2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate

..Sequences of active neurons have distinct spatial structures and are repeated in the same order over tens of seconds, revealing modular temporal dynamics. Higher order sequences are replayed with compressed timing...

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..The induction of LTD in the entorhinal cortex in vitro is therefore dependent on intense stimulation that recruits activation of NMDA receptors, but does not require concurrent activation of mGluRs or inhibitory synaptic inputs...

..These results are consistent with the idea that the CEm plays an active role in fear conditioning...

..Therefore, NMDARs with different synaptic locations and subunit compositions are involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity in adult cortex...

..In the presence of D-AP5, significant LTD was induced in EC superficial layers, but not in CA1 or EC deep layers. These results show differences in characteristics of LTD induction across CA1, EC superficial layers, and EC deep layers...

..Thus we have demonstrated that NMDA autoreceptors in layer V of the EC bear the NR2B subunit, and that NMDARs are also present at terminals onto superficial neurons...

..These findings strongly support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor-dependent metaplasticity processes contribute to the induction of LTD during standard LFS protocols...

..The aim of this article is to provide a review of studies using N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists to assess the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP)/learning hypothesis...

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..These findings suggest that the formation of this type of LTP requires calcium release from IP3-sensitive stores...

..By showing that NMDAR blockade inhibits AP generation, we demonstrate that a major role that NMDARs play in cell-wide and nuclear ERK activation is through their contribution to action potential generation...

..The impairment of LTP maintenance and enhancement of LTD development may contribute to propofol-induced deficits in memory following propofol anesthesia...

..Synapse-specific activation of NMDARs by glutamate release at GABAergic and glycinergic synapses could be important in activity-dependent refinement of inhibitory circuits...

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..Thus, not only the amplitude but also the duration of postsynaptic Ca2+ elevation could be essential factors for differentially inducing LTP or LTD...

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..These results indicate that long-term functional changes are correlated with morphological modifications of dendritic spines of neurons in a network...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an NMDA receptor/NO cascade involved in cerebellar LTD is localized to interneurons rather than parallel fibers...

..These results suggest that activation of polysynaptic excitatory pathways induces a heterosynaptic depression in the range of a few seconds and that NMDA receptor activity is involved in this heterosynaptic depression...

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..We conclude that CA3 giant cells represent a particular class of hippocampal neuron located in st. radiatum that shares only some morphological and physiological properties with principal cells...

..Therefore, NMDA receptors seem to play a critical role in the acute throughput of seizure activity and in the induction of the kindled state but not in the persistence of enhanced seizure susceptibility...

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..Collectively, these observations support the existence of a wide pre- and postsynaptic distribution of ANG II AT1 receptors in neonatal ventral spinal cord that are capable of influencing both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission...

..The data show that both AMPA and NMDA receptors are important for determining excitatory responses in the ICC and that both receptor types probably play a role in auditory processing after the onset of hearing...

..3 as estimated from the reversal potential of ATP-induced current measured at different extracellular calcium concentrations. We concluded that P2X purinoreceptors are activated during synaptic transmission in neocortex...

..Effects of sustained alpha 7 nAChR stimulation Effects of sustained alpha 7 nAChR stimulation Effects of sustained alpha 7 nAChR stimulation Effects of sustained alpha 7 nAChR stimulation Effects of sustained alpha 7 nAChR stimulation..

..We conclude that taurine induces synaptic potentiation through the activation of a system transporting taurine and that taurine uptake is required for the induction of synaptic plasticity phenomena such as L-LTP...

..Our results indicate that uptake inhibition produces an elevation of extracellular glutamate levels and activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors...

..We conclude that NMDA-R contribute to rhythm generation in spinal cultures by supporting recurrent excitation and network recruitment and by depolarizing the network...

..Neuromodulation of the sAHP may thus affect information throughput and regulate NMDA receptor-mediated plasticity...

..These postsynaptic mechanisms may be, in turn, regulated by presynaptic GABA(B)-inhibition. Nigral GABAergic input may provide the temporospatial regulation of the background excitability of mesencephalic dopaminergic systems...

..These results demonstrate that distinct NMDAR subunits are critical factors that determine the polarity of synaptic plasticity...

..In conclusion, this study shows the ability of PREGS to enhance LTP in CA1 by accentuating the activity of NMDA receptors. This modulation of LTP might mediate the steroid-induced enhancement of memory...

..This new form of hippocampal neuronal plasticity could be a cellular correlate of learning and memory besides synaptic LTP...

..We conclude that GABA and, to a lesser degree, glutamate released in a SNARE-independent mechanism exert a paracrine action on neuronal migration...

..This activity-dependent process may set the range of corticocortical connections during early network development before experience-dependent mechanisms begin elaborating the mature layout of the neocortical connections and modules...

..These results indicate that Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores play a key role in regulating the function of postsynaptic AMPARs...

..These results indicate that the BON is a site of complex visual processing of competing visual signals and provide insight into how an interaction of excitation and inhibition creates a retinal slip signal in the accessory optic system...

..These data may provide a new example of homeostatic circuit plasticity that entails the modulation of neuron-neuron connectivity by synaptic activity...

..Hence, by using GABA as an exogenous but physiological tracer, the properties of these presynaptically silent synapses can provide novel insights into the content and cycling of vesicles in presynaptic terminals...

..The obtained data reveal the possibility to compare the involvement of cingulate neurons in acquisition of adaptive behavior and changes in their spike responses during the LTP development in freely-moving rats...

..These results suggest that Abeta does not inhibit LTP via effects on NMDA receptors, but rather interferes with a downstream pathway...

..We conclude that neuronal Ras is a common switch of plasticity in adult mammalian brain sculpturing neuronal architecture and synaptic connectivity in concert with tuning synaptic efficacy...

..These findings suggest that the repetitive activation of sigma(1) receptor induced by DHEAS might prevent the ischemic LTP impairment through regulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B...

..These data demonstrate that mLTD can coexist with electrically induced forms of synaptic plasticity and support the hypothesis that mLTD is one of the mechanisms by which the cholinergic system modulates hippocampal function...

..The alteration of molecular aspects can play a role in regulating the long-lasting synaptic modification in hippocampal long term potentiation in vivo...

..The neuronal activity-induced persistent enhancement of neuron-glia signaling may thus have important physiological relevance...

..All together, these results suggest that NAAG acts as an endogenous modulator of NMDARs in the CA1 area of the hippocampus...

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..Ethanol-induced alterations in the activity of deep-layer cortical neurons may underlie some of the behavioral effects associated with ethanol intake...

..Our results clearly demonstrate that LTP induction not only leads to a rapid increase in the rate of protein synthesis but also accelerates protein degradation via the proteasome system...

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..These results provide a cellular analysis of the enhanced potency of ethanol against NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs in neocortical cells from juvenile animals compared with adults...

..These results strongly suggest that regulated trafficking of post-synaptic AMPARs is also involved in the expression of LTP and LTD in the LA...

..These data suggest that broad spectrum inhibition of I(h) reduces neuronal hyperexcitability in the hippocampus...

..Our results demonstrate that GH has powerful short-term effects on hippocampal function, and extend the timescale for potential roles of GH in regulating hippocampal function and hippocampal-dependent behaviors...

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..Persistent firing in Blanes cells may represent a novel mechanism for encoding short-term olfactory information through modulation of tonic inhibitory synaptic input onto bulbar neurons...

..The duration of the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may be critical for determining whether LTP or LTD induction occurs...

..This molecular mechanism stabilizes synaptic strength, which in turn stabilizes the state of the CA3 neuronal network, reflected in the frequency of spontaneous population bursts...

..regulation of AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs during various patterns of synaptic activation caused by the dynamic changes in GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition, which are orchestrated by GABAA autoreceptors in a frequency-dependent..

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..The results show also that the isolated spinal preparation can be used to identify central myorelaxant actions that are mediated through functional benzodiazepine or X2-noradrenaline receptors...

..5. These results indicate that ibotenate acts at a site distinct form that of quinolinate, N-methyl-D-aspartate and N-methyl-DL-aspartate...

..The results raise the possibility of a major synaptic difference in the density and/or distribution of T-type VDCCs and NMDA receptors in CA1 and DG of the rat hippocampus...

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..Additionally, spontaneous and miniature inhibitory potentials control the excitability of deep cerebellar neurons by exerting a continuous hyperpolarizing tone...

..It appears that central neural inhibition in addition to sex steroid negative feedback contributes to the decrease in fetal gonadotropin concentrations in late gestation. NMDA did not affect fetal oGH or oPRL secretion...

..This suggests that inhibition of potassium-stimulated efflux of rubidium is correlated with activity at the sigma and/or dextromethorphan binding sites rather than at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)/PCP receptor-channel complex...

..Our findings suggest that saline distension in the bladder elicits a pelvic nerve-to-EUS reflex potentiation and the glutamatergic mechanism contributes to the presence of such a reflex potentiation...

..Excitatory glutamatergic synaptic currents, activated by afferents from the entorhinal cortex and CA3, are suggested to participate in hippocampal EEG activities...

..abstract truncated at 400 words)..

..e. an autoreceptor) which may be activated to produce a positive feedback augmentation of evoked but not resting transmitter release and thus affect afferent activity...

..These findings support the hypothesis that nitric oxide is an intercellular messenger in the olfactory bulb (Breer and Shepherd [1993] Trends Neurosci. 16:5-9)...

..Microinjection of SP into the NST enhances the responses of many NST cells to gustatory stimulation; NaCl-best neurons are preferentially excited by SP...

..This effect of L-fucose may contribute to the LTP facilitation seen in vitro and in vivo as well as to improvement in memory formation...

..These results suggest that a polyamine site on spinal NMDA receptors is involved in eliciting the nociceptive behavioral episode following intrathecal injection of histamine...

..Moreover, these findings may be clinically relevant to schizophrenia, where enhancing NMDA-R function is considered to be a promising strategy for treatment of the disease...

..These data suggest the possibility that MSO in processed flour had excitotoxic actions that may have been contributing factors to some human neuronal disorders...

..Both microglia and astrocytes respond immediately to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was undertaken to examine whether or not excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists could attenuate such glial responses...

..The results confirmed that NMDARs are potentiated after the induction of LTP and contribute significantly to the expression of potentiation under physiological conditions...

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..These results indicate the coexpression of neuronal PCP and N-Me-D-Asp receptors in Xenopus oocytes...

..Subcutaneous injection of glutamate mechanically sensitizes rat facial cutaneous mechanoreceptors through activation of peripheral NMDA receptors. Peripheral NMDA receptor antagonists may be considered for craniofacial pain...

..Cellular mechanism(s) may involve differential effects of NMDA agonism and antagonism on dopamine D1-like vs D2-like receptors and, possibly, on related GABAergic processes...

..These results indicate that PGNs receive monosynaptic and polysynaptic glutamatergic excitatory inputs from axons in the lateral funiculus...

..This is consistent with the hypothesis that LTP in the CA1 region may underlie spatial learning and memory...

..6% increase, n = 8) of EPSCs was observed. These results indicate that PGN receive monosynaptic and polysynaptic glutamatergic excitatory inputs from neurons and/or axonal pathways in the DCM...

..Taken together, these findings suggest that the sensitivity of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission to ethanol is regulated by GABA(B) receptors, possibly at presynaptic sites...

..Alternatively or in addition, the cytoskeletal redistribution within spine cytoplasm may be triggered by the D-APV-induced, homeostatic up-regulation of NMDAR...

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..These findings suggest that a fourth amino acid receptor responsible for quinolinate's action in the spinal cord may exist...

..However, the role of this exchanger in excitotoxicity and ischemia-induced neuronal injury is still controversial and has never been studied in the same neuronal subtypes...

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..The enhanced inhibition of GABA release following presynaptic kainate receptor activation favours a use-dependent hyperexcitability in the epileptic dentate gyrus...

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..Rats of both sexes and various ages will be used. These studies may lead to the development of new antiepileptic treatments that take into the account sexual age-related differences. ..

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..This information is crucial in providing a rational basis for development of therapies designed to prevent acquired epilepsy. ..

..The proposal explores the possibility that TNF, via several identified steps, causes insertion of more and more active glutamate receptors into neuronal membranes to make them more excitable. ..

..The data of this proposal will be critical for determining long-term adverse effects of multiple course prenatal corticosteroid therapy and for the ameliorating these effects in the offspring. ..

..The knowledge gained from such a study is required in designing molecular remedies for deficits caused by sensory deprivation during early life. ..

..The findings will be valuable for gaining insight into factors that might regulate long-term cellular interactions and synaptic plasticity in mature neural networks. ..

..abstract_text> ..

..The knowledge gained from such a study is required in designing molecular remedies for deficits caused by sensory deprivation during early life. ..

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..These studies will enhance our understanding of the central circuitry responsible for generating resting SND in the absence of the effects of anesthesia...

..The electrophysiological techniques to be used include spike-triggered averaging of SND, antidromic mapping and tests for axonal branching, and unit minus or greater than unit crosscorrelation analysis...

..These experiments will provide normative data on neurotransmitter receptors and identify receptors that may be involved in the regulation of neuronal metabolism. ..

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..Results suggest that developing neurons grow abnormally slow after seizures. We are studying why this happens so therapies can be developed to prevent learning disabilities. ..

..Understanding this relationship could lead to new treatments for olfactory deficits or therapeutic approaches to improving odor or flavor perception in individuals with impaired nasal function. ..

..Since there are so few animal models of early-onset epilepsy, the studies proposed here offer a unique opportunity to further an understanding of the biological origins of seizure disorders in infancy. ..

..These studies will provide insights into the architecture of sustained activity and DA modulation of active PFC networks; information critical for our understanding of the normal and pathological conditions of the PFC. ..

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..A successful model will generate specific and testable predictions useful to experimental collaborators, who have worked closely on this project in the past and continue to do so. ..

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..The newly created GAD-EGFP transgenic mouse that selectively expresses EGFP in a subset of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons will be an important experimental tool in these studies. ..

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..This project can help identify neural mechanisms important to audition guided vocal learning, and thus may yield insight into neural mechanisms for speech learning, perception and production. ..

..In short, we will combine in vitro and in vivo techniques to address the origins of song-selective responses in HVc, with the aim of understanding learned communication. ..

..abstract_text> ..