vaccine based on the four 80E subunits produced in the Drosophila S2 cell expression system...

..Overall, our experiments define a complex structural epitope on DIII of DENV-1 that can be recognized by protective antibodies with therapeutic potential...

..Overall, our study fills a gap in the description of HCV outer morphology and should guide further investigations into virus entry and assembly...

..The properties of all of these viruses in terms of receptor reactivity and neutralization by human antibodies were similar to JFH1(N415D), highlighting the importance of the E2 412-423 region in virus entry...

..3), this work also provides new insight into the acid-triggered conformational change on the virus particle and its inbuilt inhibition mechanism in the immature complex...

..These studies suggest that functional HCV glycoproteins are not retained exclusively in the ER and transit through the secretory pathway...

..The structure suggests that flaviviruses, and by analogy also alphaviruses, employ a fusion mechanism in which the distal beta barrels of domain II of the glycoprotein E are inserted into the cellular membrane...

..We conclude that interactions between NS2 and E1 and p7 as well as between NS2 and NS3 are essential for virus assembly and/or release and that each of these viral proteins plays an important role in this process...

..Binding of E2 was mapped to the major extracellular loop of CD81. Recombinant molecules containing this loop bound HCV and antibodies that neutralize HCV infection in vivo inhibited virus binding to CD81 in vitro...

..CatB and CatB/CatL inhibitors diminish the multiplication of infectious EboV-Zaire in cultured cells and may merit investigation as anti-EboV drugs...

..Taken together, these data indicate that PDGFR-alpha is a critical receptor required for HCMV infection, and thus a target for novel anti-viral therapies...

..These results allow us to place SEL1L in the broader context of glycoprotein degradation, and imply the existence of multiple independent modes of extraction of misfolded substrates from the mammalian ER...

..Similar motifs were also identified in the envelope proteins of other flaviviridae. Developing pharmaceuticals that inhibit target cell binding may be an effective strategy for treating flavivirus infections...

..We believe this is the first report of a pathogen interacting more efficiently with DC-SIGNR than with DC-SIGN. Our results should lead to the discovery of new mechanisms by which these well-studied lectins discriminate among ligands...

..Congenital infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of hearing, cognitive, and motor impairments in newborns...

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..Finally, H-111 blocks HCV-like particle binding to and HCV virion infection of target cells, suggesting the involvement of this epitope in virus binding and entry...

..Our data provide insights into the E2 structure by suggesting that the three variable regions reside outside a conserved E2 core...

..The ability to assay neutralizing anti-HCV should permit an assessment of the prospects for successful Ab-mediated passive and active immunoprophylaxis against hepatitis C...

..Altogether, these studies indicate that these pseudo-particles may mimic the early infection steps of parental HCV and will be suitable for the development of much needed new antiviral therapies...

..Thus, similar to entry via direct penetration at the cell surface, HSV entry into cells by wortmannin-sensitive endocytosis is efficient, involves rapid cellular uptake of viral particles, and requires gB, gD, and gH-gL...

..In addition, robust neutralization was also observed against cell culture-adapted viruses of genotypes 1a and 2a. Results from this study suggest that these MAbs may have the potential to prevent HCV infection...

..The third step may be common to other herpesviruses...

..Thus, identification of a broadly neutralizing antibody that recognizes a linear epitope is likely to be of significant benefit to future vaccine and therapeutic antibody development...

..In conclusion, this work indicates that HCV glycans contribute to the evasion of HCV from the humoral immune response...

..The sequence of the N terminus determines whether nectin-2 or 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate, as well as HVEM, can serve as entry/fusion receptors...

..In conclusion, our study highlights new functional and structural regions in HCV envelope glycoprotein E2...

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..Our studies contribute to understanding the mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization and interference and provide a practical approach to the development of more potent and broadly reactive hepatitis C immune globulins...

..1, BoHV-1.2 and BoHV-5 after phylogenetic analysis. The results suggest that the phylogenetic analysis performed here can be used as a potential molecular epidemiological tool for herpesviruses...

..Taken together, our results indicate that gB is required for virus entry and cell-to-cell spread of the virus. However, HCMV gB is not absolutely required for virus attachment or assembly and egress from infected cells...

..Fab e137 was also able to inhibit cell culture-grown HCV (genotype 2a). These data indicate that broadly cross-reacting and cross-neutralizing antibodies are generated during HCV infection...

..Due to the results obtained concerning the immune response and protection in mice and monkeys, particular attention is paid to the chimeric protein domain III fused to p64k of Neisseria meningitidis...

..In Malaysia, limited CHIKV outbreaks of the endemic Asian and imported Central/East African genotypes were reported in 1998 and 2006. Since April 2008, an unprecedented nationwide outbreak has affected Malaysia...

..This review focuses mainly on structural studies of dengue virus...

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..Our results demonstrate the role of furin-like proteases in the processing of CHIKV particles and point out new approaches to inhibit this infection...

..Thus, in addition to a role in facilitating viral entry, changes in E protein arrangement associated with maturation modulate neutralization sensitivity and introduce an additional layer of complexity into humoral immunity against WNV...

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..Glycoprotein E2 was 62 kDa before and 36 kDa after deglycosylation, but E2-P7 was not detected. This was in contrast to recombinant sources of E2 which contain E2-P7...

..However, HIV-HCV pseudotype infectivity was inhibited by a recombinant soluble form of CD81 and a mAb specific for CD81, suggesting that CD81 may be a component of a receptor complex...

..These contrasting aspects of conservatism and adaptability provide a fascinating paradigm in which to explore the complex selection pressures that underlie the evolution of HCV and other persistent viruses...

..This may provide an approach for the development of novel prophylactic or therapeutic agents for HCV infection...

..Our results have implications for understanding protective immunity following natural DENV infection and for evaluating DENV vaccines...

..As these highly cross-reactive antibodies are often weakly neutralizing they also may contribute to antibody-dependent enhancement and flavi virus pathogenesis thereby complicating development of safe and effective vaccines...

..Binding of wt HSV-1 gD to soluble nectin2 was not detectable. (iv) A major region of nectin2 functional in virus entry mapped to the V domain, located at the N terminus...

..Altogether, our results indicate that HCV-LPs can be used to further characterize the mechanisms involved in the early steps of HCV infection...

..Resistance to similar reagents should therefore not be taken as proof of HSV entry by a nonendosomal pathway. These data define a novel gD receptor-dependent acid-independent endocytic entry pathway for HSV...

..Furthermore, virus transmission appears to be less sensitive to inhibition of membrane fusion than is syncytium formation...

..While the SP N terminus was found to mediate the specificity of FV Env to interact with FV capsids, it was dispensable for Env targeting to the secretory pathway and FV envelope-mediated infectivity of murine leukemia virus pseudotypes...

..In this review, we will focus on the various strategies used by mammalian retroviruses to gain entry into the cell. The choice of receptors will also be discussed in light of pressures that drive viral evolution and persistence...

..WNV RVPs are capable of only a single round of infection, can be used under BSL-2 conditions, and offer a rapid and quantitative approach for detecting virus entry and its inhibition by neutralizing antibody...

..The folding of viral proteins can thus depend on complex interactions between neighboring proteins within the polyprotein precursor...

..Although the NS3-250-Val mutation clearly affected virus replication in vitro, it was not a major determinant of attenuation for PDK-53 virus in suckling mice...

..Delivery of virus particles to cell junctions would be expected to enhance virus spread and enable viruses to avoid host immune defenses...

..05) in the patients compared with the controls. Thus, studies aiming to further understanding of complex human disease such as schizophrenia may need to be extended beyond the strictly protein-coding fraction of the transcriptome...

..The best conditions for each individual pseudotype yielded lentivirus vector stocks with titers above 1 x 10(9) tu/mL for most pseudotypes, and higher than 1 x 10(10) tu/mL for VSV-G...

..We conclude that Derlin-1 is an important factor for the extraction of certain aberrantly folded proteins from the mammalian ER...

..Overall, the viral and cellular determinants of HSV-1-induced cell fusion are similar to those for viral entry, except that HSV-1 entry is significantly enhanced by binding of virus to cell surface heparan sulfate...

..This study should aid in the manufacture of neutralizing antibody, provide a better understanding the immunological characteristics of SARS protein and facilitate the design of a SARS vaccine...

..These results provide evidence of novel neutralizing epitopes that are located in the HR2 domain and the spacer region immediately upstream of the HR2 of the S protein...

..Examination of the oligomeric state of the chimeric S proteins in SARSpp revealed that S(VSV-TMDCyt) trimers were less stable than wild-type S trimers, possibly explaining the lowered fusogenicity and infectivity...

..Our data suggest that the envelope from the neurovirulent SIV/17E-Fr interacts with CCR5 in a CD4-independent manner, and changes in the TM protein of this virus are important components that contribute to neurovirulence in SIV...

..The structure of the RBD suggests ways to make truncated disulfide-stabilized RBD variants for use in the design of coronavirus vaccines...

..Thus, glycans at positions 3 and 11 of SIV239 gp120 may be particularly important for shielding the CD4-binding site from antibody recognition...

..Our data have implications for the rational design of vaccine and antiviral agents as well as for understanding viral tropism...

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..Thus, the glycosylation of linear immunodominant nonneutralization epitopes, but not epitope deletion, is an effective strategy to enhance neutralizing antibody responses by immunization...

..This HeV sG glycoprotein will be exceedingly useful for structural studies, receptor identification strategies, and vaccine development goals for these important emerging viral agents...

..These results indicate that mucosal immunization with recombinant L. casei expressing SARS-associated coronavirus S protein on its surface provides an effective means for eliciting protective immune response against the virus...

..These results indicate that the high immunogenicity of the modified GP5 might facilitate the development of improved PRRS vaccines in the future...

..Considering that a large number of animal species are known to be susceptible to SARS-CoV, these assays will be a useful tool to trace the origin and transmission of SARS-CoV and to minimise the risk of animal-to-human transmission...

..Our results show that chimeric VLP can be an effective vaccine strategy against SCoV infection...

..In conclusion, the results suggest that the chicken scFv phage display system can be a potential model for mass production of high-affinity antibodies against the SARS-CoV spike protein...

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..In this study, we developed a simple, sensitive, and quantitative assay to study the membrane fusion process by measuring the extracellular activity of SEAP...

..Importantly, these antibodies were obtained without the use of an adjuvant. The immunized mice showed significant protection against a lethal JEV challenge...

..Our observations are likely to be useful for the construction of plasmid and viral vectors designed for optimal expression of intronless genes derived from cytoplasmic RNA viruses...

..Both approaches were effective in a SARS-S-expressing tumor challenge model and thus warrant further investigation...

..Our data suggest a possibility that, although the beta6 strand alone is able to bind with ACE2 with relatively high affinity, residues outside the S-RBM could also assist the receptor binding of SARS-CoV-S protein...

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..These results are promising for the protective immunization of humans...

..Consequently, the efficacy of the newly developed DNA vaccines was validated. This should pave the way to clinical trials in man...

..Therefore, the cAdVaxM(fus) vaccine serves as a promising vaccine candidate to prevent and contain multi-strain infections by MARV...

..Combinations of virus-neutralizing, noncompeting mAbs may have these properties...

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..Unique human mAbs could be used as a cocktail that would simultaneously target several neutralizing epitopes and prevent emergence of escape mutants...

..The neutralizing antibodies we generated in this study may be more promising candidates for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS infection...

..Furthermore, zoonotic SARS-CoV was variably neutralized by antibodies that were effective against the epidemic strain, highlighting their utility for evaluating passive immunization efficacy...

We have investigated the effects of Nef on infectivity in the context of various viral envelope proteins. These experiments were performed with a minimal vector system where Nef is the only accessory protein present...

..The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known...

..Taken together, these results suggested that recombinant S protein exhibited the antigenicity and receptor-binding ability, and it could be a good candidate for further developing SARS vaccine and anti-SARS therapy...

..Moreover, we provide evidence that SARS-CoV infection might not be limited to lung tissue and can be inhibited by the humoral immune response in infected patients...

..Antibodies against SARS-CoV N protein appear at the early stage of infection, therefore, N protein-based ELISA could serve as a simple, sensitive, and specific test for diagnosing SARS-CoV infection...

..Identification of a conserved antigenic determinant on the S2 domain of the SARS-CoV S protein, which has the potential for inducing neutralizing antibodies, has implications in the development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV...

..Thus, this region of the spike protein might be a target for generation of therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against SARS CoV and for vaccine development to elicit protective humoral immunity...

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..These studies highlight the importance of using standardised assays and reagents. These mAbs will be useful for the development of diagnostic tests, studies of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and vaccine development...

..technologies will be applied with both mouse and human antisera to identify the minimum sequences of the viral envelope proteins effective as neutralizing antibody epitopes...

..Systems that will be studied include (i) viral envelope proteins gp41 and gp120 from HIV and the S1 and S2 from SARS coronavirus (Caffrey), (ii) interactions of the LDL ..

..Interactions of the viral envelope proteins have been implicated as directly causative or as accelerating factors in viral pathogenesis...

..TAT-C, that inhibits HSV-1 infection and preliminary data suggests TAT-C binds to sialic acids on viral envelope proteins. A second critical finding recently published, is that sialic acids on one or more HSV-1 entry proteins ..

..This latter antigen was uccessful in eliciting Mabs that recognized native viral envelope proteins, including antibodies with potent neutralizing activities for the SF162 strain...

..neutralization, either by SIV-positive animal plasma or by monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope proteins, a property it also shares with clinically relevant, primary isolates of HIV- 1...

..neutralization, either by SIV-positive animal plasma or by monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope proteins, a property it also shares with clinically relevant, primary isolates of HIV- 1...

..cellular proteins, called SNAREs, share structural similarity with the fusion-active conformation of the viral envelope proteins. Despite the inherent ability of SNARE proteins to fuse membranes, eukaryotic cells require at least a ..

..cellular proteins, called SNAREs, share structural similarity with the fusion-active conformation of the viral envelope proteins. Despite the inherent ability of SNARE proteins to fuse membranes, eukaryotic cells require at least a ..

..cellular proteins, called SNAREs, share structural similarity with the fusion-active conformation of the viral envelope proteins. Despite the inherent ability of SNARE proteins to fuse membranes, eukaryotic cells require at least a ..

..neutralization, either by SIV-positive animal plasma or monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope proteins, a property it shares with clinically relevant, primary isolates of HIV-1...

..constraints on the gp41 cytoplasmic domain are revealed, unlocking the fusogenic activity of the viral envelope proteins. Experiments will be performed to test this model...

..The possibility that PLSCR1 co-localizes with viral envelope proteins in detergent-resistant membrane "rafts" will be explored, and the functional significance of conserved ..

..Aim 3 is geared toward enhancing the efficiency of in vivo fusion and thereby increasing the number of bone marrow derived hepatocytes. Fusogenic viral envelope proteins will be used to artificially induce cell fusion.

..Intriguingly, Fzo contains several coiled-coil motifs, reminiscent of viral envelope proteins and SNARE complexes that are directly involved in other types of membrane fusion...

Entry of HIV-1 into target cells involves the interaction of viral envelope proteins with specific cell surface receptors, leading ultimately to fusion of viral and host cell membranes...

The viral envelope proteins HA1 and HA2 play critical roles in influenza entry. HA2 mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, thereby allowing entry of the influenza genetic material...

..Such Abs are made only rarely in infected individuals or following immunization with viral envelope proteins because of various immune evasion mechanisms deployed by HIV...