heartwater disease

Summary

Summary: A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.

Webpages

  1. ehrlichia ruminantium
    www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2003/MB_cgi?term=EHRLICHIA+RUMINANT ...
  2. surveillance
    cvec.ucdavis.edu/book/export/html/79
  3. the national lyme disease memorial park project_national_statistics
    www.lymememorial.org/National_Statistics.htm
  4. aphis | news | press releases
    www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/news/2001/07/TORTRULE.HTM

Publications

  1. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana; I. Longitudinal survey in the Greater Accra Region
    L Bell Sakyi
    Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P O Box M161, Accra, Ghana
    Vet Microbiol 100:175-88
  2. Ehrlichia ruminantium variants which do not cause heartwater found in South Africa
    M T E P Allsopp
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vet Microbiol 120:158-66
  3. Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ruminants and detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks by reverse line blot hybridization
    Cornelis P J Bekker
    Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Vet Microbiol 89:223-38
  4. Attenuated vaccines for tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and heartwater: the continuing necessity
    Varda Shkap
    Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
    Trends Parasitol 23:420-6
  5. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana. II. Point prevalence survey
    E B M Koney
    Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P.O. Box M161, Accra, Ghana
    Vet Microbiol 103:183-93
  6. IFN-gamma as an indicator of successful immunization of goats vaccinated with a killed Cowdria ruminantium vaccine
    I Esteves
    CIRAD EMVT, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France French West Indies
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:126-30
  7. An attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden stock) vaccine protects small ruminants against virulent heartwater challenge
    Erich Zweygarth
    Molecular Biology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vaccine 23:1695-702
  8. Some observations on the sero-prevalence of heartwater and tick infestation in Zambian goats
    B Ahmadu
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 71:161-4
  9. Kinetics of experimental infection of sheep with Ehrlichia ruminantium cultivated in tick and mammalian cell lines
    Milagros Postigo
    Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
    Exp Appl Acarol 28:187-93
  10. Point seroprevalence survey of Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in small ruminants in The Gambia
    Bonto Faburay
    International Trypanotolerance Centre, PMB 14, Banjul, The Gambia
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:508-12

Scientific Experts

  • Bonto Faburay
  • E Zweygarth
  • M Postigo
  • A Pretorius
  • M J Burridge
  • Duncan M Mwangi
  • L Knopf
  • Johnathan L Kiel
  • M Mbengue
  • Varda Shkap
  • Elmarié Louw
  • I Esteves
  • G Gale Wagner
  • F M Kivaria
  • Kelly A Brayton
  • Agustin Estrada-Peña
  • Katherine M Kocan
  • M V Bowie
  • B Ahmadu
  • S Pfitzer
  • Gabriela Obexer-Ruff
  • N R Bryson
  • Sophie Molia
  • Isabel Marcelino
  • M T E P Allsopp
  • B A Allsopp
  • T F Peter
  • S M Mahan
  • Dominique Martinez
  • Lesley Bell Sakyi
  • M Van Kleef
  • Manuel J T Carrondo
  • Paula M Alves
  • E B M Koney
  • H Van Heerden
  • Nathalie Vachiery
  • S M Semu
  • Albert Bensaid
  • Yane Kandassamy
  • A I Josemans
  • Marcos F Q Sousa
  • Yasukazu Muramatsu
  • Cristina C Peixoto
  • O Dogbey
  • L Bell-Sakyi
  • A R Walker
  • L Bell Sakyi
  • H C Steyn
  • N E Collins
  • B H Simbi
  • O Kakono
  • Nicola E Collins
  • Cedric L C Tutt
  • A F Barbet
  • Lesley Bell-Sakyi
  • Frans Jongejan
  • Cornelis P J Bekker
  • N Gunter
  • Trevor F Peter
  • C P Bekker
  • F Jongejan
  • F D Wesonga
  • Alain Viari
  • Anne Morgat
  • Eric Coissac
  • Hassane Adakal
  • Roger Frutos
  • Gael Maganga
  • Conchita Ferraz
  • Jacques Demaille
  • M F van Strijp
  • E Faber
  • Agnes Mumbi Chitambo
  • Abdel Rahim
  • Enala Tembo Mwase
  • Tomoyoshi Komiya
  • Mohamed El Hussein
  • Magdi Badawi Abdel Rahman
  • Shin-ya Ukegawa
  • Khalil Mohamed Ali Abdel Gabbar
  • Yutaka Tamura
  • Chiharu Morita
  • Modestine Raliniaina
  • Arona Gueye
  • Frederic Stachurski
  • Rosalie Aprelon
  • Alasdair Bath
  • S Mahan
  • M T Allsopp
  • Otilia Dogbey
  • T Hove
  • Michael J van der Linde
  • Enoch B M Koney
  • D Geysen
  • Fred Reyers
  • Keith J Sumption
  • Mirinda Van Kleef
  • Alan R Walker
  • Basil A Allsopp
  • Linda S Jacobson
  • Sarel R Van Amstel
  • W C Brown
  • D Du Plessis
  • Olivier A E Sparagano
  • A Bensaid
  • Edith Paxton
  • Amar Taoufik
  • D Martinez
  • Suman M Mahan
  • Keith Sumption
  • N J Gunter
  • H MacMillan
  • Y Kandassamy
  • P Totte
  • D H Du Plessis
  • Paul Wright
  • Sander de Vos
  • B D Perry
  • D Vink
  • J Grootenhuis

Detail Information

Webpages4

  1. ehrlichia ruminantium
    www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2003/MB_cgi?term=EHRLICHIA+RUMINANT ...
  2. surveillance
    cvec.ucdavis.edu/book/export/html/79
  3. the national lyme disease memorial park project_national_statistics
    www.lymememorial.org/National_Statistics.htm
  4. aphis | news | press releases
    www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/news/2001/07/TORTRULE.HTM

Publications62

  1. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana; I. Longitudinal survey in the Greater Accra Region
    L Bell Sakyi
    Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P O Box M161, Accra, Ghana
    Vet Microbiol 100:175-88
    ..E. ruminantium was detected in brains of 14, 36 and 4% of cattle, sheep and goats submitted for post mortem at the Accra Veterinary Laboratory, indicating that sheep were most at risk from heartwater disease.
  2. Ehrlichia ruminantium variants which do not cause heartwater found in South Africa
    M T E P Allsopp
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vet Microbiol 120:158-66
    ..Infection levels in both animals and ticks were too low to generate a marked response when a blood stabilate was sub-passaged in a clean sheep, preventing the subsequent establishment of any of the organisms in culture...
  3. Simultaneous detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species in ruminants and detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks by reverse line blot hybridization
    Cornelis P J Bekker
    Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Vet Microbiol 89:223-38
    ..However, as no quantitative data for the detection limit are available yet, only positive results are interpretable at this stage...
  4. Attenuated vaccines for tropical theileriosis, babesiosis and heartwater: the continuing necessity
    Varda Shkap
    Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
    Trends Parasitol 23:420-6
    ..As a result, there is a continuing necessity to use available live vaccines in tick and tick-borne disease-control strategies adapted to conditions prevailing in many parts of the world...
  5. Ehrlichia ruminantium seroprevalence in domestic ruminants in Ghana. II. Point prevalence survey
    E B M Koney
    Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P.O. Box M161, Accra, Ghana
    Vet Microbiol 103:183-93
    ..ruminantium. In the north, seroprevalence in sheep sampled with and without cattle was similar, whereas in the south seroconversion rates in sheep were significantly higher in areas where cattle were present...
  6. IFN-gamma as an indicator of successful immunization of goats vaccinated with a killed Cowdria ruminantium vaccine
    I Esteves
    CIRAD EMVT, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France French West Indies
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:126-30
    ..Although these results need to be validated on a larger number of animals, they strongly suggest that IFN-gamma is a useful indicator of protective immunity in animals immunized with killed COWDRIA:..
  7. An attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium (Welgevonden stock) vaccine protects small ruminants against virulent heartwater challenge
    Erich Zweygarth
    Molecular Biology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vaccine 23:1695-702
    ....
  8. Some observations on the sero-prevalence of heartwater and tick infestation in Zambian goats
    B Ahmadu
    Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P O Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 71:161-4
    ..4% of the tick species, identified. The overall tick infestation rate was 10% while the tick:goat ratio was 2.1:1. Amblyomma variegatum appears to be widespread throughout the study area, as are antibodies to E. ruminantium...
  9. Kinetics of experimental infection of sheep with Ehrlichia ruminantium cultivated in tick and mammalian cell lines
    Milagros Postigo
    Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
    Exp Appl Acarol 28:187-93
    ..ruminantium (Gardel isolate). The method and initial results are described, and the significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the clinical responses of the sheep...
  10. Point seroprevalence survey of Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in small ruminants in The Gambia
    Bonto Faburay
    International Trypanotolerance Centre, PMB 14, Banjul, The Gambia
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:508-12
    ..These findings need to be taken into consideration when future livestock-upgrading programs are implemented...
  11. Transmission of Cowdria ruminantium by Amblyomma gemma from infected African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) to sheep
    F D Wesonga
    National Veterinary Research Centre, Muguga, Kikuyu, Kenya
    Trop Anim Health Prod 33:379-90
    ..No nymphs that had fed on the waterbuck transmitted the disease. This is the first report of transmission of heartwater by Amblyomma gemma from infected wild ruminant species to a susceptible domestic ruminant species...
  12. Cowdria ruminantium antigens of around 15 kDa are potent inducers of IFN-gamma
    N Gunter
    Department of Immunology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:135-40
    ..These pilot experiments pave the way towards the identification of proteins/genes that have potential for the development of a recombinant vaccine against heartwater...
  13. Analysis of Ehrlichia ruminantium-specific T1/T2 responses during vaccination with a protective killed vaccine and challenge of goats
    I Esteves
    CIRAD-EMVT, Guadeloupe, France
    Parasite Immunol 26:95-103
    ..ruminantium-specific T1 responses will be valuable to develop cellular tools for the identification of potential protective antigens...
  14. Protective killed Ehrlichia ruminantium vaccine elicits IFN-gamma responses by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in goats
    Isabel Esteves
    CIRAD-EMVT, Domaine Duclos, Prise d'Eau, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
    Vet Immunol Immunopathol 98:49-57
    ..intracellular pathogens in general, and against Ehrlichia ruminantium, the causative agent of tick-borne heartwater disease of ruminants, in particular. However, the source of this important cytokine in animals immunized against E...
  15. Immunogenicity of Ehrlichia ruminantium grown in tick cell lines
    Lesley Bell Sakyi
    Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, UK
    Exp Appl Acarol 28:177-85
    ..Following immunisation and subsequent exposure to virulent E. ruminantium, protected sheep showed no clinical response and a range of serological responses...
  16. Development of improved vaccines for heartwater
    S M Mahan
    University of Florida USAID SADC Heartwater Research Project, Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 0880, USA
    Dev Biol (Basel) 114:137-45
    ....
  17. Immunisation of sheep against heartwater in The Gambia using inactivated and attenuated Ehrlichia ruminantium vaccines
    Bonto Faburay
    International Trypanotolerance Centre, PMB 14, Banjul, The Gambia
    Vaccine 25:7939-47
    ....
  18. Population-based evaluation of the Ehrlichia ruminantium MAP 1B indirect ELISA
    T F Peter
    UF/USAID/SADC, Heartwater Research Project, P.O. Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Exp Appl Acarol 25:881-97
    ..Although the reasons for this low response in field cattle are not fully understood, this study illustrates the need for field validation of the performance of new diagnostic tests prior to their use for epidemiological purposes...
  19. A cloned DNA probe identifies Cowdria ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks
    S D Waghela
    Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kabete
    J Clin Microbiol 29:2571-7
    ..ruminantium in nymphs and adults was confirmed by transmission of heartwater to goats. The DNA sequences of both probes were determined; synthetic oligonucleotides from pCS20 are recommended as DNA probes for C. ruminantium...
  20. Differential transcription of the major antigenic protein 1 multigene family of Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum ticks
    M Postigo
    Utrecht Centre for Tick Borne Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Vet Microbiol 122:298-305
    ..ruminantium...
  21. A heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challenge
    A Pretorius
    ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
    Vaccine 26:4363-71
    ..Thus this heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy had not conferred any significant protection against a field challenge...
  22. Differential strain-specific diagnosis of the heartwater agent: Ehrlichia ruminantium
    Nathalie Vachiery
    CIRAD TA A 15 G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
    Infect Genet Evol 8:459-66
    ..The target genes identified by bacterial comparative genomics are shown to be highly efficient for strain-specific PCR diagnosis of E. ruminantium and further vaccine management tools...
  23. Seasonal epidemiology of ticks and aspects of cowdriosis in N'Dama village cattle in the Central Guinea savannah of Côte d'Ivoire
    L Knopf
    Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, P O Box, 4002 Basle, Switzerland
    Prev Vet Med 53:21-30
    ..Most of the animals typically carried low tick burdens. N'Dama cattle seem well adapted to their environment and can resist the tick burdens under this traditional farming system...
  24. In vitro isolation of Ehrlichia ruminantium from ovine blood into Ixodes scapularis (IDE8) cell cultures
    E Zweygarth
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 75:121-6
    ..The technique should be included in any attempt to isolate uncharacterized E. ruminantium stocks...
  25. Host cell-specific protein expression in vitro in Ehrlichia ruminantium
    M Postigo
    Utrecht Centre for Tick Borne Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Vet Microbiol 128:136-47
    ..Differential expression of MAP1 family proteins in vitro in mammalian and tick cell cultures indicates that the map1 multigene family might be involved in the adaptation of E. ruminantium to the mammalian host and vector tick...
  26. Comparing the detection of exposure to Ehrlichia ruminantium infection on a heartwater-endemic farm by the pCS20 polymerase chain reaction assay and an indirect MAP1-B enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
    B H Simbi
    University of Florida/USAID/SADC Heartwater Research Project, Central Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:231-5
    ..Comparison of the two tests indicated that the pCS20 PCR assay was more reliable because it detected more infections than the indirect MAP-1B ELISA and would therefore be the method of choice for detection of E. ruminantium infection...
  27. Amblyomma variegatum in cattle in Marie Galante, French Antilles: prevalence, control measures, and infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium
    Sophie Molia
    CIRAD, UPR Epidémiologie, TA A 16 E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
    Vet Parasitol 153:338-46
    ....
  28. The prevalence of Cowdria ruminantium in free-living adult Amblyomma hebraeum collected at a communal grazing area and in 2 wildlife reserves in South Africa
    N R Bryson
    Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:131-2
    ..These results support the contention that a vector-wildlife cycle of transmission of C. ruminantium, the cause of heartwater in domestic ruminants, can be maintained in the absence of the latter animals...
  29. Preparation of Ehrlichia ruminantium challenge material for quantifiable and reproducible challenge in mice and sheep
    Kelly A Brayton
    Molecular Biology Section, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vet Parasitol 112:63-73
    ....
  30. Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection) as a cause of postrestocking mortality of goats in Mozambique
    C P Bekker
    Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:843-6
    ..ruminantium. These data indicate that translocation of goats from the north to the south of Mozambique bears a high risk of C. ruminantium infection, which can cause fatal disease...
  31. Identification of Ehrlichia ruminantium (Gardel strain) IFN-gamma inducing proteins after vaccination with a killed vaccine
    Isabel Esteves
    Département d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire tropicale, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD-EMVT, Domaine Duclos, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
    Vet Microbiol 100:233-40
    ..ruminantium. The proteins falling within the molecular weight ranges defined in this study may have potential as vaccine antigens...
  32. Detection of antibodies to the Ehrlichia ruminantium MAP1-B antigen in goat sera from three communal land areas of Zimbabwe by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
    O Kakono
    Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:243-9
    ..The highest corresponded with the period January to February (peak tick activity) and the lowest with the period July to September (minimal tick activity)...
  33. Development of improved attenuated and nucleic acid vaccines for heartwater
    N E Collins
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
    Dev Biol (Basel) 114:121-36
    ..Boosting with live organisms after DNA vaccination results in much higher levels of protection against tick challenge than DNA vaccination alone, suggesting that improved methods of boosting could lead to more effective immunization...
  34. Immunisation of cattle against heartwater by infection with Cowdria ruminantium elicits T lymphocytes that recognise major antigenic proteins 1 and 2 of the agent
    Duncan M Mwangi
    University of Florida USAID Heartwater Research Project, P O Box CY551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85:23-32
    ..Our findings indicate that immunisation of cattle by infection with C. ruminantium results in generation of MAP1- and MAP2-specific T cell responses that may play a role in protection against the pathogen...
  35. Process development for the mass production of Ehrlichia ruminantium
    Isabel Marcelino
    IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
    Vaccine 24:1716-25
    ....
  36. Low molecular weight proteins of Cowdria ruminantium (Welgevonden isolate) induce bovine CD4+-enriched T-cells to proliferate and produce interferon-gamma
    M Van Kleef
    Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa
    Vet Microbiol 85:259-73
    ..The low molecular weight proteins that induced CD4+ lymphocytes to proliferate and produce IFN-gamma are therefore likely to be important in protection against heartwater and may have a role in vaccine development...
  37. Resistance of leopard tortoises and helmeted guineafowl to Cowdria ruminantium infection (heartwater)
    T F Peter
    University of Florida/USAID/SADC Heartwater Research Project, PO Box CY 551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Vet Parasitol 98:299-307
    ..However, leopard tortoises are efficient hosts of A. marmoreum and A. hebraeum and are likely to be important epidemiologically in the transport and maintenance of these tick vector species...
  38. Characterization of the pCS20 region of different Ehrlichia ruminantium isolates
    H Van Heerden
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, 0110, South Africa
    Vet Microbiol 101:279-91
    ..These results facilitated the design of a short pCS20 probe and a large PCR target that improved the sensitivity of the E. ruminantium detection assay...
  39. Emerging tick-borne disease in African vipers caused by a Cowdria-like organism
    Johnathan L Kiel
    Air Force Research Laboratory, Brooks City Base, TX 78235 5107, USA
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 1081:434-42
    ....
  40. Potential value of major antigenic protein 2 for serological diagnosis of heartwater and related ehrlichial infections
    M V Bowie
    Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 6:209-15
    ..The development of epitope-specific assays using this sequence information may produce diagnostic tests suitable for C. ruminantium and also other related rickettsiae...
  41. The Kümm isolate of Ehrlichia ruminantium: in vitro isolation, propagation and characterization
    E Zweygarth
    Parasitology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 69:147-53
    ..The original stabilate used to infect the sheep hybridized with both probes. These results clearly indicate that two different stocks had been isolated in culture...
  42. Detection by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium in field sera collected from sheep and cattle in Ghana
    Lesley Bell Sakyi
    Veterinary Services Department, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra, Ghana
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10:917-25
    ..ruminantium seroprevalence of at least 70% in Ghanaian sheep; levels of exposure among Amblyomma variegatum-infested Ghanaian cattle are likely to be higher than the seroprevalence value of 66% obtained with the PC-ELISA...
  43. Control and eradication of chelonian tick infestations, with particular reference to vectors of heartwater
    Michael J Burridge
    Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida, P O Box 110880, Gainesville, Florida 32611 0880, USA
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:294-6
    ..Sentinel tortoises were later placed on the treated premises to establish successful tick eradication...
  44. Increasing risks of introduction of heartwater onto the American mainland associated with animal movements
    Michael J Burridge
    Department of Pathobiology, University of Florida, P O Box 110880, Gainesville, Florida 32611 0880, USA
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:269-74
    ..Measures to control importation of infected animals from the Caribbean must be based on knowledge of the islands that are infected with C. ruminantium so that the risk of dissemination of heartwater can be established...
  45. Ehrlichia ruminantium, Sudan
    Yasukazu Muramatsu
    Emerg Infect Dis 11:1792-3
  46. Molecular detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in Amblyomma variegatum ticks in The Gambia
    B Faburay
    International Trypanotolerance Centre, PMB 14, Banjul, The Gambia
    Exp Appl Acarol 42:61-74
    In West Africa, losses due to heartwater disease are not known because the incidence/prevalence has not been well studied or documented...
  47. Genetic immunization with Ehrlichia ruminantium GroEL and GroES homologues
    Alri Pretorius
    Molecular Biology Section, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 969:151-4
    ..None of the mice inoculated with the genetic vaccine survived. Immunological memory was also tested in these mice and a correlation between splenocyte proliferation and the survival rate was observed...
  48. Characterization of Ehrlichia ruminantium replication and release kinetics in endothelial cell cultures
    Isabel Marcelino
    Animal Cell Biotechnology Lab, IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
    Vet Microbiol 110:87-96
    ....
  49. Development of improved vaccines for heartwater
    Nicola E Collins
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:474-84
    ..This suggests that the local E. ruminantium genotypes were different from any which were administered by needle challenge, or that needle challenge is not a good model for tick challenge in the field...
  50. Nested PCR for detection and genotyping of Ehrlichia ruminantium: use in genetic diversity analysis
    Dominique Martinez
    CIRAD, Guadeloupe, France
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 1026:106-13
    ..These genes may allow better predictions on cross-protection, given the recent completion of the sequence of the full genome of two E. ruminantium strains...
  51. Longitudinal monitoring of Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in Gambian lambs and kids by pCS20 PCR and MAP1-B ELISA
    Bonto Faburay
    International Trypanotolerance Centre, Banjul, The Gambia
    BMC Infect Dis 7:85
    ....
  52. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium
    Cedric L C Tutt
    Department of Medicine, Section of Production Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Tswane, Republic of South Africa
    Am J Vet Res 64:1542-8
    ..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of DMSO treatment in sheep with experimentally induced heartwater disease indicated that administration of this agent, in combination with specific antimicrobial treatment, may be of ..
  53. Protection against heartwater by DNA immunisation with four Ehrlichia ruminantium open reading frames
    A Pretorius
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Vaccine 25:2316-24
    ..Each individual 1H12 ORF provided protection, but all the animals vaccinated with the other cocktails succumbed to the challenge...
  54. Quantification of Ehrlichia ruminantium by real time PCR
    Cristina C Peixoto
    IBET, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
    Vet Microbiol 107:273-8
    ....
  55. Phylogenetic relationships among Ehrlichia ruminantium isolates
    M T E P Allsopp
    Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
    Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:685-91
    ..Sequence variation within this clade is greater than that within the western African clade, suggesting that E. ruminantium originated in southern Africa...
  56. [Sero-epidemiological study of cowdriosis in Moorish zebu cattle from Senegal]
    M Mbengue
    Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire national de l élevage et de recherches vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar Hann, Senegal
    Parasite 14:169-71
    ....
  57. Antibody responses to MAP 1B and other Cowdria ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle challenged with tick-transmitted heartwater
    S M Semu
    University of Florida/USAID/SADC Heartwater Research Project, Box CY-551, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:388-96
    ..ruminantium via ticks. Significantly, serological responses to the MAP 1B antigen may not be a reliable indicator of C. ruminantium exposure in cattle in areas of endemic heartwater infection...
  58. In vitro infection by Ehrlichia ruminantium of baby hamster kidney (BHK), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells
    E Zweygarth
    Parasitology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
    Onderstepoort J Vet Res 70:165-8
    ..ruminantium. Growth of the Welgevonden stock in BHK and CHO-K1 cells could lead to the development of suspension cultures suitable for the mass production of E. ruminantium for an inactivated elementary body vaccine...
  59. Ehrlichia ruminantium infection (heartwater) in wild animals
    Trevor F Peter
    University of Florida/USAID/SADC Heartwater Research Project, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Trends Parasitol 18:214-8
    ..The host range of Ehrlichia ruminantium in wildlife is reviewed here and the role played by these species in the epidemiology and spread of heartwater is discussed...