horse diseases

..Overall, there are many treatment options to help these horses to perform their intended athletic event...

....

..It was concluded that pain arising from the toe region of the sole should not be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated by analgesia of the DIP joint, or of the NB...

..Further studies are required on the effect of RPWT employing histology and biomechanics in order to fully evaluate its use on equine tissues...

..05). In horses with navicular disease there were matrix changes in navicular hyaline and fibrocartilage as well as the DDFT with potential implications for the pathogenesis and management of the condition...

..Therefore a hoof cast would likely be most helpful in acute laminitis when palmar structures can still bear load. The therapeutic shoe offers rehabilitation and regrowth of the dorsal wall without increased load on the quarter wall...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Pain arising from the DIP joint cannot be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated after 20 mins after analgesia of the navicular bursa...

....

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Further studies of ponies with rotation of the DP as a sequel to laminitis should assist farriery aimed at reducing the force in the DDFT through the breakover phase of stance to protect damaged dorsal laminae...

..Further studies are required to discern the precise nature of this dysfunction and its potential relevance to the pathogenesis of acute laminitis in the horse and possible therapeutic targets for treatment...

..Without a shoe the toe and quarter hoof wall compression remained more constant and less in magnitude, than with a shoe...

..Doppler sonography can be used to monitor vascular blood flow dynamics in horses suffering from septic pododermatitis and laminitis, while blood flow velocities and PI can serve as parameters for monitoring the course of the disease...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Improvement of lameness in horses after intrasynovial analgesia of the DFTS is probably caused by attenuation of pain within the structures contained in the DFTS...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This information is useful in lameness and prepurchase examinations and is likely also to be applicable to other coldblooded breeds used for athletic purposes...

..Although the cases in both groups differ, as they are all clinical cases, our data suggest that the standardised treatment protocol results in a better outcome for cases of acute laminitis...

..This mechanism identifies navicular disease as a possible end point for a variety of heel related conditions...

..This provides evidence of an inflammatory process during the prodromal stage of laminitis, indicating that local digital proinflammatory cytokine expression may be an initiating factor in laminitis...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Although further research is needed, we suggest cryotherapy as a potentially effective prophylactic strategy in horses at risk of developing acute laminitis...

..This case shows that horses under steroids may exhibit laminitis and steroid hepatopathy. Early recognition and good management of laminitis are important in the limitation of complications...

..With a larger sample size, the results should have relevance to the treatment and management of laminitis...

..The presence and the severity of phalanges changes could be of importance, in combination with a clinical examination, in improving the selection of horses able to assume work and/or leisure activities...

..Analysis of gait patterns could be used for detection and appropriate management of horses susceptible to development of navicular disease...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Our results support the clinical relevance of bone remodelling changes in the outcome of navicular disease...

..The principles used to treat these conditions can be applied to a variety of other conditions for which access through the hoof wall is required...

..On the basis of our results, we hypothesize that when used as the lone indicator of therapeutic success, severity of lameness may not be a valid indicator...

....

..Treatment included dorsal hoof wall resection, phenylbutazone, a bar shoe, and stall rest. Whether white line disease or laminitis was the primary lesion remains unclear...

..This discussion reflects the thinking and experience of the author and, as such, should be read and viewed with an open and critical mind set...

..The focus of this article is on treating the laminitic horse after the cessation of therapy for the acute phase, that is, usually 2 to 4 weeks after the onset of clinical signs...

..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that navicular bursa treatment may provide temporary improvement in horses with signs of chronic navicular area pain that fail to respond to other treatments...

..PT-PDN was easily and quickly performed without specialized equipment, and had a low incidence of complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The PT technique is an effective and viable alternative surgical method for PDN...

..Further research is required to determine the long-term analgesic properties of this frequently used treatment modality in equine athletes...

..The response of horses with solar pain to local analgesic solution in the DIP joint was influenced by the volume administered and the region of sole affected...

..Thus, in horses undergoing ESWT, exercise should be controlled for a minimum of 2 days after treatment to prevent further injury...

..There were no significant complications...

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Providing clinicians and research workers with a potent therapeutic/prophylactic modality for disorders of the equine distal limb...

..CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transarticular placement of cortical screws through a dorsal hoof wall approach combined with arthroscopically guided cartilage removal can result in fusion of the DIP joint in horses...

..This is the first report of successful facilitated ankylosis of the distal interphalangeal joint in a foal...

..Although infection may occur secondary to bacterial penetration of the hoof or sole, the distal phalanx should also be considered as a potential site for hematogenous septic arthritis or osteomyelitis in foals...

..It is therefore recommended that, whenever possible, horses are exercised for 15 min prior to injection of radiopharmaceutical if nuclear scintigraphy of the distal parts of the limb is to be performed...

....

..CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reducing the number of sprints at distances > 6 furlongs, particularly among horses with PSAI, reduces risk of CDY and SSAI...

..5% accuracy), and 8.58 cm2 for peak contact area (+/- 11.95% accuracy). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The in-shoe pressure measurement system provides an accurate, objective, and effective method to evaluate lameness in horses...

..However, further investigations to determine the optimal training regime are warranted...

....

..Yucca schidigera extract was without effect. These data show that fermentation of carbohydrate by equine cecal microbiota may lead to increased production of amines...

..3 (95% CI 1.3-8.30) for the QH to 9.1 (95% CI 2.1-39.3) for ponies...

..6 mU/L). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nonobese ponies predisposed to develop laminitis had compensated insulin resistance, and this phenotype was revealed by feeding plant fructan carbohydrate or by dexamethasone administration...

..Early recognition of endotoxemia, or the potential for it to develop in certain disease states, and initiation of treatment directed at endotoxemia or its consequences may help prevent laminitis in horses during hospitalization...

..While many different causative agents have been evaluated in the past, the results of this study provide a unifying aetiological mechanism for the development of carbohydrate induced equine laminitis...

..CLINICAL RELEVANCE: IM acepromazine has a modest effect on palmar digital blood flow, facial arterial pressures and PCV in healthy horses with minimal sedation...

....

..POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Our results clarify the function of the ET-1 receptor subtypes in laminar veins from healthy horses. Further study of ET-1 receptors in laminitic horses is therefore warranted...

..CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Alimentary overload with OF is a valid induction model for studying the pathogenesis of laminitis. A link is therefore established between field cases of laminitis and pasture fructan content...

..New questions have been raised, however, and some older ideas are now in doubt. This article discusses some of these findings in the light of our own clinical experiences as they relate to diagnosis of the causes of foot pain...

..Use of GTN may result in a decrease in digital submural perfusion secondary to induction of peripheral constriction or a decrease in digital perfusion pressure...

..Pharmacological manipulation of 11beta-HSD-1 deserves further investigation regarding the prevention and treatment of laminitis...

..However, elevated presence of the MMP-9 zymogen in the tissue would predispose it to catastrophic damage should conditions arise that cleave the regulatory propeptide domain...