infectious keratoconjunctivitis

Summary

Summary: Infectious diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats, characterized by blepharospasm, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, and varying degrees of corneal opacity and ulceration. In cattle the causative agent is MORAXELLA (MORAXELLA) BOVIS; in sheep, MYCOPLASMA; RICKETTSIA; CHLAMYDIA; or ACHOLEPLASMA; in goats, RICKETTSIA.

Webpages

  1. nbsp;branka Šeol
    www.vef.hr/org/mbio/branka_seol.htm

Publications

  1. Identification and characterization of complete RTX operons in Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 125:73-9
  2. Effects of Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis culture filtrates on bovine erythrocytes, peripheral mononuclear cells, and corneal epithelial cells
    Henry E Cerny
    Crete Veterinary Clinic, Nebraska 68333-0008, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 44:772-6
  3. Moraxella bovoculi sp. nov., isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:789-95
  4. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccine development
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570
    Aust Vet J 83:506-10
  5. Serologic cross-reactivity of Australian Moraxella bovis to vaccinal bacterin strains as determined by competitive ELISA
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570
    Aust Vet J 86:124-9
  6. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vaccine 23:537-45
  7. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis pilin-Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 125:274-83
  8. Efficacy of intrapalpebral and intramuscular application of oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of infectious bovine kertoconjunctivitis (IBK) in calves
    A Starke
    Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
    Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 114:219-24
  9. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Australian bovine Moraxella isolates
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570
    Aust Vet J 85:70-1
  10. Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    Lisle W George
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Am J Vet Res 66:136-42

Scientific Experts

  • John A Angelos
  • A Patwardhan
  • J Mielke
  • Alberto Alberti
  • Marco Giacometti
  • Richard B Evans
  • Jane A Bachman
  • Frank-Albert Pitten
  • Eiichi Uchio
  • G D Snowder
  • Edy M Vilei
  • J Akerstedt
  • Eric G Romanowski
  • Alexander Starke
  • C S McConnel
  • J K House
  • Lisle W George
  • L Shum
  • Luc Belloy
  • J Frey
  • Sezgin Senturk
  • M Janovsky
  • L Belloy
  • V Michael Lane
  • Henry E Cerny
  • Brian D Jansen
  • Kerri A Viney
  • Nickolas G Wellman
  • R Tschopp
  • Erica L Dueger
  • Sharon Levisohn
  • M Holzhauer
  • E S Arcieri
  • Joachim Frey
  • Cheng Hsien Chang
  • B A Iwalokun
  • Claudia I Prieto
  • C D Siverio
  • J Nicolet
  • N Usui
  • I Yeruham
  • C E Hanson
  • B L Gleeson
  • Mutlu Temizel
  • Cengiz Cetin
  • Ebru Ozel
  • Ted H Noon
  • Dawn M Cleaver
  • Paul R Krausman
  • David R Smith
  • James R Heffelfinger
  • Jeffrey T Gray
  • Bridget K Doyle
  • Con Petsoglou
  • James C deVos
  • Douglas G Rogers
  • Susanne Hinkley
  • Dustin R Roth
  • L Zimmermann
  • Andrew J Borrowman
  • Natalie S Tankersley
  • Merlyn J Lucas
  • R S Arcieri
  • Irinna Gerchman
  • Shlomo Garazi
  • F J Rocha
  • Ellen S Portis
  • I J R Visser
  • Jacob Brenner
  • Kelsie M Luiz
  • K van Maanen
  • Jonalee A Meyer
  • Chen-Wu Chen
  • Huei Zu Wang
  • Martin Janovsky
  • Kuei Hsiang Lin
  • Min-Muh Sheu
  • Paola Pilo
  • G O Gbenle
  • Alejandra Bosch
  • Wen-Loong Huang
  • Wen Loong Huang
  • Cheng-Hsien Chang
  • T A Adewole
  • Fernando G Chirdo
  • E O Omonigbehin
  • Huei-Zu Wang
  • Kuei-Hsiang Lin
  • S I Smith
  • Min Muh Sheu
  • K A Akinsinde
  • Chen Wu Chen
  • Osvaldo M Yantorno
  • J P Whitcher
  • S Perl
  • A B Hartman
  • H Mori
  • E M Abdo
  • E Goldschmidt-Clermont
  • M Nozaki
  • M Saito
  • H Goto
  • M Usui
  • D Elad
  • G R Ruble
  • U Bruderer
  • M Krawinkler
  • I Essiet
  • H Ookoshi
  • M Yamada
  • S I Makino
  • N Okada
  • M Yoshikawa
  • C Sasakawa

Detail Information

Webpages1

  1. nbsp;branka Šeol
    www.vef.hr/org/mbio/branka_seol.htm

Publications49

  1. Identification and characterization of complete RTX operons in Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 125:73-9
    ..bovoculi and M. ovis; this antiserum did not neutralize the hemolytic activity of M. bovis. M. bovoculi and M. ovis possess genes that encode proteins related to pathogenic factors of M. bovis...
  2. Effects of Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis culture filtrates on bovine erythrocytes, peripheral mononuclear cells, and corneal epithelial cells
    Henry E Cerny
    Crete Veterinary Clinic, Nebraska 68333-0008, USA
    J Clin Microbiol 44:772-6
    ..These data indicate that the M. ovis field isolates examined produce one or more heat-labile exotoxins and may suggest that M. ovis plays a role in the pathogenesis of IBK...
  3. Moraxella bovoculi sp. nov., isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:789-95
    ..nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 237(T) (=ATCC BAA-1259(T)=CCUG 52049(T))...
  4. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccine development
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570
    Aust Vet J 83:506-10
    ..Current work targeting conserved immunogens provides hope for efficacious vaccines that when used in tandem with proper management may control, if not prevent, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis...
  5. Serologic cross-reactivity of Australian Moraxella bovis to vaccinal bacterin strains as determined by competitive ELISA
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570
    Aust Vet J 86:124-9
    ....
  6. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vaccine 23:537-45
    ..The trend for a reduced cumulative proportion of IBK in the vaccinated calves over the 20 week trial suggests that a recombinant M. bovis cytotoxin vaccine may be beneficial in helping to prevent naturally occurring IBK...
  7. Prevention of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with a recombinant Moraxella bovis pilin-Moraxella bovis cytotoxin-ISCOM matrix adjuvanted vaccine
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 125:274-83
    ..Efficacy of an M. bovis vaccine may be reduced in herds where IBK is associated with M. bovoculi sp. nov...
  8. Efficacy of intrapalpebral and intramuscular application of oxytetracycline in a natural outbreak of infectious bovine kertoconjunctivitis (IBK) in calves
    A Starke
    Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
    Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 114:219-24
    ..p. than for i.m. treatments (moderately affected: 281 vs. 2033 mg; severely affected: 1156 vs. 3982 mg). In conclusion, both methods of OTC administration were found to be similarly effective for the treatment of IBK in calves...
  9. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Australian bovine Moraxella isolates
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570
    Aust Vet J 85:70-1
  10. Effectiveness of a cytolysin-enriched vaccine for protection of cattle against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    Lisle W George
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Am J Vet Res 66:136-42
    ..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Calves that were vaccinated with a cytolysin-enriched vaccine had some resistance to IBK. Vaccines containing concentrated diafiltered M bovis cytolysin could protect beef calves against IBK...
  11. [Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in cows, clinical and lab review at four farms]
    M Holzhauer
    Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren, Postbus 9, 7400AA Deventer
    Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 129:526-9
    ..The most frequently isolated infectious agent in our study was Moraxella, probably M. bovis. For the presence of Chlamydophila, mycoplasmata or BHV1 viruses were no indications...
  12. Efficacy of tulathromycin for treatment of cattle with acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections
    V Michael Lane
    Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8734, USA
    J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:557-61
    ..The long serum half-life of tulathromycin, along with the results of this trial, suggests that tulathromycin may be a rational choice as a single-injection treatment for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis...
  13. Efficacy of a long-acting formulation of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid for the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    Erica L Dueger
    Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Am J Vet Res 65:1185-8
    ..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A single dose of CCFA administered into the posterior aspect of a pinna had a positive treatment effect against naturally occurring IBK in calves with corneal ulcerations...
  14. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis antimicrobial therapy
    C S McConnel
    University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570
    Aust Vet J 85:65-9
    ..Specific recommendations for antimicrobial therapies targeting Australian IBK outbreaks are dependent upon antimicrobial pharmacokinetics, drug regulations and associated costs...
  15. Diagnosis of a mixed mycoplasma infection associated with a severe outbreak of bovine pinkeye in young calves
    Sharon Levisohn
    Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
    J Vet Diagn Invest 16:579-81
    ..bovoculi and M. bovis resulted in ocular disease. A combination of microbiological, serological, and molecular diagnosticmethods was used to elucidate the etiology of the outbreak...
  16. Molecular and antigenic characterization of a Mycoplasma bovis strain causing an outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis
    Alberto Alberti
    Istituto di Patologia Speciale e Clinica Medica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
    J Vet Diagn Invest 18:41-51
    An unusually high incidence of infectious keratoconjunctivitis followed by pneumonia and arthritis was observed in beef calves of a managed herd. No Moraxella spp. or bacteria other than Mycoplasma spp...
  17. Differentiation of Moraxella bovoculi sp. nov. from other coccoid moraxellae by the use of polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis of amplified DNA
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    J Vet Diagn Invest 19:532-4
    ..bovoculi sp. nov. and all possessed an AfaI site. A PCR coupled with restriction analysis of amplified DNA can aid in identifying M. bovoculi sp. nov...
  18. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of subconjunctival injection of clindamycin in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
    Sezgin Senturk
    Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Vetinary Medicine, Uludag University, 16190 Bursa, Turkey
    Vet Ophthalmol 10:186-9
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that subconjunctival injection of clindamycin is effective in the treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis...
  19. Molecular epidemiology of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in Caprinae: transmission across species in natural outbreaks
    Luc Belloy
    Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Switzerland
    Appl Environ Microbiol 69:1913-9
    Mycoplasma conjunctivae is the etiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, a highly contagious ocular infection that affects both domestic and wild Caprinae species in the European Alps...
  20. An RTX operon in hemolytic Moraxella bovis is absent from nonhemolytic strains
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 92:363-77
    ..These strains did, however, amplify with primers specific for the 5' region flanking mbxC. M. bovis harbors a classical RTX operon that is absent in nonhemolytic strains...
  21. Genetic and environmental factors associated with incidence of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in preweaned beef calves
    G D Snowder
    ARS, USDA, U S Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
    J Anim Sci 83:507-18
    ..Significant breed differences for incidence of IBK may be important to some producers and management systems...
  22. Whole-bacterial cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cell-bound Moraxella bovis pili
    Claudia I Prieto
    Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP, Calle 47 y 115, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
    Vet Microbiol 91:157-68
    ..This assay proved useful for the rapid, sensitive and reproducible evaluation of piliation on M. bovis cells, and represents an important tool for cellular piliation monitoring daburing M. bovis cells production in stirred bioreactors...
  23. Relatedness of cytotoxins from geographically diverse isolates of Moraxella bovis
    John A Angelos
    Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
    Vet Microbiol 124:382-6
    ..Vaccines against IBK that incorporate MbxA as antigen may offer protection against geographically diverse strains of M. bovis...
  24. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and lymphofollicular hyperplasia of the third eyelid in heifers
    I Yeruham
    Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
    J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 48:137-41
    ..Moraxella bovis and N. ovis were the most common isolates. Hyperplasia of the lymphatic tissue of the third eyelid in the form of nodules 7-8 mm in diameter was diagnosed in two heifers aged 8 and 10 months...
  25. A review of randomized clinical trials reporting antibiotic treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle
    Nickolas G Wellman
    Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA
    Anim Health Res Rev 7:119-27
    ..This review demonstrates the need for further randomized controlled trials that evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic treatment for IBK, including direct comparisons of two or more antibiotics...
  26. Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is not maintained in alpine chamois in eastern Switzerland
    Marco Giacometti
    Wildvet Projects, CH 7605 Stampa, Switzerland
    J Wildl Dis 38:297-304
    The occurrence of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) was assessed in alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in Grisons (Switzerland) from 1950 to 1999. The first IKC outbreaks were reported in the 1950's...
  27. Characterization of LppS, an adhesin of Mycoplasma conjunctivae
    Luc Belloy
    Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Längass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
    Microbiology 149:185-93
    A serine-rich membrane protein named LppS from Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the aetiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) of domestic and wild Caprinae, was characterized...
  28. Bacteriological investigation of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Norwegian sheep
    J Akerstedt
    National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
    Acta Vet Scand 45:19-26
    ..Other possible causes of ovine keratoconjunctivitis in Norway, such as Chlamydia psittaci, remain to be investigated...
  29. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in bighorn sheep, Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona, USA
    Brian D Jansen
    325 Biological Sciences East Building, School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
    J Wildl Dis 42:407-11
    An infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) epizootic in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occurred in the Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona, USA, from 1 December 2003 to 31 March 2004...
  30. Validation and diagnostic efficacy of a TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in the eyes of infected Caprinae
    Edy M Vilei
    Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
    J Microbiol Methods 70:384-6
    b>Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), caused by Mycoplasma conjunctivae, is a highly contagious ocular disease in Caprinae. To detect rapidly and sensitively M...
  31. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae
    M Giacometti
    Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Länggasstrasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
    Rev Sci Tech 21:335-45
    b>Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) caused by Mycoplasma conjunctivae is a highly contagious ocular infection which is common in domestic sheep and goats. In the European Alps, IKC is often observed in Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r...
  32. Detection of specific Mycoplasma conjunctivae antibodies in the sera of sheep with infectious keratoconjunctivitis
    L Belloy
    Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
    Vet Res 32:155-64
    The serological cross reactions between Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the etiological agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), and the antigenetically and phylogenetically closely related Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, which is often found ..
  33. Outbreaks of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in alpine chamois and ibex in Switzerland between 2001 and 2003
    R Tschopp
    Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY
    Vet Rec 157:13-8
    Five outbreaks of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) affecting alpine chamois and ibex in the western and central Swiss Alps were recorded in 2001 to 2003...
  34. The change of etiological agents and clinical signs of epidemic viral conjunctivitis over an 18-year period in southern Taiwan
    Cheng Hsien Chang
    Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241:554-60
    ..The aggravation of host symptoms in the 1990s needs further investigation and close follow-up...
  35. Bug Breakfast in the Bulletin: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: an outbreak in New South Wales
    Kerri A Viney
    NSW Public Health Officer Training Program, NSW Department of Health
    N S W Public Health Bull 17:180
  36. Topical cyclosporine A inhibits subepithelial immune infiltrates but also promotes viral shedding in experimental adenovirus models
    Eric G Romanowski
    The Charles T Campbell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
    Cornea 24:86-91
    ..Future trials should address the important issues of optimized formulation and dose regimen and the possibility of prolonging virus shedding...
  37. Adenovirus detected by polymerase chain reaction in multidose eyedrop bottles used by patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis
    Eiichi Uchio
    Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Japan
    Am J Ophthalmol 134:618-9
    ..CONCLUSIONS: Multidose bottles used by patients with adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis are a possible vector for viral transmission for as long as 9 weeks...
  38. Subepithelial infiltrates associated to viral keratoconjunctivitis following photorefractive keratectomy
    E S Arcieri
    Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
    Eye 18:1010-2
    ..CONCLUSION: Although patients undergoing photorefractive keratectomy might develop severe corneal scarring following ocular infections, such events may follow their natural evolution...
  39. Preventive measurements to avoid the transmission of relevant pathogens after occurrence of infection
    F A Pitten
    Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Hainstrasse 26, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
    Dev Ophthalmol 33:306-15
  40. [Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Detecting adenoviruses]
    J Mielke
    Abteilung 2, Sektion für Motilitätsstörungen, Universitäts Augenklinik Tübingen
    Ophthalmologe 102:968-70
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that rapid adenovirus detection with the SAS Adenotest is a useful tool in early epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. An additional PCR should be performed when clinical symptoms persist for 5 days or more...
  41. Mycoplasma conjunctivae infection is self-maintained in the Swiss domestic sheep population
    M Janovsky
    Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
    Vet Microbiol 83:11-22
    ..Among a sample of 69 sheep showing clinical signs of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) in three Swiss cantons, M. conjunctivae was identified 53 times (76.8%)...
  42. Molecular cloning and characterization of chromosomal virulence region kcpA of Shigella flexneri
    M Yamada
    Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
    Mol Microbiol 3:207-13
    ....
  43. Effects of Ocimum gratissimum L essential oil at subinhibitory concentrations on virulent and multidrug-resistant Shigella strains from Lagos, Nigeria
    B A Iwalokun
    Biochemistry Department, Lagos State University, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria
    APMIS 111:477-82
    ..gratissimum EO. The future use of O. gratissimum- antibiotic combinations as a therapeutic measure against shigellosis is discussed...
  44. Topical ciprofloxacin can delay recovery from viral ocular surface infection
    A Patwardhan
    Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Shrewsbury Hospital, Mytton Oak Road, Shrewsbury SY3 8XQ, UK
    J R Soc Med 98:274-5
  45. Effects of buprenorphine on immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model (Sereny test)
    C E Hanson
    Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA
    Comp Med 51:224-9
    ..Additionally, animals treated with buprenorphine had significant reduction in body weight, in comparison with saline controls...
  46. Haemophilus influenzae corneal ulcer associated with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and herpes simplex keratitis
    C D Siverio
    Br J Ophthalmol 86:478-9
  47. A 10-year case report and current clinical review of chronic beta-hemolytic streptococcal keratoconjunctivitis
    Jane A Bachman
    Illinois Eye Institute, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago 60616, USA
    Optometry 73:303-10
    ..Severe secondary inflammation may occur due to bacterial exotoxin reactions. Identification of the underlying causes is advised...
  48. [Clinical features of epidemic nosocomial keratoconjunctivitis in 41 patients]
    N Usui
    Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
    Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 105:183-8
    ..CONCLUSIONS: The early diagnosis of EKC is extremely important to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections. Careful observation of operated eyes and close attention to patient complaints may aid in the early detection of EKC...